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63-524: The mosque was named after its first imam, Sidi Yahya al-Tadelsi. It is part of the University of Timbuktu , which includes the madrasas of Sidi Yahya, Djinguereber and Sankore . The mosque is a typical example of earthen Sudano-Sahelian architecture but also exhibits distinctive forms of plan and ornament. Parts of the Mosque of Sidi Yahya were destroyed by Ansar Dine jihadists on 2 July 2012, following

126-610: A faction split off from Ansar Dine, led by Alghabass Ag Intalla(h). It calls itself the Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA) and claims to be ready for negotiations and to reject extremism and terrorism as well as any association with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb . In March 2017, Iyad Ag Ghaly appeared in a video alongside leaders from the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , Al-Mourabitoun and

189-411: A group tied to al-Qaeda, broke down the doors of the mosque, which according to legend were not to be opened until the end of time . The Jihadist's justification for the destruction of the city's shrines and mausoleums was that they contradicted the strict interpretation of Islam. Along with the mosque, the tombs embedded within its exterior surface were also desecrated. They claimed that the reverence for

252-487: A large trading city. In the 14th century Timbuktu developed into a commercial centre and a cultural centre of Islam, as Walata , the previous hub of trans-Saharan trade in the region, began to decline in importance. In this period Mansa Musa I (ruled 1307–1332) gained control of the city. When he traveled to Mecca in order to complete the Hajj , he returned to Mali with architects and scholars whom he had encountered along

315-508: A madrassa allowed a massive expanse in the exchange of knowledge in Mali. Little is known about the mosque and its imams in the interval from 1468 to 1583, only that it was restored in 1569 by Qadi el-Aqib . In 1990, the government of Mali requested admission for the city of Timbuktu to UNESCO's list of World Heritage in Danger based on a threat of sand encroachment on historic buildings including

378-541: A new layer of mud. According to Prussin Labelle, the Sidi Yahya Mosque's architecture diverges slightly from traditional Islamic architecture's focus on cosmology. Instead of emphasis on divinity and heaven typically expressed through ornament and epigraphy, Sidi Yahya Mosque utilizes clay, mud, and rock to reiterate earthiness and connections to living and dead ancestors whose physical bodies remain buried within

441-599: A number of manuscripts. The famed Ahmad Baba , who was his cousin once removed, studied under him, and received an ijazah . In 1565, al-Aqib succeeded his brother, Qāḍī Muḥammad, as the Qadi of Timbuktu. In 1569 AD, he began rebuilding the Sidi Yahya Mosque , and in 1570 AD renovated The Djinguereber Mosque , followed by The Sūq Mosque in 1577 AD. He rebuilt the Sankore mosque the following year. When he died he

504-563: A number of scholars and manuscripts taught under the Maliki school of thought. The city of Timbuktu developed out of a semi-permanent campsite established by the Tuareg people in the late 1100s A.D. to early 1200s A.D. Due to the Tuaregs having established the area as a way-station for supplies and provisions, which was often visited by travelers and merchants passing by, it eventually became

567-454: A participant in the 2012 attacks on the monuments of Timbuktu, guilty of war crimes. In 2013, the restoration of the Sidi Yahya Mosque, viewed by residents of Timbuktu as an historical protective symbol of the city, was carried out by local woodworkers with the support of UNESCO. In January 2013, a reclamation program began with the goal of reconstructing the country's mausoleums, churches, and other monuments that were damaged or destroyed during

630-436: A pure Islamic society. However, AQIM had only destroyed a portion of the manuscripts as most of them were taken outside of the city to the capital, Bamako, in an initiative led by Abdel Kader Haidara  [ fr ] , the son of a respected Malian scholar, Mohammed 'Mamma' Haidara, who in addition to being a scholar was also the owner of a family library which had a considerable number of manuscripts. Haidara did this with

693-403: A ribbon. Due to the lack of a sewing structure or any link between the text blocks and covers, knowing whether any bookbinding structures existed or not is a difficult task for many codicologists . What further complicates this is that covers wrapping numerous leaves may have been moved from one text block to another. A manuscript could consist of a variety of texts and documents and can be made of

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756-545: A total 100,000 of the city's population. Subjects studied in the university included geography, astronomy, medicine, and even history, despite the fact that history was never part of any teaching curriculum in the Islamic world at the time. Pedagogy in Timbuktu was in line with traditional Islamic teaching methods. The teacher would dictate a lesson and the student was expected to write down said dictation. After revising

819-546: A varying number of leaves ranging from just a few to a few hundred. Today, the Timbuktu manuscripts are primarily preserved in private families which are where they have traditionally been kept and in the Ahmed Baba Institute, a state run entity. In 2013, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) captured northern Mali and destroyed many of the manuscripts in an attempt to implement their jihad against any idea or practice which did not conform to their own vision of

882-482: Is a collective term for the teaching associated with three mosques in the city of Timbuktu in what is now Mali : the mosques of Sankore , Djinguereber , and Sidi Yahya . It was an organized scholastic community that endured for many centuries during the medieval period. The university contributed to the modern understanding of Islamic and academic studies in West Africa during the medieval period and produced

945-527: Is a written work created by Mahmud Kati, but completed in 1665 by his three sons and grandson. It chronicles the history of the Middle Niger region, similar to the Tarikh al-Sudan. The Soninke author of Ta'rikh al-Fattash , Ibn al-Mukhtar, recorded the oral tradition surrounding the origin of the Mali kingdom four hundred years earlier. Ibn al-Mukhtar states: The kingdom of Mali rose to power only after

1008-745: Is known about Ahmad's scholarly work in Timbuktu prior to his and some of his family's deportation to Morocco in 1594, as they were accused of undermining the rule and authority of the Moroccan invaders. He arrived in Marrakesh on 1 Ramadan 1002 (21 May 1594), where he was either jailed or put under house arrest. His two-year house arrest in Morocco was liberal, as Ahmad was able to teach at the Jami' al-Shurafa' in Marrakesh and attracted many students scholars until his release on 21 Ramadan 1004–19 May 1596. However,

1071-511: The Battle of Gao . These elements were later reconstructed under the direction of UNESCO team. The construction of the mosque of Sidi Yahya, sometimes written Sidi Yahia, began in 1400 by Sheikh El-Mokhtar Hamalla. The Sidi Yahya mosque is one of  the oldest mosques in Timbuktu and holds special significance: when the Touareg under their leader Akil took control of Timbuktu in 1433, they gave

1134-592: The Maliki school of thought such as: the fatwas of Ahmed al-Wanashiri, the Risala of Ibn Abi Zayd , and the Mukhtasar of Khalil ibn Ishaq. There was a long succession of scholars and imams in Timbuktu, many associated with the Sankore mosque. Abu Hafs Umar ibn al-hajj Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Muhammad Aqit was a grammarian and eulogist in the Sankore mosque. He was arrested by Pasha Mahmud Zarqunin and exiled to Marrakesh , Morocco until his death. This exile

1197-684: The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), Ansar Dine does not seek independence but rather to keep Mali intact and convert it into a rigid theocracy . On 21 March 2012, the group claimed control of Mali's vast northeast regions. The Agence France-Presse reported that Ansar Dine claimed to occupy the towns of Tinzaouaten , Tessalit , and Aguelhok , all close to the Algerian border, and that they had captured at least 110 civilian and military prisoners. France accused

1260-552: The School of Oriental and African Studies , Ansar Dine's military contribution was slight compared to the much larger MNLA: "What seems to happen is that when they move into a town, the MNLA take out the military base—not that there's much resistance—and Iyad [Ag Aghaly] goes into town and puts up his flag and starts bossing everyone around about sharia law". On 3 April, the BBC reported that

1323-677: The religion " (Islam) (Defenders of the Faith ) and also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD ), was a Salafi jihadist group led by Iyad Ag Ghaly . Ansar Dine sought to impose absolute sharia across Mali . The group took over the city of Timbuktu in 2012, which prompted the French-led intervention, Operation Serval . The organization is not to be confused with the Sufi movement Ançar Dine , founded in Southern Mali in

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1386-456: The 1990s by Chérif Ousmane Madani Haïdara , which is fundamentally opposed to militant Islamism. Ansar Dine is opposed to Sufi shrines , and it has destroyed a number of such shrines. Ansar Dine was active from March 2012 until March 2017, when it merged with other militant Islamist groups to form Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin . Ansar Dine has its main base among the Ifora tribe from

1449-590: The 2012 attacks. The restoration of these monuments and restitution of historical manuscripts was pursued by UNESCO and the Government of Mali. The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, welcomed the undertaking, stressing the importance of heritage protection for the resilience of communities. “The reinstallation of the sacred gate, a religious and cultural landmark of Timbuktu, marks a new and decisive step in Mali’s reconstruction and peace building work. This—along with

1512-1056: The Azawad split from Ansar Dine. As of January 2013, this group was led by the prominent Tuareg leader Alghabass Ag Intalla . In March 2013, it was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. Department of State , and similarly classed as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council . and Iraq in 2019. In Mopti , the Ansar Dine fighters obtained access to heavy construction equipment from fleeing construction workers and used it to build fighting positions. The fighting positions included an elaborate tunnel network and vehicular obstacles such as trenches . Ansar Dine has reportedly put together at least one convoy of 100 vehicles carrying soldiers equipped with small arms. There have also been rumors that fighters may have been able to obtain weapons from Libya 's weapons depots after

1575-450: The MNLA had decided to withdraw from the pact, distancing itself from Ansar Dine. MNLA and Ansar Dine continued to clash, culminating in the Battle of Gao on 27 June, in which Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa and Ansar Dine took control of the city, driving out the MNLA. The following day, Ansar Dine announced that it was in control of all the cities of northern Mali. In the summer of 2012, members of Ansar Dine broke down

1638-414: The MNLA issued a declaration of independence . However, the military wing of Ansar Dine rejected it hours after it was issued. Ansar Dine was reportedly responsible for the burning of the tomb of the Sufi saint Sidi Mahmoud Ben Amar , a World Heritage Site , on 4 May in Timbuktu. The group also blocked a humanitarian convoy bringing medical and food aid from reaching Timbuktu on 15 May, objecting to

1701-599: The Sahel and North Africa. According to African scholar Shamil Jeppie in The Meanings of Timbuktu : Timbuktu is a repository of history, a living archive which anybody with a concern for African history should be acquainted with. Timbuktu may be hard to get to but it played an essential role as a centre of scholarship under the Songhay state until the invasion from the rulers of Marrakesh in 1591, and even thereafter it

1764-545: The Sidi Yahya Mosque. While the community has kept Sidi Yahya better maintained than the two other main mosques in Timbuktu, years of erosion, wear on the foundation, and ineffective drainage threatened the structure. After adopting and implementing recommendations for protecting its architecture from the organization, Timbuktu was removed from the list in 2005. Sidi Yahya is made in the Sudano-Sahelian Style and resembles its sister mosques in Timbuktu as well as

1827-506: The Sultan had decided to keep him in Morocco. After being released by Sultan Moulay Zaidan , Ahmad arrived back in Timbuktu on 10 Dhu 'l-Qa'da 1016 AH (26 February 1608). Although not much is known about the chronology of his works, he wrote the Nail al-ibtihaj, his major work, as well as its abridgement, Kifayat al-muhtaj, whilst he was still in Morocco. The Nail al-ibtihaj bi-tatriz al-Dibaj

1890-486: The building contains a covered prayer hall, internal courtyards, wooden doors, and arched openings. A single minaret with pointed arches rises above the mosque and main courtyard but does not reach the height of the two other large mosques in the city. The courtyard was later converted into a cemetery that is no longer in use. The imams of the mosque are buried in an underground area north of the building where evening and morning prayers are recited. It also contains lodgings for

1953-463: The cemetery and situates itself to the west. The Djinguereber Mosque minaret is among the most noticeable landmarks of the Timbuktu landscape with its dominating structure. The Sidi Yahya Mosque was named after one of the friends of ruler Muhammad-n-Allah, who was named Sidi Yahya al-Tadallisi. The Sidi Yahia Mosque, located to the south of the Sankore Mosque, was erected around 1400 AD by

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2016-481: The chieftaincy to Mohammed Naddi, a Senhaja from Chinguetti who commissioned the mosque. It took 40 years to complete. In 1441 Mohamed Naddah, the city-governor of Timbuktu, appointed his close friend Sidi Yahya al-Tadelsi, who was later venerated as a saint, as its first imam.  Sidi Yayha's tomb is located in the mosque, which has meant it has historically attracted many visitors including Timbuktu's most renowned scholar, Ahmad Baba . The construction of Sidi Yahya as

2079-681: The doors of the Sidi Yahya Mosque , which, according to legend, were not to be opened until the Last Days . They claimed that reverence for the site was idolatrous, but offered roughly $ 100 U.S. dollars to repair the mosque. Ansar Dine was in peace talks with Mali's neighbours Burkina Faso and Algeria . In late January 2013, during the French Operation Serval against the Islamist fighters in Northern Mali,

2142-458: The fall of Muammar Gaddafi . The Ansar Dine arsenal also includes anti aircraft weapons which can be mounted on pickup trucks . The group seeks to impose sharia law across Mali , including the Azawad region. Witnesses have said that Ansar Dine fighters wear long beards and fly black flags with the shahada (Islamic creed) emblazoned in white. According to different reports, unlike

2205-534: The fall of the kingdom of Kaya-Magha, ruler of the whole western region. Until then the king of Mali was merely one of the vassals of the Kaya-Magha, one of his officials and ministers. Kaya-Mahga in the Wa'Kore (Soninke) language means 'king of gold'. ... The name of Kaya-Magha's capital was Qunbi . The manuscripts were mainly found in a collection of loose leaves placed within a loose cover or even just tightened with

2268-461: The group had started implementing Sharia law in Timbuktu . That day, Ag Ghaly gave a radio interview in Timbuktu announcing that Sharia would be enforced in the city, including the veiling of women, the stoning of adulterers , and the punitive mutilation of thieves. According to Timbuktu's mayor, the announcement caused nearly all of Timbuktu's Christian population to flee the city. On 6 April,

2331-502: The group of summarily executing 82 soldiers and civilians in capturing Aguelhok, describing the group's tactics as "Al-Qaeda-style". On 22 March, mutineering Malian soldiers unhappy with Amadou Toumani Touré overthrew the Malian government in a coup d'état . Taking advantage of Malian disarray, Ansar Dine and MNLA proceeded to take the towns of Kidal , Gao , and Timbuktu within the following ten days. According to Jeremy Keenan of

2394-606: The help of the NGO SAVAMA-DCI (Sauvegarde et Valorisation des Manuscripts pour la Défense de la Culture Islamique), of which Haidara is the Executive President. Haidara worked alongside members of the local community in an effort to remove the manuscripts from areas which were susceptible to AQIM activity. Ansar Dine Non-state opponents Ansar Dine ( Arabic : أنصار الدين ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn , also transliterated Ançar Deen ), meaning " helpers of

2457-405: The history of the Middle Niger region beginning from the founding of Timbuktu until the invasion and occupation of Ahmed al-Mansur of Morocco. These records were sourced from previous written and oral histories about the same subject. This work is highly credited as being one of the most important primary sources that discusses about the history of the Middle Niger region. The Ta'rīkh al-Fattāsh

2520-636: The indigenous languages spoken in Timbuktu. This hindered the mosques' popularity among people who were outside of the clergy. Upon completion of studies, a turban was given for the students to wear along with an ijazah that allowed the students authorization to teach a specific subject or text. Each ijazah 's value was dependent of the quality of the teacher who gave it. While teaching curriculums varied, certain texts were taught throughout every institute. The Quran, Sahih al-Bukhari , Sahih Muslim , and Kitab al-Shifa were core texts for most students. Below them in order of prominence were important works in

2583-762: The marabout Sheikh El Moktar Hamalla. It was built with the expectation of a holy man who would emerge some forty years later as Cherif Sidi Yahia, who would then be chosen as the Imam. Much like the other two mosques, Sidi Yahia was also restored by Imam Al Aqib from 1577 to 1588. In the University of Timbuktu, there were several independent schools, each having its own principal instructor. Students often took several different tutors who all specialized in their respective fields of study, and paid their tutors via either money, goods, or services. Instruction usually took place in mosque courtyards or private residences depending on

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2646-529: The mosque and teachers' preferences. For example, the Sankore mosque often held classes within its walls, and many scholars lived, studied, and taught in the Sankore quarter. Scholars in the Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques more often would hold classes privately in their own houses where personal libraries could be used to assist the teachers. The university boasted approximately 25,000 students out of

2709-567: The mosque is a festive community effort, which is known as the crépissage . The Sankoré mosque was originally built in the 14th-15th centuries with the financial backing of a Tuareg woman of the Aghlal tribe. For over five centuries the Sankore Mosque served as a significant religious and intellectual hub. It was especially prevalent during the Askia dynasty (1493–1591). In 1578 AD Qadi al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar ibn Muhammad Aqit knocked down

2772-440: The mosque's guard. A smaller, external courtyard is used as reading space during the celebration of the birth of Muhammad. The roof of the mosque, like other buildings in Timbuktu, is supported by wood from the indigenous ronnier tree, covered with layers of mud to form the plaster-like exterior. Compared to other mosques of Timbuktu, this one benefits from greater care and maintenance. In the summer of 2012, members of Ansar Dine ,

2835-497: The mosque. Permanence and monumentality were the primary objectives in medieval African socio-political structures, and this permanence is thought to be reflected through the earth-based architectural styles used to construct the Sidi Yahya Mosque. The significance of earthworks and earth style architecture reflects the rules of ancestral significance in medieval Africa. Individuals who built the mosque along with other monuments were also grave-diggers and tomb-makers, further incorporating

2898-435: The presence of women in the welcoming committee set up by city residents; after negotiations, the convoy was released on the following day. In Gao , the group reportedly banned video games , Malian and Western music, bars, and football. On 26 May, the MNLA and Ansar Dine announced a pact in which they would merge to form an Islamist state called the "Islamic Republic of Azawad". However, some later reports indicated that

2961-542: The reconstruction of the mausoleums of Timbuktu and the trial of those responsible for their destruction at the International Criminal Court—sends a strong message to all extremists.” With the support of local carpenters and UNESCO, the sacred gate of Sidi Yahya was restored on September 19, 2016. The restoration of the mosque's minaret was completed in 2019. University of Timbuktu The University of Timbuktu ( French : Université de Tombouctou )

3024-544: The sacred nature of the Earth and its ancestors into its style. Sidi Yahya closely resembles other famous mosques in Timbuktu, such as the Sankore and the Djinguereber mosques. However, key differences distinguish the Sidi Yahya mosque. The doors of the Sidi Yahya mosque are low and ornately designed, showing Moroccan influence from the time when the city was under Maghsharan Tuareg authority (c. 1400–1468). Architecturally,

3087-466: The sanctuary to have it rebuilt in accordance with the dimensions of the Kaaba of Mecca as well as adding a mihrab . The Djinguereber Mosque was initially built when Mansa Musa I had returned from a pilgrimage to Mecca, but was reconstructed between 1570 and 1583 by Imam Al-Aqib ibn Mahmud , who was the qadi of Timbuktu. He added the southern portion of the mosque as well as the wall which surrounds

3150-540: The site was idolatrous, as it was said that daily visits to the tomb of Imam Sidi Yahya would provide blessings to believers. The group later offered roughly $ 100 US dollars to repair the mosque, which was turned down by imam Alpha Abdoulahi. The following year, a suicide bomber from Ansar Dine destroyed windows and a door of the mosque and compromised the stability of its minaret. In 2016, the International Criminal Court found Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi,

3213-487: The southern part of the Tuaregs' homeland. It has been linked with Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) because its leader Iyad Ag Ghaly is the cousin of AQIM commander Hamada Ag Hama. In April 2012, Salma Belaala, a professor at Warwick University who does research on jihadism in North Africa said that this association was false, claiming that Ansar Dine was opposed to Al Qaeda . Ag Ghaly

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3276-502: The way. He employed these people to establish mosques in Timbuktu and sent Sudanese students to study in Fez in Morocco . As a result, more scholars from varied backgrounds and places traveled to the city to study and live. Some of these scholars came from Egypt , Fez , Awjila , Ghadames , and Tuat . Timbuktu subsequently acquired a reputation for Islamic learning and scholarship within

3339-403: The well known Great Mosque of Djenne . The earthen structure is made entirely of indigenous and natural materials. Every year because of rain and erosion, the community partakes in a festival in which the banco, or mud mixture, is reapplied to the building. The exterior of the building is studded with exposed beams of wood called torons which are used to climb to higher parts of the mosque to apply

3402-598: The written version with the teacher, the student would then be expected to study it. At some points, along with the texts the student wrote, the student would learn from other texts along with their respective commentaries. This method is still widely used in the Islamic world. Students would write their teacher's dictation in vocalized texts ( harakat ) , which is only seen in the Quran and educational works such as grammars and law. Religious studies were taught in Arabic instead of

3465-416: Was a biographical dictionary of Maliki jurisprudents, containing within it a voluminous amount of information on North African scholars and is the primary source of information for when it comes to the life and works produced by medieval West African Muslim scholars. This was his greatest contribution to scholarship. Hundreds of thousands of manuscripts were written in Timbuktu. In this, a mass trade of books

3528-467: Was a popular jurist . He was born into a family who were a part of a long line of jurists. He was well known for the high quality of his fatwas , and is well known in modern times for his works being the main foundation of history concerning the history and lineages of medieval West African jurists and medieval Moroccan religious practices. He wrote over sixty texts in his lifetime covering various disciplines that ranged from grammars to philosophy. Ahmad

3591-618: Was also previously associated with the 1990 Tuareg rebellion . The group's members are reported to come from Mali, Algeria , and Nigeria . Omar Ould Hamaha , who served as Ansar Dine's spokesman after April 2012, became the military leader of the AQIM-affiliated Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA) in August 2012. On 24 January 2013, a faction which called itself the Islamic Movement for

3654-592: Was associated with three mosques: the Sankore , the Djingereber , and the Sidi Yahya mosques. The three made up an intellectual and spiritual centre throughout the golden age of Timbuktu. These mosques are also prime examples of earthen architecture, which are maintained by traditional maintenance techniques which continues to the present day. For one mosque, the Great Mosque of Djenne , the maintenance of

3717-559: Was born in Araouane and was raised in Timbuktu where he studied under his father Ahmad, his uncle Abu Bakr and Ahmad b. Mohammad, who was a distant relative of his. However, his principal teacher was Muhammad b. Mahmud b. Abu Bakr al-Wangari, a well known and respected scholar at the time. He studied the main disciplines pertaining to Islamic learning of his time under Wangari, including Arabic, usul , mantiq and tafsir , with his speciality being on Maliki school of Islamic thought. Little

3780-533: Was considered unjust, and as a result, Abu Hafs is viewed as a martyr . Qadi al-Aqib ibn Mahmud ibn Umar ibn Muhammad Aqit (1507 – August 10, 1583) was a Sanhaja Berber , qadi of Timbuktu , and an Imam of the Sankore mosque . He was born to the Sanhaja Berber Aqit family where he studied under his father and uncle. He then went to make the hajj , where he studied under leading scholars like al-Nasir al-Laqani who certified him to teach

3843-451: Was established and became one of the most profitable industries in the city. The manuscripts were produced in the Arabic script and were primarily written in the Arabic language, but other local languages such as Fulfulde, Songhai, Soninke and Bambara were also featured. This helped form an invaluable record of Islam and history of West Africa. The Tarikh al-Sudan was a written work created by Abd al-Rahman and completed in 1655. It details

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3906-479: Was revived. After Timbuktu was occupied in 1591 following the Battle of Tondibi , the university went into decline and the quality of teaching in the Timbuktu mosques waned along with it. Soon after, scholars of Timbuktu emigrated to other learning centers. In 1593, Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur cited "disloyalty" as the reason for arresting, and subsequently killing or exiling, many of Timbuktu's scholars, including Ahmad Baba al Massufi . The University of Timbuktu

3969-528: Was succeeded as Qadi by his brother Abu Hafs Umar. Sidi Abu 'l-Qasim al-Tuwati (d. 1528/29) was the successor of Qadi Katib Musa in the Sankore mosque. He was notable establishing recitation the entire Quran after Friday prayers. Abu 'l-'Abbas Ahmad Baba bin Ahmad bin Ahmad bin 'Umar bin Muhammad Aqit al-Sinhaji al-Timbukti (21 Dhu 'l-Hijja 963 AH (26 October 1556) – 6 Sha'ban 1036 AH (22 April 1627))

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