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67-508: The Siegesallee ( German: [ˈziːɡəs.aˌleː] , Victory Avenue ) was a broad boulevard in Berlin , Germany . In 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered and financed the expansion of an existing avenue, to be adorned with a variety of marble statues. Work was completed in 1901. About 750m in length, it ran northwards through the Tiergarten park from Kemperplatz (a road junction on

134-611: A typesetter (known as a technical editor). He was one of the journalists promoted by Theodor Wolff . However, in November 1929, Herrnstadt was sacked by the Rudolf Mosse publishing company for writing a sensationalist story about 240,000 workers in the Ruhr region who had been locked out of work. Businesses using the paper for advertising threatened to withdraw their advertising budget, but Wolff brought Herrnstadt back to work in

201-705: A "member of the Jewish sector of the upper bourgeoisie". He had a brother Ernst Herrnstadt, born in 1906. While exiled in Moscow, Herrnstadt met Valentina Veloyants (Валентина Велоянца), a scholar of Germany and together had a child Irina Liebmann who would go on to be journalist and well known author as well as a sinologist of Russo-German provenance. Herrnstadt attended the Catholic grammar school in Gleiwitz from 1912 to 1921 and began studying law in 1921, initially at

268-688: A Free Germany (NKFD). He was briefy editor of the Das freie Wort , the newspaper of German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union. At the beginning of June 1943, Herrnstadt and Alfred Kurella began writing a committee manifesto for the formation of the NKFD. This text "Manifest an die Wehrmacht und das deutsche Volk" (Manifesto to the Wehrmacht and the German People) praised historical figures from

335-602: A contact in England, who was an "intermediary" for the secret service who was interested in the political situation in Poland. He further informed him that he was authorised to act for this intermediary. This finally convinced Von Scheliha by mid-September to begin supplying embassy reports. From November 1937 to August 1939, Herrnstadt supplied 211 intelligence report to the Soviet Union that were considered valuable. On 16 August 1939, Von Scheliha reported that an Invasion of Poland

402-731: A footpath in 2006. On 27 January 1895, the 36th birthday of William II, German Emperor (1859–1941), the Siegesallee took on a new meaning with Emperor's commissioning of 96 white marble statues. Intended as a personal gift to the city, supposedly to make it the envy of the world, the statues were created by 27 sculptors under the direction of Reinhold Begas over a period of five years, starting in 1896. Dedicated on 18 December 1901, they consisted firstly of 32 "main" statues, each about 2.75m tall (4 to 5m including their pedestals), of former Prussian royal figures of varying historical importance, in two rows of 16, evenly spaced along either side of

469-667: A former German soldier returning to civilian life, gives an ironic salute to the figures. However, the statues were seen by the Allied powers as a symbol of Imperial Germany, and in 1947 the British Occupation Forces dismantled the Siegesallee remains , these apparently being bound for the Teufelsberg (Devil's Mountain), the largest of the eight huge rubble mountains around Berlin's perimeter. State curator Hinnerk Schaper intervened, however, and buried most of

536-554: A great era. The statues remained in place until 1938, when they got in the way of the grand plan by Adolf Hitler to transform Berlin into the Welthauptstadt Germania , to be realised by Albert Speer . The avenue was set to disappear under the new North-South Axis , the linchpin of the plan, and so on Speer's direction the entire construction was dismantled and rebuilt in another part of the Tiergarten, along

603-601: A journalistic campaign orchestrated by Ulbricht's collaborator Karl Schirdewan began against Herrnstadt and Zaisser, who were publicly described as “Trotskyists” and “enemies of the German people and the party of the working class”. Like other opponents of Ulbricht, Herrnstadt lost his seats in the Politburo and Central Committee on 26 July 1953 for “anti-party factionalism”. In the same year, he also lost his position as editor-in-chief of Neues Deutschland. Herrnstadt admitted all

670-652: A lawyer and notary in Gleiwitz, and - despite his legal work for various large companies - had been a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) since 1894 and was a social democratic city councillor in Gleiwitz. In a CV written for the Soviet military intelligence service around 1930, Rudolf Herrnstadt wrote that his father earned around 1,200 Reichsmarks a month, while the monthly salary of an Upper Silesian industrial worker fluctuated between 80 and 150 marks. He therefore describes his father as

737-605: A public discussion between the Soviet Union and Germany on fascism, the end of the war and what happened. Possibly the only open discussion in East Germany When it was over, the Russians decided the topic wouldn't be discussed again and the crimes would be forgotten or repressed From June 1949 to July 1953, Herrnstadt was editor-in-chief of left-wing daily newspaper Neues Deutschland (New Germany) in East Berlin

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804-460: A serious breach of party discipline since the SED had transformed itself into a new type of party in 1948–49. However, Ulbricht again declared his willingness to resign: “All right, if everyone sees it that way, please, I'm not clinging to the post.” However, the Politburo did not make a formal decision to dismiss him. Walter Ulbricht was summoned for a visit to Moscow with the new Soviet leadership

871-640: A south-east to north-west running avenue called ″Großer Sternallee″ that led to the Großer Stern (literally ″Large Star″) itself, the main intersection of roads in the centre of the Tiergarten, one of the other roads being the Charlottenburger Chaussee. In its new location it was given a new name — ″Neue Siegesallee″ (New Victory Avenue). The Victory Column was also moved, to the middle of the Großer Stern (and increased in height in

938-715: A special commission to prepare for the defeat and return to Germany, Herrnstadt was one of the committee members. Herrnstadt co-wrote the KPD guidelines for KPD functionaries working in Germany. On 15 May 1945, Herrnstadt returned to Germany as a member of the Sobottka Group , which laid the groundwork for the Soviet Military Administration in Germany in Mecklenburg . He had instructions from

1005-569: A state." On the 9 June, within the Politburo, Herrnstadt now positioned himself together with the Minister for State Security Wilhelm Zaisser and leading party ideologist, as an opponent of Ulbricht. They had the Soviet secret service chief Lavrenti Beria on their side, who seemed to be the coming strong man of the Soviet Union after Stalin's death. On 14 June 1953, Herrnstadt had a critical report published in Neues Deutschland under

1072-436: A target, both as an unrepentant communist activist and as a Jew . Herrnstadt began the cultivation of a group of left-leaning, liberal anti-nazis as part of establishing a residenzy . By 1936, these included folk from the Germany embassy that included the ambassador Hans-Adolf von Moltke , the legation councillor Rudolf von Scheliha and the press-secretary Hans Graf Huyn  [ de ] , as well as connections to

1139-662: Is a sensible man, he will understand that. Well, and if he doesn't want to understand, then tell us and we will take action." On 16 June 1953, the Central Committee approved the New Course, which Herrnstadt helped to formulate: "It is about creating a German Democratic Republic that will find the approval of all honest Germans for its prosperity, its social justice, its legal security, its deeply national characteristics and its liberal atmosphere." Only in this way could German unity be restored. How serious Herrnstadt

1206-439: Is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America , any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district. Boulevards were originally circumferential roads following the line of former city walls . In North American usage, boulevards may be wide, multi-lane thoroughfares divided with only a central median. The word boulevard is borrowed from French . In France, it originally meant

1273-868: The Berliner Zeitung , initially in the Soviet occupation zone and from 1949 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), and played a key role in founding the Berliner Verlag publishers and the left-wing newspaper Neues Deutschland , the central organ of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). From 1950 to 1953 he was a member of the Central Committee (ZK) of the SED and a candidate for the Politburo of

1340-549: The Central Party Control Commission (ZPKK) was responsible for internal party discipline. Herrnstadt was also appointed to an editorial committee of the Politburo, which was to formulate the new course of the party line validly by the next meeting of the Central Committee. The Soviet ambassador in East Berlin, Ivan Ilyichov, asked him to join Zaisser in calling on Ulbricht to step down from power: "He

1407-802: The Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin and then at the Ruprecht Karl University in Heidelberg from March 1922. In October 1922, Herrnstadt informed his parents that he did not want to continue his studies but wanted to work as a writer in the future. His father then ordered that his underage son had to work in the Upper Silesian pulp mills. Herrnstadt worked there until autumn 1924 as a payroll clerk, cashier, warehouse manager and finally as secretary to

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1474-519: The Kingdom of Prussia who had allied with Imperial Russia against Napoleon in the German Campaign of 1813 ; figures such as Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein , Carl von Clausewitz and Graf Yorck were depicted as exemplary Germans. In 1943 when the NKFD formed, he began working as editor-in-chief on the weekly Freies Deutschland the newspaper of the NKFD. On 14 September he

1541-680: The Landwehrkanal , near the site of the former Anhalter Bahnhof . The museum had formerly been Berlin's first sewage pumping station. In October 2006, however, the museum closed. The building was put up for sale, and the remaining 26 Siegesallee statues and 40 sidebusts (and numerous others housed there) were moved in May 2009 to the Spandau Citadel . 52°30′51″N 13°22′15″E  /  52.51417°N 13.37083°E  / 52.51417; 13.37083 Boulevard A boulevard

1608-478: The 1920s would be replaced by socialism , or indeed communism . From the beginning, Stöbe shared the same political ideology as Herrnstadt. There was an expectation that both of them would join the KPD. However, a study by the German historian Elke Scherstjanoi found that the couple were told by a KPD official in the Karl Liebknecht house that they were more useful to the communist party working outside

1675-581: The British sector) had the avenue erased and the area replanted. In a symbolic act, the Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten) was deliberately built in its path immediately after the end of the war. The remaining figures were repaired in the Spandau Citadel and some form part of the permanent exhibition Enthüllt – Berlin und seine Denkmäler which opened in April 2016. The avenue was reconstructed as

1742-554: The Central Committee Plenum of the SED on 24 July 1953 and presented a text that had not been agreed with the Politburo. He presented the New Course as the cause of the “fascist putsch” (the official GDR term for the uprising of 17 June 1953) and attacked Herrnstadt, whom he accused of “directly supporting the strikers”. He constructed a direct link between the “Herrnstadt-Zaisser faction” and the ousted Beria, whose allegedly “capitulatory attitude [...] must have led to

1809-595: The Editor's Law, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda had removed many foreign Jewish correspondents and by that point only a few remained. Herrnstadt was one of them. On 12 March 1936, Herrnstadt left the Berliner Tageblatt when liberal editor-in-chief Paul Scheffler resigned from his post. Although Moltke was politically sympathetic to Herrnstadt, he couldn't defend him as he

1876-470: The Emperor's own wife Augusta Viktoria (1858–1921), had reportedly been unhappy about it and had tried to persuade him not to go ahead with it, but to no avail. Just one woman was depicted, Elisabeth of Bavaria (″Schöne Else″ or Beautiful Beth) praying on her knees before her husband. The lack of women was noted by contemporaries. Some of the protests turned on the fact that Italian artisans in Berlin did

1943-540: The KPD. On 5 June 1930, Herrnstadt became the correspondent for the Berliner Tageblatt in Prague. While there he repeatedly tried to join the communist party . His persistence brought him to the notice of Soviet military intelligence, who recruited him as a Red Army GRU agent and gave him the codename "Arbin". When Herrnstadt returned to Berlin in 1931, he introduced Stöbe to "Dr. Bosch", who in reality

2010-611: The Kaiser Denkmalwilly (Monument Billy) for his excessive historicism. Moves to have the statues demolished were thwarted after the end of the monarchy in 1919. The Siegessäule and the figures were moved by the Nazi government to the Großer Stern in 1939 to allow for larger military parades. Some of the monuments were lost in the aftermath of the Second World War . The allied forces (the area later belonged to

2077-563: The Polish writer Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz , poet Julian Tuwim , the actress Ida Kaminska and the Polish foreign minister Josef Beck . Herrnstadt's espionage group in Warsaw was made up of him and Stöbe and included Gerhard Kegel  [ de ] and his wife Charlotte Vogt, the couple Marta (Margarita) and lawyer Kurt Welkisch  [ ru ] , at times also the publisher Helmut Kindler  [ de ] and his childhood friend,

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2144-574: The Red Army to create a new non-partisan newspaper. Herrnstadt was appointed to lead as editor-in-chief of the centre-left East German daily newspaper Berliner Zeitung , initially published the Soviet administration in the Soviet Zones but later becoming the organ of the Magistrate of Berlin . The first employees of the Red Army paper were the writers Helmut Kindler  [ de ] ,

2211-501: The SED. In the early 1950s, Herrnstadt campaigned for democratization within the SED, but lost the power struggle against the General Secretary of the Central Committee, Walter Ulbricht . After the uprising of 17 June 1953, where Herrnstadt had shown understanding for the protests in articles in Neues Deutschland, he and other opponents of Ulbricht lost their seat on the Central Committee for "forming anti-party factions." In

2278-466: The Soviet Union ordered the SED to adopt the New Course, which was intended to reverse or slow down the construction of socialism in the GDR that had been pushed forward since 1952. Herrnstadt was initially skeptical about this course. When he complained to the new Soviet High Commissioner Vladimir Semyonov about the speed of the ordered change of course, the latter replied: "In 14 days you may no longer have

2345-694: The accusations made against him and criticized himself  [ de ] to the ZPKK. The SED expelled Herrnstadt on 23 January 1954. On 1 October 1953, Herrnstadt took over management of the Central Archives in Merseburg . Herrnstadt died on 28 August 1966. In 1961, the SED offered Herrnstadt readmission to the party on the condition that he remained silent. However, after the public slander to which he had been subjected, he insisted on being rehabilitated. Herrnstadt therefore refused to rejoin

2412-490: The actual sculpting while artists of the Berliner Bildhauerschule just provided models in plaster or clay. Wilhelm's opening speech, the infamous Rinnsteinrede , portrayed Modernism and Impressionism as a descent of art into the gutter ( Rinnstein ). Karl Scheffler wrote a devastating criticism in 1907, comparing the Siegesallee to an overly patriotic out-of-tune amateur brassband concerto. The Siegesallee

2479-593: The boulevard, while behind each one were two busts of associates or advisors mounted on a low semi-circular wall, making 96 sculptures in all. The whole construction was widely derided by art critics, and regarded by many Berliners as grossly over-indulgent and a vulgar show of strength. It was dubbed the ″Puppenallee″ (Avenue of the Dolls), as well as the Avenue of the Puppets, Plaster Avenue, and other unsavoury titles. Even

2546-438: The central organ of the SED. As editor-in-chief, he always allowed Neues Deutschland to follow the line laid down by Moscow. Even when this line took on anti-Semitic characteristics in connection with an alleged doctors' conspiracy in the Soviet Union, he did not deviate from it. For example, on 14 January 1953, Neues Deutschland published biting attacks against allegedly "demoralized bourgeois Jewish nationalists" - as Herrnstadt

2613-535: The delivery location of the intelligence, i.e. to show they weren't going to the Soviet Union. In 1937, he travelled to England and through Communist International agent Ernest David Weiss and his sub-agent Ilse Steinfeld, a journalist for the Berliner Tageblatt who worked for The Guardian , he met the German legation councillor Hermann von Stutterheim (1887–1959) of the German embassy in London. When he returned to Warsaw, he informed Von Scheliha that had met

2680-539: The editors office. Within the publishing house, Herrnstadt was known as a communist and was considered to be a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) due to particular opinions he held. At the newspaper, Herrnstadt met the aspiring German editor Ilse Stöbe , eight years his junior and became good friends with her. The couple eventually became engaged. Herrnstadt believed that the political ideology of capitalism with its inherent structural problems in

2747-510: The flat surface of a rampart , and later a promenade taking the place of a demolished fortification. It is a borrowing from the Dutch word bolwerk ' bulwark '. Boulevards in Copenhagen : Rudolf Herrnstadt After the end of World War II , Herrnstadt returned to Berlin in 1945, where he became the founding figure of the post-war press in Germany. He was editor-in-chief of

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2814-640: The following day. He was criticized for his introduction of collective farms and a slower course towards socialist construction. However, the situation reversed after Nikita Khrushchev , the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , consolidated power over the Soviet government in Moscow and purged Ulbricht's opponent Lavrentiy Beria when he was arrested on 26 June. Khrushchev and Prime Minister Georgi Malenkov supported Ulbricht. With their backing, Ulbricht appeared before

2881-415: The help of the Soviet Union, could no longer stand the comments made against the Soviet occupying force, and criticised German citizens who felt they had been mistreated or abused through rape in the closing months of the war. Although Herrnstadt was defending Russian forces, for the first time, the barabarism of the Red Army was openly discussed, in effect breaking the official silence on the subject, which

2948-557: The lawyer Lothar Bolz . Kindler in his book "Zum Abschied ein Fest ;: die Autobiographie eines deutschen Verlegers" (A farewell party: the autobiography of a German publisher) describes how he was recruited for a short time. After the German-Polish non-aggression pact concluded in 1934, Herrnstadt "turned his attention entirely to efforts to create a security alliance between Poland and Hitler's Germany." By 1936, using

3015-472: The management. Against his parents' wishes, Herrnstadt returned to Berlin in November 1924. He earned his living from support payments from his parents and as an editor for the Drei-Masken publishing house, while at the same time working as a freelance writer. In May 1928 he applied to the left-wing Berliner Tageblatt and was initially employed as an unpaid assistant editor, and from autumn 1928 as

3082-516: The paper. Gerhard Kegel became the deputy editor-in-chief. In August 1945, Herrnstaft founded the general Allgemeiner Deutscher Verlag publishing house with himself, Kegel and Friedrich Notz as managing directors. In the autumn of 1945, Herrnstadt bought the Theresienhof estate as a holiday home for German publishing employees. On 11 October, he founded the newspaper and magazine publishing house, Berliner Verlag  [ de ] that

3149-664: The party: instead of the all-powerful General Secretary at the top, there was to be a collective leadership. To facilitate the change, Zaisser issued a Politburo motion to replace Ulbricht with Herrnstadt as SED First Secretary. At Herrnstadt's request, Ulbricht was prepared to relinquish the party leadership. On the night of 7–8 July 1953, Herrnstadt presented the commission's proposals to the Politburo. Zaisser, Friedrich Ebert Jr. , Heinrich Rau and Elli Schmidt agreed with him; only Matern and Erich Honecker spoke in favor of Ulbricht. Ulbricht accused Herrnstadt of “factionalism” and “social democratism” - both of which had been considered

3216-513: The policies of the Central Committee General Secretary Walter Ulbricht were controversial even within the inner circles of power in the SED. Herrnstadt became a member of a "commission of the Politburo to draw up proposals for organizational changes," in which he and Zaisser openly criticized the bureaucratic and dictatorial leadership style of Ulbricht and Hermann Matern , who as chairman of

3283-511: The process), where it remains to this day. Many of the statues were damaged in World War II, while a few were smashed completely. Generally though, the avenue survived, more or less, while all around was a scene of devastation. Most of the Tiergarten's 200,000 trees were shattered by bombs and artillery shells and finally cut down for fuel by desperate Berliners. In the 1948 movie The Ballad of Berlin "Berliner Ballade" (film), Otto Normalverbraucher (″Otto Average-Consumer″), played by Gert Fröbe , as

3350-414: The restoration of capitalism.” The other Politburo members therefore did not dare to protest, and the other CC members considered the text to have been agreed. Herrnstadt's dissension against the course of the Ulbricht faction was also criticized by Soviet adviser Vladimir Semyonov , who answered Herrnstadt's attack by replying that "in two weeks you may no longer have a state." After the plenary session,

3417-416: The same year, he also lost his position as editor-in-chief of Neues Deutschland. In 1954, he was expelled from the SED and was not rehabilitated until the end of his life. Rudolf Herrnstadt came from a Jewish family in the Upper Silesian city of Gleiwitz (now Gliwice, Poland ). His mother Maria-Clara came from a merchant family that had become wealthy after 1870. His father Dr Ludwig Herrnstadt worked as

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3484-457: The southern edge of the park near Potsdamer Platz ), to the former site of the Victory Column at the Königsplatz , close to the Reichstag. Along its length the Siegesallee cut across the Charlottenburger Chaussee (today's Straße des 17. Juni , the main avenue that runs east–west through the park and leads to the Brandenburg Gate ). The marble monuments and the neobaroque ensemble were ridiculed even by its contemporaries. Berlin folklore dubbed

3551-404: The statues in the grounds of the nearby Schloss Bellevue , today the official residence of the Federal President of Germany , in the hope that one day, when Germany could be more accepting of monuments to its past, they might resurface. In 1979 they were rediscovered and disinterred, and many of the survivors were relocated to a museum called the Lapidarium, at Hallesches Ufer, on the north bank of

3618-400: The teacher and provided some ironic notes. The whole affair was made public in 1960 by an East German writer, Rudolf Herrnstadt under a pseudonym. In 1918 and 1919, among other occasions, Hans Paasche asked to have the statues destroyed. The soldiers' and workers' council of Berlin decided to keep them. Kurt Tucholsky had written a poem, asking to keep the figures silent, as monuments of

3685-415: The title "It's time to put the sledgehammer aside" (Den Holzhammer beiseite legen). The authors critically examined the dictatorial methods used by the SED to decide on the increase in work standards at the VEB Wohnungsbau  [ de ] and to announce this for 30 June. Even if the article did not demand the withdrawal of the increase in standards, it nevertheless acted as a beacon, as it showed that

3752-540: The women's magazine Die Frau von heute  [ de ] that began publication in February 1946, a youth magazine Start and the political magazine Demokratischer Aufbau . On 18 November 1948, Herrnstadt published a controversial article in the Neues Deutschland titled "Über, die Russen' und über uns" ("About ‘the Russians’ and about Us") addressed to the membership of the SED, at the time consisting of some 1.8million people. Herrnstadt, an exemplary communist who believed that Germany society couldn't develop without

3819-448: The writer Gerhard Grindel  [ de ] and the photographer Eva Kemlein  [ de ] . On 21 May, the first version of the paper with headline "Berlin is alive!" was published, selling 100,000 copies. Over the next several weeks, Herrnstadt arranged for former journalists including Günther Kertzscher  [ de ] , Bernt von Kügelgen  [ de ] , Friedrich Rücker and Gerhard Dengler to join him at

3886-508: Was Jewish. From that point forward, he avoided all contact with him. Rudolf von Scheliha was of a different mettle and continued to maintain contact with Herrnstadt and the Stöbe, although their meetings were kept secret. Both Herrnstadt and von Scheliha had similar political views on the Nazis, however, they had different views on the Soviet Union as von Scheliha was opposed to communism. To convince him otherwise, Herrnstadt decided to persuade Von Scheliha to pass embassy reports by disguising

3953-404: Was about this is disputed in research: Klaus Schroeder did not believe that he and Zaisser wanted to question the leading role of the SED. Wilfried Loth , on the other hand, saw the declaration as an indication that the Soviet Union "did not want the GDR" and - as in the Stalin notes of 1952 - would have preferred a neutral, democratic, united Germany. However, because the increase in standards

4020-459: Was considered taboo, even under occupation law. Herrnstadt used a metaphor about a German girl who had her “bike stolen by a Soviet soldier", in effect had been raped, but defended the Russians by stating that Germans should "understand" such incidences The article was effectively promotional and called for the unconditional recognition of the leading role of the Soviet Union in Germany society. Widely read and discussed, it led to German protests and

4087-432: Was elected member of the committee. According to a report by German political author and historian Wolfgang Leonhard , his "upper-class past" was evident, among other things, from the fact that while he was still working in the Soviet Union as chief editor of the Freies Deutschland newspaper, he attracted attention by addressing his subordinates using the formal "You". When the Moscow-based KPD leadership established

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4154-407: Was not withdrawn, the New Course was no longer able to stop the 1953 East German Uprising of 17 June 1953, which initially weakened Ulbricht's position in the SED and the Soviet Union. After the suppression by troops of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany , Herrnstadt and Zaisser continued their work on dismantling Ulbricht. On 26 June, the Organizing Commission drew up a new leadership concept for

4221-415: Was of both upper middle-class and Jewish origin, he had to fear that this could soon also mean himself. As a reflection of his standing within the party, Herrnstadt was elected to the Central Committee of the SED during the 3rd Party Congress in July 1950, a position he held until 1953. He was also a candidate for the Politburo of the SED. After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, on 2 June,

4288-442: Was still a popular place to stroll or relax, however. The figures were used to teach the history of Brandenburg to pupils. A series of essays by the pupils of a prestigious school, the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium , reached the Kaiser. On behalf of Professor Otto Schroeder, the pupils had to interpret the contrapposto —the leg position of the marble leaders, and from that deduce their personalities. The Kaiser gave better marks than

4355-441: Was the Soviet rezident in Berlin, the Latvian Jewish communist and historian Yakov Bronin  [ ru ] (1904–1984). Bronin recruited Stöbe as an agent for the GRU . Her codename was "Arnim". In 1931, Herrnstadt was sent to Warsaw as a foreign correspondent for the Berliner Tageblatt . and found an apartment in Nowogrodzka . In Germany, the arrival of Adolf Hitler at the seat of power would have made Herrnstadt

4422-413: Was to begin on 1 September 1939. With the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in 1939, Herrnstadt fled to the Soviet Union and came to reside in Moscow , where he applied and was accepted into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Despite criticism from some members of the German exile community for his "anti-revolutionary" views, Herrnstadt was among the members of the National Committee for

4489-475: Was under the control of the SED. Herrnstadt became the publishing director. Berlin Verlag took over publishing of the Berliner Zeitung . In January 1947, a printing works was started that was completed a year later. In a letter dated 2 October 1947, Herrnstadt stated the publishing houses employed 1700 people, but it wasn't the only publishing he developed. He also published the weekly contemporary magazine Neue Berliner Illustrierte beginning in October 1945,

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