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67-608: The Sidon-Beirut Sanjak consisted of the roughly 60-kilometer-strip of territory between the gorge of al-Muamalatayn (just north of Juniyah ) to the Zahrani River . The gorge of al-Muamalatayn marked its northern boundary with Tripoli Eyalet, the Zahrani River marked its southern boundary with Safed Sanjak and the Beqaa Valley ridge marked its eastern boundary with Damascus Eyalet. The Sidon-Beirut Sanjak included

134-438: A sanjak , Sidon-Beirut ostensibly functioned as a military-administrative unit with its own governor and troops. However, at the practical level, Sidon-Beirut's governors held little sway in the sanjak , which was dominated by local chieftains. The latter held iltizam (tax farms) from which they profited, but owing to their autonomous power, they did not pay taxes to the authorities and take part in military duties on behalf of

201-492: A culprit. Court physicians, working under Nurbanu's orders, eventually prepared a successful cure, but a side effect was a drastic increase in sexual appetite; by the time Murad died, he was said to have fathered over a hundred children. Nineteen of these were executed by Mehmed III when he became sultan. Influential ladies of his court included his mother Nurbanu Sultan, his sister Ismihan Sultan , wife of grand vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha , and musahibes (favourites) mistress of

268-551: A good education and learned the Arabic and Persian languages. After his ceremonial circumcision in 1557, Murad's grandfather, the Sultan Suleiman I , appointed him sancakbeyi (governor) of Akşehir in 1558. At the age of 18 he was appointed sancakbeyi of Saruhan. Suleiman died in 1566 when Murad was 20, and his father became the new sultan, Selim II . Selim II broke with tradition by sending only his oldest son out of

335-528: A group of small sailboat construction sites. In 1906, according to the Guide to Lebanon by Ibrahim Beik Al-Soud, the population of Jounieh was 2,400, and it had a silk factory owned by the Nasras, a silkworms choker owned by Moussa de Franj, a silk factory owned by the heirs of Rizkallah and Abdul Ahad Khadra which had 190 wheels and produced 10,000 cocoons, 330 domestic animals, and owned 80 carriages. According to

402-417: A hagiographic self-portrait. Murad dreams of various activities, including being stripped naked by his father and having to sit on his lap, single-handedly killing 12,000 infidels in battle, walking on water, ascending to heaven, and producing milk from his fingers. In another letter addressed to Şüca Dede, Murad wrote "I wish that God, may He be glorified and exalted, had not created this poor servant as

469-562: A large wax candle dressed in tin which was donated by him to the Rila monastery in Bulgaria is on display in the monastery museum. Murad also furnished the content of Kitabü’l-Menamat ( The Book of Dreams ), addressed to Murad's spiritual advisor, Şüca Dede. A collection of first person accounts, it tells of Murad's spiritual experiences as a Sufi disciple. Compiled from thousands of letters Murad wrote describing his dream visions, it presents

536-668: A safe spot for ships sailing south to Byblos . This gave the place the name of the name of "Palaebyblus" that means 'Before Byblos”. In his geographic description the Greek historian Strabo mentions this town. The reason few remains can be seen today is due to the fact that during the Roman and Byzantine period, many buildings and structures were built over the Phoenicians buildings and some are still visible today. The medieval Muslim historian al-Idrisi (d. 1165) notes that Jounieh

603-541: A short period in 1614 and then permanently after 1660, Sidon-Beirut and its southern neighbor, Safed Sanjak, became part of the new province of Sidon Eyalet . The Sidon-Beirut Sanjak was administratively divided into the following nawahi (sing.: nahiya; subdisticts): Jounieh Jounieh ( Arabic : جونيه , or Juniya , جونية ) is a coastal city in Keserwan District , about 16 km (10 mi) north of Beirut , Lebanon . Since 2017, it has been

670-494: A statesman in exchange for the governorship of Tripoli and Tunisia, thus outbidding a rival who had tried bribing the Grand Vizier. During his period, excessive inflation was experienced, the value of silver money was constantly played, food prices increased. 400 dirhams should be cut from 600 dirhams of silver, while 800 was cut, which meant 100 percent inflation. For the same reason, the purchasing power of wage earners

737-525: Is given something pleasant as a collation, and afterwards sets himself to read for another hour. Then he begins to give audience to the members of the Divan on the four days of the week that this occurs, as had been said above. Then he goes for a walk through the garden, taking pleasure in the delight of fountains and animals for another hour, taking with him the dwarves, buffoons and others to entertain him. Then he goes back once again to studying until he considers

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804-649: Is located in the northern part of Jounieh, it is also the biggest one in the Middle East. Lebanese Heritage Museum displays items related to the culture and history of Lebanon. The téléphérique is a gondola lift that operates between Jounieh and Harissa . It offers the passengers beautiful panoramic views of the bay of Jounieh and the coast all the way to Beirut . (See Téléphérique de Jounieh page) Murad III Murad III ( Ottoman Turkish : مراد ثالث , romanized :  Murād-i s āli s ; Turkish : III. Murad ; 4 July 1546 – 16 January 1595)

871-709: Is much more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Jounieh is 20.9 °C (69.6 °F). About 873 mm (34.37 in) of precipitation falls annually. Paragliding site in Ghosta, three minutes from Harissa. Since 1992, paragliding above Jounieh is considered one of the best outdoor activities in Lebanon. Every summer, Jounieh International Festival hosts national and international icons, like Mika , Jessie J , Imagine Dragons , Jason Derulo and many others. Casino du Liban offers gaming and shows and

938-415: Is very popular. Thus a district of the following villages: Sarba, Ghadir, and Harat Sakhr was named for it. Its total population is 2,500. Jounieh itself is not a residential area but mainly a commercial district whose workers come from neighboring towns.” Jounieh was connected with neighboring areas by roads built for carriages. So it was connected with Bkerké and beyond it during the rule of Dawud Basha,

1005-618: The Battle of Sisak . Abd al-Malik became a trusted member of the Ottoman establishment during his exile. He made the proposition of making Morocco an Ottoman vassal in exchange for the support of Murad III in helping him gain the Saadi throne. With an army of 10,000 men, most of whom were Turks, Ramazan Pasha and Abd al-Malik left from Algiers to install Abd al-Malik as an Ottoman vassal ruler of Morocco. Ramazan Pasha conquered Fez which caused

1072-521: The Janissaries to dethrone him once he left the palace. Murad withdrew from his subjects and spent the majority of his reign keeping to the company of few people and abiding by a daily routine structured by the five daily Islamic prayers. Murad's personal physician Domenico Hierosolimitano described a typical day in the life of the sultan: In the morning he rises at dawn to say his prayer for half an hour, then for another half-hour he writes. Then he

1139-593: The Mamluks in 1516, they formed the Damascus Eyalet (Province of Damascus) out of the Mamluk provinces of central and southern Syria, including the wilayas (districts) of Sidon and Beirut . The latter two places were administratively merged to form the sanjak (district) of Sidon-Beirut. For much of the 16th and 17th centuries, Sidon-Beirut Sanjak was under the jurisdiction of Damascus and, at times during

1206-935: The Maronite Patriarchy supported the opening a port for commercial ships which became (with the Al-Nabi Younes Port on the Chouf Coast) the official port of Mount Lebanon . In 1913 and during the Mandate era, Jounieh suffered economic decline and recession as the French administration moved part of Jounieh’s administrative role to the Capital, Beirut . Also Jounieh came out of the First World War weakened by famine and economic stagnation. So several of its inhabitants were forced to move to

1273-590: The Swahili coast between Mogadishu and Kilwa. Ottoman suzerainty was recognised in Mogadishu in 1585 and Ottoman supremacy was also established in other cities such as Barawa , Mombasa , Kilifi, Pate, Lamu, and Faza. Murad's reign was a time of financial stress for the Ottoman state. To keep up with changing military techniques, the Ottomans trained infantrymen in the use of firearms, paying them directly from

1340-666: The 1590s, Tripoli . Its first sanjak-bey (district governor) was Ibn al-Hanash, a powerful Arab chieftain active under the Mamluks. He ruled Sidon-Beirut in cooperation with his Druze associates, three of whom came from the Ma'n clan and the fourth from the Tanukh clan. In 1518, Ibn al-Hanash revolted against Ottoman sultan Selim I while he was still in Syria, but was defeated and executed. His associates were arrested and heavily fined. As

1407-453: The 19 half-brothers still alive and drowned seven pregnant concubines, fulfilling the Law of Fraticide . Known sons of Murad III are: In addition to these, a European braggart, Alexander of Montenegro , claimed to be the lost son of Murad III and Safiye Sultan, presenting himself with the name of Şehzade Yahya and claiming the throne for it. His claims were never proven and appear dubious to say

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1474-541: The Beirut traders moved to its markets. Buildings took over its green spaces, and the tourist complexes took over its shores. So its features changed randomly though it benefited from the use of the tourist port for commerce. During the Civil War the ferry making the 120 mile journey from Jounieh to Larnaca was the only way to travel in and out of Lebanon for those living in the areas controlled by Christian militias. Over

1541-524: The Druze, similar to the jizyah imposed on Christians and Jews. In general, the Druze utilized the rugged topography in which they lived and their abundant arsenals to stave off Ottoman attempts to impose their authority over the interior regions of Sidon-Beirut. They revolted numerous times against the Ottoman authorities in Damascus when the latter sought to impose law and order in the sanjak . In 1523,

1608-940: The East” and Jounieh stood out as a bride of the Lebanese coast. In 1959, it started to attract banks, the first which were the Lebanese Commerce Bank and the Lebanese Federal Bank. By 1975 the number of banks reached six and today there are 38 banks in addition to the Lebanese Central Bank which was established in 1879. The area also witnessed an increase in the price of land from an average of seven to nine Lebanese pounds per square meter between 1950 and 1960 to an average of 25 to 35 Lebanese pounds in 1965. The construction sector developed slowly starting from Sarba to Harat Sakhr, and finally

1675-633: The Jounieh bay, is the seat of the Patriarch of the Maronite Catholic Church of Lebanon. Residents of Jounieh and the surrounding towns are overwhelmingly Maronite Catholics . Maameltein is a district of Ghazir village. The history of Jounieh goes back to the time the Phoenicians . The town was an important trading center along the Lebanon coastline. In those days the port was an important one during winter, as it served as

1742-627: The Khutba and declared his full independence in 1582. The Ottomans had been at peace with the neighbouring rivaling Safavid Empire since 1555, per the Treaty of Amasya , that for some time had settled border disputes. But in 1577 Murad declared war, starting the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) , seeking to take advantage of the chaos in the Safavid court after the death of Shah Tahmasp I . Murad

1809-457: The Ma'n chieftain revolted against the Ottomans, prompting a punitive expedition by the governor of Damascus, Khurram Pasha , during which the Ma'n's throne village, Baruk, and forty-three other villages were burned down. The same governor led a tax collection expedition in 1524, destroying a further thirty villages. Armed conflict continued intermittently, and in 1545, the authorities in Damascus, lured

1876-416: The Ma'n chieftain, Yunis, to Damascus and killed him. In 1565, the Druze ambushed and routed an Ottoman cavalry regiment sent to collect taxes from Jurd. For the next two decades, Druze defiance mounted and was successively met with Ottoman attempts to impose their authority. In 1585, Sultan Murad III resolved to launch an all-out war effort to subjugate the Druze of Sidon-Beirut and its environs and commanded

1943-712: The New World which led to unrest among the Janissary and commoners. Relations with Elizabethan England were cemented during his reign, as both had a common enemy in the Spanish . He was also a great patron of the arts, commissioning the Siyer-i-Nebi and other illustrated manuscripts. Born in Manisa on 4 July 1546, Şehzade Murad was the oldest son of Şehzade Selim and his powerful wife Nurbanu Sultan . He received

2010-544: The Ottoman dynasty. Five or six years after his accession to the throne, Murad was given a pair of concubines by his sister Ismihan. Upon attempting sexual intercourse with them, he proved impotent. "The arrow [of Murad], [despite] keeping with his created nature, for many times [and] for many days has been unable to reach at the target of union and pleasure," wrote Mustafa Ali. Nurbanu accused Safiye and her retainers of causing Murad's impotence with witchcraft. Several of Safiye's servants were tortured by eunuchs in order to discover

2077-528: The Saadi Sultan to flee to Marrakesh which was also conquered. Abd al-Malik then assumed rule over Morocco as a client of the Ottomans. Abd al-Malik made a deal with the Ottoman troops by paying them a large amount of gold and sending them back to Algiers, suggesting a looser concept of vassalage than Murad III may have thought. Murad's name was recited in the Friday prayer and stamped on coinage marking

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2144-514: The cable cars, the Harisa Church, the caverns in Jeita , restaurants, hotels, nightclubs, and the port. With the war of 1975, and the division of Beirut into East and West parts and the escalation of the violence, many people fled to safe areas and were organizing their lives in accordance with the new realities. From 1980 to 1990, Jounieh witnessed a massive migration as a large number of

2211-480: The capital of Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate . Jounieh is known for its seaside resorts and bustling nightlife, as well as its old stone souk , ferry port, paragliding site and gondola lift ( le téléphérique ), which takes passengers up the mountain to the shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon in Harissa . Above Jounieh, and on the way to Harissa , a small hill named Bkerké (Arabic: بكركي , or Bkerki ), overlooking

2278-830: The capital or to immigrate, and Jounieh lost most of its expertise. Its social and population development stopped, and its economic development weakened. The 1932 statistics showed 1,286 housed in Jounieh: 371 in Sarba, 434 in Ghadir, 350 houses in Harat Sakhr, and 131 in Sahil ‘Alma. This affected the building industry and records in the town hall showed very limited number of permits given from 1922-1940. The only active sectors in that period were schools, small crafts, and planting of citrus trees, sugar cane, and vegetables. This situation stayed

2345-401: The coast of ‘Alma. The buildings also started expanding around the city as the agricultural sector contracted and became confined to the coasts of Kaslik and some orchards in Ghadir, Harat Sakhr and the coast of ‘Alma. In the beginning of the seventies, Jounieh was transformed to a major and complete tourist center with the tourist network around it and on its edges including: Casino du Liban ,

2412-512: The coastal towns of Sidon and Beirut , both of which were the center of their own nahiyas (subdistricts), and it included the southern Mount Lebanon range. Its interior nahiyas were, from north to south, Kisrawan and Matn in the Jabal Sannin mountains, Gharb and Jurd in the Jabal al-Kanisah mountains and Iqlim al-Kharrub and Shuf in the Jabal al-Baruk mountains. The population

2479-701: The court of Society of Miniaturists, commissioning several volumes including the Siyer-i Nebi , the most heavily illustrated biographical work on the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , the Book of Skills , the Book of Festivities and the Book of Victories . He had two large alabaster urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and

2546-518: The descendant of the Ottomans so that I would not hear this and that, and would not worry. I wish I were of unknown pedigree. Then, I would have one single task, and could ignore the whole world." The diplomatic edition of these dream letters have been recently published by Ozgen Felek in Turkish. Murad died from what is assumed to be natural causes in the Topkapı Palace on 16 January 1595 and

2613-462: The disapproval of Mustafa Âlî and Mustafa Selaniki , the major Ottoman historians who lived during his reign. Their negative portrayals of Murad influenced later historians. Before becoming sultan, Murad had been loyal to Safiye Sultan , his Albanian concubine. His monogamy was disapproved of by Nurbanu Sultan, who worried that Murad needed more sons to succeed him in case Mehmed died young. She also worried about Safiye's influence over her son and

2680-501: The dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy. This diplomacy would be continued under Murad's successor Mehmed III , by both

2747-588: The effective leadership of the powerful Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, who remained in office until his assassination in October 1579. During Murad's reign, the northern borders with the Habsburg monarchy were defended by the Bosnian governor Hasan Predojević . The reign of Murad III was marked by exhausting wars on the empire's western and eastern fronts. The Ottomans also suffered defeats in battles such as

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2814-574: The eunuchs' roles in the palace were racially determined: black eunuchs guarded the harem and the princesses, and white eunuchs guarded the Sultan and male pages in another part of the palace. The chief black eunuch was known as the Kizlar Agha , and the chief white eunuch was known as the Kapi Agha . Murad took great interest in the arts, particularly miniatures and books. He actively supported

2881-521: The fourteen years from 1975 an estimated 990,000 Lebanese left the country, up to 40% of the population. During the 1989 fighting between General Aoun and the Lebanese Forces 10,000 civilians from Beirut arrived in Cyprus over a six-week period. On 24 February 1990 the ferry was attacked by an unidentified naval patrol boat. One passenger was killed and seventeen wounded. In 1997 a catamaran

2948-455: The garden reading or passing the time until evening with the dwarfs and buffoons, and then he returns to say his prayers, that is at nightfall. Then he dines and takes more time over dinner than over lunch, making conversation until two hours after dark, until it is time for prayer [...] He never fails to observe this schedule every day. Özgen Felek argues that Murad's sedentary lifestyle and lack of participation in military campaigns earned him

3015-408: The governor of Egypt Eyalet , Damat Ibrahim Pasha , to lead the effort. Ibrahim Pasha's forces, backed by Janissary regiments from Damascus and Anatolia, defeated the Druze decisively . The Druze and other rebellious groups in the sanjak surrendered the bulk of their firearms and made to pay tax arrears in the form of cash or land. The leader of the Ma'n, Qurqmaz, had fled and died in exile. For

3082-419: The housekeeper Canfeda Hatun , mistress of financial affairs Raziye Hatun , and the poet Hubbi Hatun , Finally, after the death of his mother and older sister, Safiye Sultan was the only influential woman in the court. Before Murad, the palace eunuchs had been mostly white, especially Circassians or Syrians . This began to change in 1582 when Murad gave an important position to a black eunuch. Before,

3149-443: The palace to govern a province , assigning Murad to Manisa. Selim died in 1574 and was succeeded by Murad, who began his reign by having his five younger brothers strangled. His authority was undermined by harem influences – more specifically, those of his mother and later of his favorite concubine Safiye Sultan , often to the detriment of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 's influence on the court. Selim's power had only been maintained by

3216-471: The records of the Keserwan Governorate, the town of Ghadir, in 1914, had 433 corporations and its population was 1,263. The town of Sarba had 213 commercial institutions and its population was 1,714. In Harat Sakhr, there were 165 corporations and its population was 808. In Sahil ‘Alma, there were 21 corporations its population reached 187. Jounieh had seen noticeable prosperity after France and

3283-465: The ruler of Mount Lebanon . It was connected to Ghazir between 1867 and 1868 despite the objection of Ghazir's residents. Another road connected Jounieh to the Beirut Bridge during the rule of Rustum Basha. To the north it was connected by a carriage's road until Batroun during the rule of Wasa Basha (1883–1892). In 1892, Jounieh was connected to Beirut via a railroad that had stations between

3350-404: The same until the rule of President Fuad Chehab who outfitted the city with all that it needed to become modern. Jounieh then awakened from its slumber with projects for roads, lighting, modern planning, a stadium, a tourist port, a government house, and infrastructure. President Chehab used a number of experts and engineers headed by the French engineer Ecochard. The talk became of “Monte Carlo of

3417-683: The state. Until the mid-17th century, Ottoman rule in Sidon-Beirut was largely nominal, especially in the Druze-dominated mountainous areas. The Druze were a heterodox Muslim sect considered by the Ottoman authorities and the Sunni Muslim ulama of Damascus as heretics. Thus, the Druze were officially outside the millet system, neither classified as Muslims nor protected by dhimmi (protected) status such as Christians or Jews. The authorities occasionally levied poll taxes on

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3484-814: The succession. After Safiye's exile, revoked only after Nurbanu's death on December 1583, Murad, to deny the rumor about his impotency, took a huge number of concubines and he had more than fifty known children, although according to sources the total number could exceed hundred. At time of his death in 1595, Murad had at least thirty-five concubines, amongs others: After the death of Murad III many of his concubines who became childless when at his accession Mehmed had his half-brothers killed, and others who never had children by Sultan, were remarried off to palace officials, such as door keepers, cavalry forces ( bölük halkı ), and sergeants ( çavus ). Murad III had at least 27 known sons. On Murad's death in 1595 Mehmed III, his eldest son and new sultan, son of Safiye Sultan, executed

3551-575: The sultan and Safiye Sultan alike. Following the example of his father Selim II, Murad was the second Ottoman sultan who never went on campaign during his reign, instead spending it entirely in Constantinople. During the final years of his reign, he did not even leave Topkapı Palace . For two consecutive years, he did not attend the Friday procession to the imperial mosque—an unprecedented breaking of custom. The Ottoman historian Mustafa Selaniki wrote that whenever Murad planned to go out to Friday prayer, he changed his mind after hearing of alleged plots by

3618-406: The time for lunch has arrived. He stays at table only half an hour, and rises (to go) once again into the garden for as long as he pleases. Then he goes to say his midday prayer. Then he stops to pass the time and amuse himself with the women, and he will stay one or two hours with them, when it is time to say the evening prayer. Then he returns to his apartments or, if it pleases him more, he stays in

3685-637: The treasury. By 1580 an influx of silver from the New World had caused high inflation and social unrest, especially among Janissaries and government officials who were paid in debased currency. Deprivation from the resulting rebellions, coupled with the pressure of over-population, was especially felt in Anatolia. Competition for positions within the government grew fierce, leading to bribery and corruption. Ottoman and Habsburg sources accuse Murad himself of accepting enormous bribes, including 20,000 ducats from

3752-472: The two locations, three of which in Jounieh and its environs: Sarba, Jounieh, and Mu’amilitain at the end of the line, which facilitated the transportation of goods and passengers from and to the Governorate of Beirut. In 1876, the number of shops exceeded 300, five silk factories, three rest houses, a mill, three juice factories, an artificial ice factory, a bank known by its owner's name "Bank Baghos", and

3819-549: The two traditional signs of sovereignty in the Islamic world. The reign of Abd al-Malik is understood to be a period of Moroccan vassalage to the Ottoman Empire. Abd al-Malik died in 1578 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur who formally recognised the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan at the start of his reign while remaining de facto independent. He stopped minting coins in Murad's name, dropped his name from

3886-442: The year 2025. The population of Jounieh is majority Maronite . As of 2022, the religious make-up of the city's 6,016 registered voters were roughly 65.6% Maronite Catholics , 10.9% Greek Catholic , 8.2% Armenian Orthodox , 6.1% Greek Orthodox , 5.2% Christian Minorities , and 4.0% others. Jounieh is twinned with: Jounieh has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). In winter there

3953-417: Was a sea fortress whose inhabitants were Jacobite Christians . The Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1226) called it a dependency of Tripoli . In the sixth part of The Introduction to Jounieh in the Mid Nineteenth Century , Professor Butrus Al-Boustani said: “Jounieh is a place on the Keserwan coast which has warehouses, stores, and a dye house. Ships and boats bring supplies and its grain trade

4020-464: Was buried in a tomb next to the Hagia Sophia . In the mausoleum are 54 sarcophagus of the sultan, his wives and children that are also buried there. He is also responsible for changing the burial customs of the sultans' mothers. Murad had his mother Nurbanu buried next to her husband Selim II, making her the first consort to share a sultan's tomb. Murad is believed to have had Safiye Sultan as his only concubine for circa fifteen years. However, Safiye

4087-435: Was destroyed and the church suffered major damage. Twenty-two people were wounded. Today, close to 100,000 people reside in Jounieh. Those who live in its suburbs exceed that number. By the middle of the century, it is predicted that Jounieh will become a suburb of Beirut in a coastal line that forms one city that expands the length of the coastal road at a time when the inhabitants of Lebanon will reach six million plus around

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4154-402: Was halved, and the consequence was an uprising. Numerous envoys and letters were exchanged between Elizabeth I and Sultan Murad III. In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism , as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To

4221-464: Was influenced by viziers Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha and Sinan Pasha and disregarded the opposing counsel of Grand Vizier Sokollu. Murad also fought the Safavids which would drag on for 12 years, ending with the Treaty of Constantinople (1590) , which resulted in temporary significant territorial gains for the Ottomans. During his reign, an Ottoman Admiral by the name of Mir Ali Beg was successful in establishing Ottoman supremacy in numerous cities in

4288-425: Was operating between Larnaca and Jounieh. A return ticket for the four-hour journey cost US$ 100. At the time the average monthly income in Lebanon was US$ 132. On 18 June 1991 six people were killed and 30 wounded after an explosion at a Lebanese Forces ammunition dump. On 7 May 2005, a car bomb exploded between the Christian Sawt al Mahaba radio station and the Mar Yuhanna Church in Jounieh. The radio station

4355-511: Was opposed by Murad's mother, Nurbanu Sultan , and by his sister, Ismihan Sultan , and around 1580, she was exiled to the Old Palace on charges of having rendered the sultan impotent with a spell, after he had not succeeded or had not wanted to have sex with two concubines received by his sister. Furthermore, Nurbanu was concerned about the future of the dynasty, as she believed that Safiye's son alone, Mehmed, (two of three sons that Safiye gave to Murad were dead before 1580) were not enough to ensure

4422-415: Was religiously diverse, with Sunni Muslims being predominant in Sidon, Beirut and Iqlim al-Kharrub, Druze predominating in Matn, Gharb, Jurd and Shuf and Shia Muslims and Maronite Christians inhabiting Kisrawan. Maronites and to a lesser extent, other Christians, increasingly immigrated into the Druze-dominated areas throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. After the Ottoman Empire conquered Syria from

4489-423: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. His rule saw battles with the Habsburgs and exhausting wars with the Safavids . The long-independent Morocco was for a time made a vassal of the empire but regained independence in 1582. His reign also saw the empire's expanding influence on the eastern coast of Africa. However, the empire was beset by increasing corruption and inflation from

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