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84-662: The Nazi salute , also known as the Hitler salute , or the Sieg Heil salute , is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany . The salute is performed by extending the right arm from the shoulder into the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say " Heil Hitler! " ( ' Hail Hitler! ' ), " Heil, mein Führer! " ( ' Hail, my leader! ' ), or " Sieg Heil! " ( ' Hail victory! ' ). It

168-563: A National Policy Institute conference, he quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews . In response to his cry "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!", a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg Heil chant. CNN fired political commentator Jeffrey Lord on 10 August 2017, after he tweeted "Sieg Heil!" to Angelo Carusone, president of Media Matters for America , suggesting Carusone

252-448: A Nazi salute every time the command "Heil Hitler!" was uttered. The Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled in 2014 that Nazi salutes do not breach hate crime laws if expressed as one's personal opinion, but only if they are used in attempt to propagate Nazi ideology. Modified versions of the salute are sometimes used by neo-Nazis . One such version is the so-called " Kühnen salute" with extended thumb, index and middle finger , which

336-808: A Nazi salute to a Jewish student while another who allegedly built a swastika , which led the Toronto District School Board to launch an investigation, and condemnation by the Simon Wiesenthal Center . Gesture Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 540475366 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:49:58 GMT Francis Bellamy Francis Julius Bellamy

420-550: A Nazi salute, while the other half gave an Olympic salute. According to the historian Richard Mandell, there are conflicting reports on whether athletes from France performed a Nazi salute or an Olympic Salute. In football , the England football team bowed to pressure from the British Foreign Office and performed the salute during a friendly match on 14 May 1938. Jehovah's Witnesses came into conflict with

504-514: A decree issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on 13 July 1933 (one day before the ban on all non-Nazi parties), all German public employees were required to use the salute. The decree also required the salute during the singing of the national anthem and the " Horst-Wessel-Lied ". It stipulated that "anyone not wishing to come under suspicion of behaving in a consciously negative fashion will therefore render

588-473: A group of students of Pacifica High School of Garden Grove Unified School District in California was shown in a video giving the Nazi salute and singing Erika . The incident took place at an after-hours off-campus student athletics banquet. The school administration did not learn about the incident until March 2019, at which time the students were disciplined. The school did not release details of what

672-525: A massive Columbus Day campaign. On immigration and universal suffrage , Bellamy wrote in the editorial of The Illustrated American , Vol. XXII, No. 394, p. 258: "[a] democracy like ours cannot afford to throw itself open to the world where every man is a lawmaker, every dull-witted or fanatical immigrant admitted to our citizenship is a bane to the commonwealth.” And further: "Where all classes of society merge insensibly into one another every alien immigrant of inferior race may bring corruption to

756-461: A nation do stand square on the doctrine of liberty and justice for all... Bellamy "viewed his Pledge as an ' inoculation ' that would protect immigrants and native-born but insufficiently patriotic Americans from the ' virus ' of radicalism and subversion ." In February 2022, Barry Popik tweeted a May 1892 newspaper report from Hays, Kansas , of a school flag-raising on 30 April accompanied by an almost identical pledge. An alternative theory

840-545: A statement on the district "understanding the serious nature of the incident and appropriate action has been taken at one of its campuses." In May 2018, students at Baraboo High School , in Baraboo, Wisconsin , appeared to perform a Nazi salute in a photograph taken before their junior prom . The image went viral on social media six months later, sparking outrage. The school decided the students could not be punished because of their First Amendment rights. In November 2018,

924-713: A time to maintain its customs. A compromise edict from the Reich Defense Ministry, issued on 19 September 1933, required the Hitler salute of soldiers and uniformed civil servants while singing the " Horst-Wessel-Lied " and national anthem , and in non-military encounters both within and outside the Wehrmacht (for example, when greeting members of the civilian government). At all other times they were permitted to use their traditional salutes. However, according to (pre-Nazi) Reichswehr and Wehrmacht protocol,

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1008-523: A very large district that encompasses 58 square miles and includes the cities of Newport Beach and Costa Mesa . Officials from the district condemned the students' behavior and said they were working with law enforcement to collect information on the incident. On February 1, 2022, one of the pupils from Charles H. Best Middle School in North York , a district in Toronto , Ontario, Canada, performed

1092-604: A young girl) and the Queen Mother both performing a Nazi salute, accompanied by Edward VIII , taken from 17 seconds of home footage (also released by The Sun ). The footage ignited controversy in the UK, and there have been questions as to whether the release of this footage was appropriate. Buckingham Palace described the release of this footage as "disappointing", and considered pursuing legal action against The Sun , whereas Stig Abell (managing director of The Sun ) said that

1176-517: Is also a criminal offence in Germany. In written correspondence, the number 88 is sometimes used by some neo-Nazis as a substitute for "Heil Hitler" ("H" as the eighth letter of the alphabet). Swiss neo-Nazis were reported to use a variant of the Kühnengruss, though extending one's right arm over their head and extending said three fingers has a different historical source for Switzerland, as

1260-468: Is believed to be based on an ancient Roman custom, but no known Roman work of art depicts it, nor does any extant Roman text describe it. Jacques-Louis David 's 1784 painting Oath of the Horatii displayed a raised arm salutatory gesture in an ancient Roman setting. The gesture and its identification with ancient Rome was advanced in other French neoclassic art . In 1892, Francis Bellamy introduced

1344-466: Is considered an early American democratic socialist . Bellamy was a leader in the public education movement, the nationalization movement, and the Christian socialist movement. He united his grassroots network to start a collective memory activism in 1892. French philosopher Henri de Saint-Simon 's "new Christianity", which stressed using science to tackle poverty, influenced Bellamy and many of

1428-471: Is illegal in modern-day Germany ( Strafgesetzbuch section 86a ), Austria and Slovakia . The use of any Nazi phrases associated with the salute is also forbidden. In Italy , it is a criminal offence only if used with the intent to "reinstate the defunct National Fascist Party ", or to exalt or promote its ideology or members. In Canada and most of Europe (including the Czech Republic , France ,

1512-684: Is recited today. Bellamy described his thoughts as he crafted the language of the pledge: It began as an intensive communing with salient points of our national history, from the Declaration of Independence onwards; with the makings of the Constitution... with the meaning of the Civil War ; with the aspiration of the people... The true reason for allegiance to the Flag is the ' republic for which it stands'. ...And what does that last thing,

1596-558: Is seen as an adaption of the Fascist gesture, is that really so terrible"? Ian Kershaw points out that Hess did not deny the likely influence from Fascist Italy, even if indeed the salute had been used sporadically in 1921 as Hess claimed. On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler said of the origins of the salute: I made it the salute of the Party long after the Duce had adopted it. I'd read

1680-493: Is that the pledge was submitted to an 1890 patriotic competition in The Youth's Companion by a 13-year-old Kansas schoolboy, coincidentally named Frank E. Bellamy. Based on the inconsistency of the facts, some favor Frank E. Bellamy rather than Francis Bellamy as the originator. Bellamy was a Christian socialist , who "championed 'the rights of working people and the equal distribution of economic resources, which he believed

1764-473: The Amtsgericht Cottbus sentenced Horst Mahler to six months of imprisonment without parole for having, according to his own claims, ironically performed the Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term a year earlier. The following month, a pensioner named Roland T was given a prison term of five months for, amongst other things, training his dog Adolf to raise his right paw in

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1848-640: The Netherlands , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , Ukraine , and Russia ), displaying the salute is not in itself a criminal offence, but constitutes hate speech if used for propagating the Nazi ideology . Publicly performing the salute is also illegal in Australia under Commonwealth law unless for a religious, academic, educational, artistic, literary or scientific purpose. The salute

1932-543: The Tampa Electric Company as advertising manager after persuading the company's management that they needed systemic publicity/advertising he could develop. The 1930 United States Census recorded him residing at 2926 Wallcraft Avenue. He got fired from his job at Tampa Electric Company on July 15, 1931, and applied for and got a similar job at Tampa Gas Company. Bellamy died in Tampa on August 28, 1931, at

2016-669: The University of Rochester in Rochester, New York , where he studied theology and belonged to the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. He became a Baptist minister as a young man. He was very much influenced by the vestiges of the Second Great Awakening . He travelled to promote his Baptist faith and lived to be of service to others in his community. Bellamy's travels brought him to Massachusetts where he penned

2100-715: The World's Columbian Exposition , then scheduled to be held in Chicago , Illinois , during 1893. A flag salute was to be part of the official program for the Columbus Day celebration on October 12 to be held in schools all over the US. The pledge was published in the September 8, 1892, issue of the magazine, and immediately put to use in the campaign. Bellamy went to speak to a national meeting of school superintendents to promote

2184-450: The Youth's Companion had begun a campaign to sell US flags to public schools as a premium to solicit subscriptions. For Upham and Bellamy, the flag promotion was more than merely a business move; under their influence, the Youth's Companion became a fervent supporter of the schoolhouse flag movement, which aimed to place a flag above every school in the nation. Four years later, by 1892,

2268-533: The capitulation of Nazi Germany , a memorial for the dead of the war was held in Marktschellenberg , a small town near Hitler's Berghof residence . The British historian Ian Kershaw remarks that the power of the Führer cult and the "Hitler Myth" had vanished, which is evident from this report: When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Führer, it

2352-514: The raised fist salute and the Nazi salute in its "Class Of 2017" photo. The photo was then sent from one of the students to six other students by message and claiming that "some females held the fist while some white males raised the Nazi salute." The incident was reported to the Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District saying that "they are extremely disappointed with the actions," and later made

2436-467: The "Pledge of Allegiance" for a campaign by the Youth's Companion , a patriotic circular and magazine. Bellamy "believed in the absolute separation of church and state " and purposefully did not include the phrase "under God" in his pledge. In 1891, Daniel Sharp Ford, the owner of the Youth's Companion , hired Bellamy to work with Ford's nephew James B. Upham in the magazine's premium department. In 1888,

2520-692: The "new St. Simonians." They saw nationalization (de-privatization) and public education as the policy solutions. In 1889, Bellamy served as founding vice president and wrote several articles for the Society of Christian Socialists , a grassroots organization founded in Boston. The newspaper Dawn was run by his cousin Edward and Frances Willard . Francis Bellamy wrote about the Golden Rule and quoted Bible passages that denounced greed and lust for money. He

2604-549: The American Pledge of Allegiance , which was to be accompanied by a visually similar saluting gesture, referred to as the Bellamy salute . A raised arm gesture was then used in the 1899 American stage production of Ben-Hur , and its 1907 film adaptation . The gesture was further elaborated upon in several early Italian films. Of special note was the 1914 silent film Cabiria , whose screenplay had contributions from

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2688-479: The Armed Forces , had expressed a desire to standardize the salute across all organizations in Germany. On 23 July 1944, several days after the  failed assassination attempt , Goebbels suggested to Hitler that the military be ordered to fully adopt the Hitler salute as a show of loyalty, since Army officers had been responsible for the assassination attempt. Hitler approved the suggestion without emotion, and

2772-480: The Embassy. He was tall and slender, with a vague blond handsomeness. Outstanding among all the guests, Ribbentrop arrived in Nazi uniform. Most Nazis came to diplomatic functions in ordinary suits unless the affair was extremely formal. His manner of shaking hands was an elaborate ceremony in itself. He held out his hand, then retreated and held your hand at arm’s length, lowered his arm stiffly by his side, then raised

2856-561: The German Greeting. ... see to it that said animals are destroyed." The salute soon became part of everyday life, a historically unique phenomenon that politicised all communication in Germany for twelve years, superseding all prior forms of greeting, such as " Grüß Gott " ("Hello"), "Guten Tag" ("Good day"), and "Auf Wiederseh(e)n" ("Goodbye"). Postmen used the greeting when they knocked on people's doors to deliver packages or letters. Small metal signs that reminded people to use

2940-912: The German salute likewise into the Army. Despite indoctrination and punishment, the salute was ridiculed by some people. Since heil is also the imperative of the German verb heilen ('to heal'), a common joke in Nazi Germany was to reply with, "Is he sick?" "Am I a doctor?" or "You heal him!" Jokes were also made by distorting the phrase. For example, "Heil Hitler" might become "Ein Liter" ('One liter') or "Drei Liter" ('Three Liter'). Cabaret performer Karl Valentin would quip, "It's lucky that Hitler's name wasn't ' Kräuter '. Otherwise, we'd have to go around yelling Heilkräuter ('medicinal herbs')". Similar puns were made involving "-bronn" (rendering " Heilbronn " ,

3024-520: The German salute. It was in the Ratskeller at Bremen , about the year 1921, that I first saw this style of salute. It must be regarded as a survival of an ancient custom, which originally signified: "See, I have no weapon in my hand!" I introduced the salute into the Party at our first meeting in Weimar . The SS at once gave it a soldierly style. It's from that moment that our opponents honored us with

3108-660: The Hitler Greeting," and its use quickly spread as people attempted to avoid being labelled as a dissident. A rider to the decree, added two weeks later, stipulated that if physical disability prevented raising of the right arm, "then it is correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm." On 27 September, prison inmates were forbidden to use the salute, as were Jews by 1937. By the end of 1934, special courts were established to punish those who refused to salute. Offenders, such as Protestant preacher Paul Schneider , faced

3192-528: The Hitler salute were displayed in public squares and on telephone poles and street lights throughout Germany. Department store clerks greeted customers with "Heil Hitler, how may I help you?" Dinner guests brought glasses etched with the words "Heil Hitler" as house gifts. The salute was required of all persons passing the Feldherrnhalle in Munich, site of the climax of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch , which

3276-829: The Hitler salute" and "Millions stand behind me". Heartfield was forced to flee in 1933 after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany. Another example is a cartoon by New Zealand political cartoonist David Low , mocking the Night of the Long Knives . Run in the Evening Standard on 3 July 1934, it shows Hitler with a smoking gun grimacing at terrified SA men with their hands up. The caption reads: "They salute with both hands now". When Achille Starace proposed that Italians should write Evviva Il Duce in letters, Mussolini wrote an editorial in Il Popolo d'Italia mocking

3360-674: The Italian ultra-nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio , arguably a forerunner of Italian Fascism . In 1919, when he led the occupation of Fiume , d'Annunzio used the style of salute depicted in the film as a neo-Imperialist ritual and the Italian Fascist Party quickly adopted it. By autumn 1923, or perhaps as early as 1921, some members of the Nazi Party were using the rigid, outstretched right arm salute to greet Hitler, who responded by raising his own right hand crooked back at

3444-410: The Nazi regime because they refused to salute Adolf Hitler with the Nazi salute, believing that it conflicted with their worship of God. Because refusing to salute Hitler was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested, and their children attending school were expelled, detained and separated from their families. The Wehrmacht refused to adopt the Hitler salute officially and was able for

Nazi salute - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-481: The Nazi salute and broke into a goose step ; Turkish athletes maintained the salute all around the track. There is some confusion over the use of the salute, since the stiff-arm Nazi salute could have been mistaken for an Olympic salute , with the right arm held out at a slight angle to the right from the shoulder. According to the American sports writer Jeremy Schaap , only half of the athletes from Austria performed

3612-533: The Nazis had heard about the Italian Fascists. He admits in the article: "The NSDAP's introduction of the raised-arm greeting approximately two years ago still gets some people's blood boiling. Its opponents suspect the greeting of being un-Germanic. They accuse it of merely aping the [Italian] Fascists", but goes on to ask, "and even if the decree from two years ago [Hess' order that all party members use it]

3696-836: The Republic mean? It is the concise political word for the Nation – the One Nation which the Civil War was fought to prove. To make that One Nation idea clear, we must specify that it is indivisible, as Webster and Lincoln used to repeat in their great speeches. And its future? Just here arose the temptation of the historic slogan of the French Revolution which meant so much to Jefferson and his friends, ' Liberty, equality, fraternity '. No, that would be too fanciful, too many thousands of years off in realization. But we as

3780-403: The advertising industry. He believed in high pressure advertising and thought that it could also still be truthful at the same time. Advertising was seen by him as a way to create demand for American industrial activities. Bellamy and his second wife, Marie, moved from New York City to Tampa, Florida in 1922 where he spent the remainder of his life. Starting in 1926 he began to work part time for

3864-654: The age of 76. His cremated remains were brought back to New York and buried in a family plot in a cemetery in Rome, New York. Bellamy married Harriet Benton in Newark, New York , in 1881. They had three sons: John, who lived in California; David, who lived in Rochester, New York; and Brewster, who died as an infant. His first wife died in 1918, and he married Marie Morin (1920). His daughter-in-law Rachael (David's wife) lived in Rochester until February/March 1989 when she died at

3948-453: The age of 93. David and Rachael had two children, David Jr. and Peter (1929-2021). His son, John Benton Bellamy, married Ruth "Polly" (née Edwards). They had three children, Harriet (1911–1999), Barbara (1913–2005) and John Benton Bellamy, Jr. (1921–2015). Bellamy was the cousin of Edward Bellamy most famous for the utopian novel Looking Backward , which inspired the formation of Nationalist Clubs that similarly advocated

4032-411: The arm swiftly in a Nazi salute, just barely missing your nose. All the time he was staring at you with such intensity you were wondering what new sort of mesmerism he thought he was effecting. The whole ritual was performed with such self-conscious dignity and in such silence that hardly a word was whispered while Ribbentrop made his exhibitionistic acquaintance with the guests present. To me the procedure

4116-610: The beginning and end of the school day, between classes, or whenever an adult entered the classroom. In 1935, at the end of Hans Spemann ’s acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, he gave a Nazi salute. Some athletes used the Nazi salute in the opening ceremony of the 1936 Berlin Olympics as they passed by Hitler in the reviewing stand. This was done by delegates from Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Bolivia, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy and Turkey. The Bulgarian athletes performed

4200-508: The celebration; the convention liked the idea and selected a committee of leading educators to implement the program, including the immediate past president of the National Education Association . Bellamy was selected as the chair. Having received the official blessing of educators, Bellamy's committee now had the task of spreading the word across the nation and of designing an official program for schools to follow on

4284-595: The cry of an officer of the word Sieg ( ' victory ' ), the crowd responded with Heil ( ' hail ' ). For example, at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, Rudolf Hess ended his climactic speech with the words "The Party is Hitler. But Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler. Hitler! Sieg Heil!" At his total war speech delivered in 1943, audiences shouted "Sieg Heil!" , as Joseph Goebbels solicited from them "a kind of plebiscitary 'Ja ' " to total war ( ja meaning 'yes' in German). On 11 March 1945, less than two months before

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4368-418: The day of national celebration. He structured the program around a flag-raising ceremony and his pledge. His original Pledge read as follows: I pledge Allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. The recital was accompanied with a salute to the flag known as the Bellamy salute , described in detail by Bellamy. During World War II ,

4452-560: The description of the sitting of the Diet of Worms , in the course of which Luther was greeted with the German salute. It was to show him that he was not being confronted with arms, but with peaceful intentions. In the days of Frederick the Great , people still saluted with their hats, with pompous gestures. In the Middle Ages the serfs humbly doffed their bonnets, whilst the noblemen gave

4536-430: The discipline entailed, but released a statement saying that they would continue to deal with the incident "in collaboration with agencies dedicated to anti-bias education." On 20 August 2019, the school district announced that it was reopening the investigation into the incident because new photographs and another video has surfaced of the event, along with "new allegations" and "new claims". Parents and teachers criticized

4620-430: The drive to gain acceptance did not go unchallenged. Some party members questioned the legitimacy of the so-called Roman salute, employed by Fascist Italy, as un- Germanic . In response, efforts were made to establish its pedigree by inventing a tradition after the fact. In June 1928, Rudolf Hess published an article titled "The Fascist Greeting", which claimed that the gesture was used in Germany as early as 1921, before

4704-405: The elbow, palm opened upwards, in a gesture of acceptance. In 1926, the Nazi salute was made compulsory for all party members. It functioned as a display of commitment to the Party and a declaration of principle to the outside world. Gregor Strasser wrote in 1927 that the greeting in and of itself was a pledge of loyalty to Hitler, as well as a symbol of personal dependence on the Führer. Even so,

4788-447: The epithet "dogs of Fascists". Nazi chants like "Heil Hitler!" and "Sieg Heil!" were prevalent across Nazi Germany , sprouting in mass rallies and even regular greetings alike. In Nazi Germany, the Nazi chants "Heil Hitler!" and "Sieg Heil!" were the formulas used by the regime: when meeting someone it was customary to greet with the words "Heil Hitler!" , while "Sieg Heil!" was a verbal salute used at mass rallies. Specifically to

4872-546: The face of the palm parallel with the sky. It was also adopted by those with rank who would themselves be saluted. The spoken greeting "Heil" became popular in the pan-German movement around 1900. It was used by the followers of Georg Ritter von Schönerer , head of the Austrian Alldeutsche Partei ( ' Pan-German Party ' ) who considered himself leader of the Austrian Germans , and who

4956-484: The first three Eidgenossen or confederates are often depicted with this motion. Hezbollah supporters in Lebanon often raise their arms in a Nazi-style salute. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging , a South African neo-Nazi organization known for its militant advocacy of white separatism , has espoused brown uniforms as well as Nazi German-esque flags, insignia, and salutes at meetings and public rallies. Hundreds of supporters in 2010 delivered straight-arm salutes outside

5040-442: The footage was "a matter of national historical significance to explore what was going on in the [1930s] ahead of the Second World War ". Abell responded to criticism by assuring that The Sun was not suggesting "anything improper on the part of the Queen or indeed the Queen Mum". American white supremacist Richard B. Spencer drew considerable media attention in the weeks following the 2016 U.S. presidential election , where, at

5124-542: The funeral for AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche , who was murdered by two black farm workers over an alleged wage dispute. On October 9, 2004, the Iranian side of the stadium in a friendly football match between Germany and Iran performed Nazi salutes while the German national anthem was playing. On 28 May 2012, BBC current affairs programme Panorama examined the issues of racism, antisemitism and football hooliganism , which it claimed were prevalent among Polish and Ukrainian football supporters. The two countries hosted

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5208-410: The government had made into a shrine to the Nazi dead; so many pedestrians avoided this mandate by detouring through the small Viscardigasse behind that the passage acquired the nickname "Dodgers' Alley" ( Drückebergergasse ). The daughter of the American Ambassador to Germany, Martha Dodd , describes the first time she saw the salute: The first time I met von Ribbentrop was at a luncheon we gave at

5292-440: The idea. Today in Germany, Nazi salutes in written form, vocally, and even straight-extending the right arm as a saluting gesture (with or without the phrase), are illegal. The offence is punishable by up to three years in prison ( Strafgesetzbuch section 86a ). Usage for art, teaching and science is allowed unless "the existence of an insult results from the form of the utterance or the circumstances under which it occurred." Use of

5376-453: The international football competition UEFA Euro 2012 . On 16 March 2013, Greek footballer Georgios Katidis of AEK Athens F.C. was handed a life ban from the Greek national team for performing the salute after scoring a goal against Veria F.C. in Athens' Olympic Stadium. On 18 July 2015, The Sun published an image of the British Royal Family from private film shot in 1933 or 1934, showing Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen, then

5460-421: The magazine had sold US flags to approximately 26,000 schools. By this time the market was slowing for flags but was not yet saturated. In 1892, Upham had the idea of using the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus reaching the Americas  / Western Hemisphere in 1492 to further bolster the schoolhouse flag movement. The magazine called for a national Columbian Public School Celebration to coincide with

5544-523: The name of a German city), and "-butt" (rendering "Heilbutt" , the German word for ' halibut '). Satirical use of the salute dates back to anti-Nazi propaganda in Germany before 1933. In 1932, photomontage artist John Heartfield used Hitler's modified version, with the hand bent over the shoulder, in a poster that linked Hitler to Big Business . A giant figure representing right-wing capitalists stands behind Hitler, placing money in his hand, suggesting "backhand" donations. The caption is, "the meaning of

5628-506: The order went into effect on 24 July 1944. On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler stated the following about the compromise edict of 1933: I imposed the German salute for the following reason. I'd given orders, at the beginning, that in the Army I should not be greeted with the German salute. But many people forgot. Fritsch drew his conclusions, and punished all who forgot to give me the military salute, with fourteen days' confinement to barracks. I, in turn, drew my conclusions and introduced

5712-539: The possibility of being sent to a concentration camp. Foreigners were not exempt from intimidation if they refused to salute. For example, the Portuguese Consul General was beaten by members of the Sturmabteilung for remaining seated in a car and not saluting a procession in Hamburg . Reactions to inappropriate use were not merely violent but sometimes bizarre. For example, a memo dated 23 July 1934 sent to local police stations stated: "There have been reports of traveling vaudeville performers training their monkeys to give

5796-435: The right arm, it was acceptable to raise the left. Hitler gave the salute in two ways. When reviewing his troops or crowds, he generally used the traditional stiff-armed salute. When greeting individuals who saluted, he used a modified version of the salute, bending his right arm at a 90° angle with the elbow facing forward while holding an open hand with the bottom of the palm facing towards those greeted at shoulder height and

5880-419: The salute was replaced with a hand-over-heart gesture because the original form involved stretching the arm out towards the flag in a manner that resembled the later Nazi salute . ( For a history of the pledge, see Pledge of Allegiance ). In 1954, in response to the perceived threat of secular Communism , President Eisenhower encouraged Congress to add the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge that

5964-477: The salute, or any phrases associated with the salute, has also been illegal in Austria since the end of World War II. In Germany, usage that is "ironic and clearly critical of the Hitler Greeting" is exempt, which has led to legal debates as to what constitutes ironic use. One case involved Prince Ernst August of Hanover who was brought to court after using the gesture as a commentary on the behavior of an unduly zealous airport baggage inspector. On 23 November 2007,

6048-401: The school's administration for their initial secrecy about the incident, for which the school's principal apologized. In March 2019, students from Newport Beach, California , attending a private party made a swastika from red-and-white plastic party cups and gave Nazi salutes over it. Some of the students may have been from Newport Harbor High School of Newport-Mesa Unified School District ,

6132-504: The stock. There are races more or less akin to our own whom we may admit freely and get nothing but advantage by the infusion of their wholesome blood. But there are other races, which we cannot assimilate without lowering our racial standard, which should be as sacred to us as the sanctity of our homes." Bellamy is known to have spent 19 years working in New York City but it is unclear as to when. While living there he would work in

6216-497: The traditional military salute was prohibited when the saluting soldier was not wearing a uniform headgear (helmet or cap). Because of this, all bareheaded salutes used the Nazi salute, making it de facto mandatory in most situations. Full adoption of the Hitler salute by the military was discussed in January 1944 at a conference regarding traditions in the military at Hitler's headquarters. Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , head of

6300-485: Was a fascist. In August 2021, a Michigan man named Paul Marcum gave the Nazi salute during a dispute over mask mandates and was fired from his job as a tennis instructor after Birmingham Public Schools announced that it would not tolerate any acts of racism, disrespect, violence, or inequitable treatment of any person. On January 31, 2017, multiple students at Cypress Ranch High School in Cypress, Texas , performed both

6384-487: Was also chairman of the education committee. Bellamy offered public education classes with topics such as "Jesus the socialist", "What is Christian Socialism?", and "Socialism versus anarchy". In 1891, Bellamy was asked to write down this last lecture, which called for a strong government and argued that only the socialist economy could allow both the worker and the owner to practice the golden rule. This essay, along with public relations experience, allowed him to coordinate

6468-612: Was born on May 18, 1855, in Mount Morris, New York to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark. His family was deeply involved in the Baptist church and both Francis and his father became ministers. The family moved to Rome, New York , when Francis was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First Baptist Church where his father served as minister until his death in 1864. Francis went on to attend

6552-539: Was dangerous for participants in the subculture; on 2 January 1942, Heinrich Himmler suggested that the leaders be sent to concentration camps. The form "Heil, mein Führer!" ('Hail, my Leader!') was for direct address to Hitler, while "Sieg Heil" was repeated as a chant on public occasions. Written communications would be concluded with either "mit deutschem Gruß" ("with German regards"), or with "Heil Hitler" . In correspondence with high-ranking Nazi officials, letters were usually signed with "Heil Hitler" . Under

6636-458: Was described by Carl E. Schorske as "The strongest and most thoroughly consistent anti-Semite that Austria produced" before the coming of Hitler. Hitler took both the "Heil" greeting – which was popularly used in his "hometown" of Linz when he was a boy – and the title of "Führer" for the head of the Nazi Party from Schönerer, whom he admired. The extended arm saluting gesture

6720-427: Was executed by extending the right arm stiff to an upward 45° angle and then straightening the hand so that it is parallel to the arm. Usually, an utterance of " Sieg Heil ", " Heil Hitler! ", or " Heil! " accompanied the gesture. If one saw an acquaintance at a distance, it was enough to simply raise the right hand. If one encountered a superior, one would also say " Heil Hitler ". If physical disability prevented raising

6804-401: Was inherent in the teachings of Jesus .'" In 1891, Bellamy was "forced from his Boston pulpit for preaching against the evils of capitalism", and eventually stopped attending church altogether after moving to Florida, reportedly because of the racism he witnessed there. Francis's career as a preacher ended because of his tendency to describe Jesus as a socialist. In the 21st century, Bellamy

6888-456: Was officially adopted by the Nazi Party in 1926, although it had been used within the party as early as 1921, to signal obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler , and to glorify the German nation (and later the German war effort). The salute was mandatory for civilians but mostly optional for military personnel , who retained a traditional military salute until the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on 20 July 1944. Use of this salute

6972-570: Was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the Volkssturm , nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population. The Swing Youth (German: Swingjugend ) were a group of middle-class teenagers who consciously separated themselves from Nazism and its culture, greeting each other with "Swing-Heil!" and addressing one another as "old-hot-boy". This playful behaviour

7056-465: Was so ridiculous I could scarcely keep a straight face. Children were indoctrinated at an early age. Kindergarten children were taught to raise their hand to the proper height by hanging their lunch bags across the raised arm of their teacher. At the beginning of first grade primers was a lesson on how to use the greeting. The greeting found its way into fairy tales, including classics like Sleeping Beauty . Students and teachers would salute each other at

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