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66-409: On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8–12 degrees ( Fahrenheit ) cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near 2,000 ft (610 m), but depends if the precipitation reaches the mountain range. A good example is during the month of March 2006, when

132-513: A eutectic system , which stabilizes its temperature automatically: 0 °F was defined to be that stable temperature. A second point, 96 degrees, was approximately the human body's temperature. A third point, 32 degrees, was marked as being the temperature of ice and water "without the aforementioned salts". According to a German story, Fahrenheit actually chose the lowest air temperature measured in his hometown Danzig (Gdańsk, Poland ) in winter 1708–09 as 0 °F, and only later had

198-494: A somewhat elevated temperature can indicate a serious underlying cause in geriatrics . One study suggested that the average body temperature has also decreased since the 1850s. The study's authors believe the most likely explanation for the change is a reduction in inflammation at the population level due to decreased chronic infections and improved hygiene. Different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results. The temperature reading depends on which part of

264-464: A catheter, is the traditional gold standard measurement used to estimate core temperature (oral temperature is affected by hot or cold drinks, ambient temperature fluctuations as well as mouth-breathing). Since catheters are highly invasive, the generally accepted alternative for measuring core body temperature is through rectal measurements. Rectal temperature is expected to be approximately 1 °F (0.56 °C) higher than an oral temperature taken on

330-409: A fever, assuming that the temperature is elevated due to a change in the hypothalamus's setpoint. Lower thresholds are sometimes appropriate for elderly people. The normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5 °C (0.90 °F), but can be greater among people recovering from a fever. An organism at optimum temperature is considered afebrile , meaning " without fever ". If temperature

396-548: A heavy storm system reached the state and lowered snow levels near 4,000 ft (1,200 m). Once the skies cleared next morning, snow covered the Estrella's mountain tops. Estrella Mountain Regional park occupies 19,840 acres (8,030 ha) in the northern portion of the range. The park offers multi-use trails including a competitive loop for running and mountain biking. Equestrian use is permitted. The park has parking and

462-447: A low body temperature, which can be used for those with dysphasia or infants. Examples of non- verbal cues of coldness include stillness and being lethargic, unusual paleness of skin among light-skinned people, and, among males, shrinkage, and contraction of the scrotum . Environmental conditions, primarily temperature and humidity, affect the ability of the mammalian body to thermoregulate. The psychrometric temperature , of which

528-568: A normal, healthy temperature in the afternoon but not in the early morning. An individual's body temperature typically changes by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) between its highest and lowest points each day. Body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women have a temperature rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle , called a circamensal rhythm. A woman's basal body temperature rises sharply after ovulation , as estrogen production decreases and progesterone increases. Fertility awareness programs use this change to identify when

594-456: A person's normal bedtime and throughout the night. Short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures. Insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature. Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag and changes to shift work schedules may affect body temperature. A temperature setpoint

660-409: A review of the literature has found a wider range of 33.2–38.2 °C (91.8–100.8 °F) for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured. Reported values vary depending on how it is measured: oral (under the tongue): 36.8 ± 0.4 °C ( 98.2 ± 0.72 °F ), internal ( rectal , vaginal ): 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). A rectal or vaginal measurement taken directly inside

726-605: A riding arena. The Sierra Estrellas were inhabited by the Akimel O'odham people and also some Yavapai bands at the north end of the range at the time of Spanish colonization, and today the mountains tower over several of the Akimel O'odham and Maricopa villages of the Gila River Indian Community . There are petroglyphs throughout the Southern portion of the range. In the colonial era, they were part of

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792-475: A study published the mean (but not the variance) of a large sample as 36.88 °C (98.38 °F). Subsequently, that mean was widely quoted as "37 °C or 98.4 °F" until editors realized 37 °C is equal to 98.6 °F, not 98.4 °F. The 37 °C value was set by German physician Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich in his 1868 book, which put temperature charts into widespread clinical use. Dictionaries and other sources that quoted these averages did add

858-467: A supplementary unit. Most British people use Celsius. However, the use of Fahrenheit still may appear at times alongside degrees Celsius in the print media with no standard convention for when the measurement is included. For example, The Times has an all-metric daily weather page but includes a Celsius-to-Fahrenheit conversion table. Some UK tabloids have adopted a tendency of using Fahrenheit for mid to high temperatures. It has been suggested that

924-419: A woman has ovulated to achieve or avoid pregnancy . During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, both the lowest and the average temperatures are slightly higher than during other parts of the cycle. However, the amount that the temperature rises during each day is slightly lower than typical, so the highest temperature of the day is not very much higher than usual. Hormonal contraceptives both suppress

990-544: Is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the European physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). It uses the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F ) as the unit. Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist, but the original paper suggests the lower defining point, 0 °F, was established as the freezing temperature of a solution of brine made from a mixture of water, ice , and ammonium chloride (a salt ). The other limit established

1056-428: Is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Common symptoms include headache, confusion, and fatigue. If sweating has resulted in dehydration, then the affected person may have dry, red skin. In a medical setting, mild hyperthermia is commonly called heat exhaustion or heat prostration ; severe hyperthermia is called heat stroke . Heatstroke may come on suddenly, but it usually follows

1122-585: Is commonly still used alongside the Celsius scale in other countries that use the U.S. metrological service, such as Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , the Bahamas , and Belize . A handful of British Overseas Territories , including the Virgin Islands , Montserrat , Anguilla , and Bermuda, also still use both scales. All other countries now use Celsius ("centigrade" until 1948), which

1188-402: Is in use in U.S. for all temperature measurements including weather forecasts, cooking, and food freezing temperatures, however for scientific research the scale is Celsius and Kelvin. Early in the 20th century, Halsey and Dale suggested that reasons for resistance to use the centigrade (now Celsius) system in the U.S. included the larger size of each degree Celsius and the lower zero point in

1254-415: Is less useful in consistently identifying and diagnosing fever. Until recently, direct measurement of core body temperature required either an ingestible device or surgical insertion of a probe. Therefore, a variety of indirect methods have commonly been used as the preferred alternative to these more accurate albeit more invasive methods. The rectal or vaginal temperature is generally considered to give

1320-461: Is raised, but the setpoint is not raised, then the result is hyperthermia . Hyperthermia occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to deal effectively with the heat, causing the body temperature to climb uncontrollably. Hyperthermia at or above about 40 °C (104 °F)

1386-450: Is similar to the invasive methods. Measurement within the body finds internal variation temperatures as different as 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) for the radial artery and 31.1 °C (88.0 °F) for the brachial artery . It has been observed that "chaos" has been "introduced into physiology by the fictitious assumption of a constant blood temperature". There are non-verbal corporal cues that can hint at an individual experiencing

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1452-572: Is still used on virtually all Canadian ovens. Thermometers, both digital and analog, sold in Canada usually employ both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. In the European Union, it is mandatory to use Kelvins or degrees Celsius when quoting temperature for "economic, public health, public safety and administrative" purposes, though degrees Fahrenheit may be used alongside degrees Celsius as

1518-504: Is the conventional symbol for the Fahrenheit temperature scale. A number followed by this symbol (and separated from it with a space) denotes a specific temperature point (e.g., " Gallium melts at 85.5763 °F"). A difference between temperatures or an uncertainty in temperature is also conventionally written the same way as well, e.g., "The output of the heat exchanger experiences an increase of 72 °F" or "Our standard uncertainty

1584-399: Is the level at which the body attempts to maintain its temperature. When the setpoint is raised, the result is a fever. Most fevers are caused by infectious disease and can be lowered, if desired, with antipyretic medications. An early morning temperature higher than 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) or a late afternoon temperature higher than 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) is normally considered

1650-433: Is the value in degrees Fahrenheit, c the value in degrees Celsius, and k the value in kelvins: There is also an exact conversion between Celsius and Fahrenheit scales making use of the correspondence −40 °F ≘ −40 °C. Again, f is the numeric value in degrees Fahrenheit, and c the numeric value in degrees Celsius: When converting a temperature interval between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales, only

1716-436: Is triggered by the central nervous system. Taking a human's temperature is an initial part of a full clinical examination . There are various types of medical thermometers , as well as sites used for measurement, including: Temperature control ( thermoregulation ) is a homeostatic mechanism that keeps the organism at optimum operating temperature , as the temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions . In humans ,

1782-455: Is typically stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F). Human body temperature varies. It depends on sex, age, time of day, exertion level, health status (such as illness and menstruation), what part of the body the measurement is taken at, state of consciousness (waking, sleeping, sedated), and emotions. Body temperature is kept in the normal range by a homeostatic function known as thermoregulation , in which adjustment of temperature

1848-465: Is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be deliberately induced as a medical treatment . Symptoms usually appear when the body's core temperature drops by 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) below normal temperature. Basal body temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body during rest (usually during sleep). It is generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken, although

1914-418: Is ±5 °F". However, some authors instead use the notation "An increase of 50 F°" (reversing the symbol order) to indicate temperature differences. Similar conventions exist for the Celsius scale, see Celsius § Temperatures and intervals . For an exact conversion between degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius, and kelvins of a specific temperature point , the following formulas can be applied. Here, f

1980-530: The Maricopa village of Secate . The Maricopa and their allies, the Akimel O'odham , defeated the attackers, leaving approximately 200 of them dead or wounded. It is notable for being the last major battle fought solely between indigenous Americans in North America . Four-wheel-drive vehicles are required to approach the wilderness boundary. Only the western boundary of the wilderness is accessible to

2046-490: The wet-bulb temperature is the main component, largely limits thermoregulation. It was thought that a wet-bulb temperature of about 35 °C (95 °F) was the highest sustained value consistent with human life. A 2022 study on the effect of heat on young people found that the critical wet-bulb temperature at which heat stress can no longer be compensated, T wb,crit , in young, healthy adults performing tasks at modest metabolic rates mimicking basic activities of daily life

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2112-462: The 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Celsius scale replaced Fahrenheit in almost all of those countries—with the notable exception of the United States. Fahrenheit is used in the United States, its territories and associated states (all serviced by the U.S. National Weather Service ), as well as the (British) Cayman Islands and Liberia for everyday applications. The Fahrenheit scale

2178-405: The Fahrenheit scale is redefined slightly so that the freezing point of water was exactly 32 °F, and the boiling point was exactly 212 °F, or 180 degrees higher. It is for this reason that normal human body temperature is approximately 98.6 °F (oral temperature) on the revised scale (whereas it was 90° on Fahrenheit's multiplication of Rømer, and 96° on his original scale). In

2244-606: The Fahrenheit system; the Fahrenheit scale is supposedly more intuitive than Celsius for describing outdoor temperatures in temperate latitudes, with 100 °F being a hot summer day and 0 °F a cold winter day. Canada has passed legislation favoring the International System of Units , while also maintaining legal definitions for traditional Canadian imperial units. Canadian weather reports are conveyed using degrees Celsius with occasional reference to Fahrenheit especially for cross-border broadcasts . Fahrenheit

2310-820: The Sierra Estrellas went on to become part of Mexico. In 1827, a French fur trapping expedition led by Michel Robidoux was attacked by Indians and survivors escaped into the Sierra Estrella mountains. In 1853, the United States acquired the Estrellas from Mexico as part of the Gadsden purchase. It soon became part of a trade route for settlers in California known as the Butterfield Overland stage. People and equipment could be moved across

2376-541: The area much quicker. The route was massively successful in its time, moving millions of dollars in supplies. However, it was short-lived. Steam locomotives soon replaced stage coaches across the United States, and the Butterfield Stage Route was no longer utilized. In 1857, the Battle of Pima Butte was fought in the area of the mountains. The allied Yuma , Mohave , Yavapai and Apache peoples attacked

2442-481: The average internal temperature is widely accepted to be 37 °C (98.6 °F), a "normal" temperature established in the 1800s. But newer studies show that average internal temperature for men and women is 36.4 °C (97.5 °F). No person always has exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. Temperatures cycle regularly up and down through the day, as controlled by the person's circadian rhythm . The lowest temperature occurs about two hours before

2508-429: The body cavity is typically slightly higher than oral measurement, and oral measurement is somewhat higher than skin measurement. Other places, such as under the arm or in the ear, produce different typical temperatures. While some people think of these averages as representing normal or ideal measurements, a wide range of temperatures has been found in healthy people. The body temperature of a healthy person varies during

2574-769: The body is being measured. The typical daytime temperatures among healthy adults are as follows: Generally, oral, rectal, gut, and core body temperatures, although slightly different, are well-correlated. Oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open. Mouth breathing, cold drinks or food reduce oral temperatures; hot drinks, hot food, chewing, and smoking raise oral temperatures. Each measurement method also has different normal ranges depending on sex. As of 2016, reviews of infrared thermometers have found them to be of variable accuracy. This includes tympanic infrared thermometers in children. Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures. Normally, body temperature drops significantly at

2640-399: The body such as the liver , in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues. Core temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essential enzymatic reactions can occur. Significant core temperature elevation ( hyperthermia ) or depression ( hypothermia ) over more than a brief period of time is incompatible with human life. Temperature examination in the heart , using

2706-533: The boiling point. On the Celsius scale, the freezing and boiling points of water were originally defined to be 100 degrees apart. A temperature interval of 1 °F was equal to an interval of 5 ⁄ 9  degrees Celsius. With the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales now both defined by the kelvin , this relationship was preserved, a temperature interval of 1 °F being equal to an interval of 5 ⁄ 9  K and of 5 ⁄ 9  °C. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales intersect numerically at −40 in

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2772-473: The circamensal rhythm and raise the typical body temperature by about 0.6 °C (1.1 °F). Temperature also may vary with the change of seasons during each year. This pattern is called a circannual rhythm. Studies of seasonal variations have produced inconsistent results. People living in different climates may have different seasonal patterns. It has been found that physically active individuals have larger changes in body temperature throughout

2838-401: The day by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) with lower temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the body's needs and activities change. Other circumstances also affect the body's temperature. The core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep cycle; the lowest point, called the nadir , is one of

2904-415: The day. Physically active people have been reported to have lower body temperatures than their less active peers in the early morning and similar or higher body temperatures later in the day. With increased age, both average body temperature and the amount of daily variability in the body temperature tend to decrease. Elderly people may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even

2970-473: The interval 6 times (since 64 = 2 ). Fahrenheit soon after observed that water boils at about 212 degrees using this scale. The use of the freezing and boiling points of water as thermometer fixed reference points became popular following the work of Anders Celsius , and these fixed points were adopted by a committee of the Royal Society led by Henry Cavendish in 1776–77. Under this system,

3036-634: The land claimed as New Spain . Occasionally Spanish explorers or priests, most notably Father Kino , would venture near the range to document the area and contact the Akimel O'odham. On his return from the Colorado River in March 1699, Kino climbed a pass through the Sierra Estrellas and saw the Río Salado and Río Verde that he drew on his maps. In 1810, Mexico declared independence from Spain, and

3102-471: The most accurate assessment of core body temperature, particularly in hypothermia. In the early 2000s, ingestible thermistors in capsule form were produced, allowing the temperature inside the digestive tract to be transmitted to an external receiver; one study found that these were comparable in accuracy to rectal temperature measurement. More recently, a new method using heat flux sensors have been developed. Several research papers show that its accuracy

3168-442: The need to be able to make this value reproducible using brine. According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave , his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer , whom he had met earlier. In Rømer scale , brine freezes at zero, water freezes and melts at 7.5 degrees, body temperature is 22.5, and water boils at 60 degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by 4 in order to eliminate fractions and make

3234-472: The person normally wakes up. Additionally, temperatures change according to activities and external factors. In addition to varying throughout the day, normal body temperature may also differ as much as 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) from one day to the next, so that the highest or lowest temperatures on one day will not always exactly match the highest or lowest temperatures on the next day. Normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by

3300-555: The present-day Fahrenheit scale, 0 °F no longer corresponds to the eutectic temperature of ammonium chloride brine as described above. Instead, that eutectic is at approximately 4 °F on the final Fahrenheit scale. The Rankine temperature scale was based upon the Fahrenheit temperature scale, with its zero representing absolute zero instead. The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in Anglophone countries until

3366-487: The primary markers for circadian rhythms . The body temperature also changes when a person is hungry, sleepy, sick, or cold. Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day following circadian rhythms , with the lowest levels around 4   a.m. and the highest in the late afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. (assuming the person sleeps at night and stays awake during the day). Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) would, strictly speaking, be

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3432-522: The public; elsewhere the wilderness is bounded by the Gila River Indian Reservation. The major peaks of the Sierra Estrella are (NW to SE): The names of the peaks can vary by map. For example, Google Maps lists Hayes Peak as Sierra Estrella High Point and does not name any other peak. Fahrenheit This is an accepted version of this page The Fahrenheit scale ( / ˈ f æ r ə n h aɪ t , ˈ f ɑː r -/ )

3498-482: The ratio is used, without any constant (in this case, the interval has the same numeric value in kelvins as in degrees Celsius): Fahrenheit proposed his temperature scale in 1724, basing it on two reference points of temperature. In his initial scale (which is not the final Fahrenheit scale), the zero point was determined by placing the thermometer in "a mixture of ice , water, and salis Armoniaci [transl. ammonium chloride ] or even sea salt". This combination forms

3564-442: The rationale to keep using Fahrenheit was one of emphasis for high temperatures: "−6 °C" sounds colder than "21 °F", and "94 °F" sounds more sensational than "34 °C". Unicode provides the Fahrenheit symbol at code point U+2109 ℉ DEGREE FAHRENHEIT . However, this is a compatibility character encoded for roundtrip compatibility with legacy encodings. The Unicode standard explicitly discourages

3630-522: The respective unit (i.e., −40 °F ≘ −40 °C). Absolute zero is 0 K, −273.15 °C, or −459.67 °F. The Rankine temperature scale uses degree intervals of the same size as those of the Fahrenheit scale, except that absolute zero is 0 °R – the same way that the Kelvin temperature scale matches the Celsius scale, except that absolute zero is 0 K. The combination of degree symbol (°) followed by an uppercase letter F

3696-553: The same person at the same time. Ear thermometers measure temperature from the tympanic membrane using infrared sensors and also aim to measure core body temperature, since the blood supply of this membrane is directly shared with the brain . However, this method of measuring body temperature is not as accurate as rectal measurement and has a low sensitivity for fever, failing to determine three or four out of every ten fever measurements in children. Ear temperature measurement may be acceptable for observing trends in body temperature but

3762-404: The scale more fine-grained . He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature (which were at 30 and 90 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees, and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting

3828-399: The skin, can be helpful. With fever, the body's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the influence of the heat control centers. In hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. In humans, this

3894-453: The temperature measured at that time is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle , and this can be used in the long term to track ovulation both to aid conception or avoid pregnancy. This process is called fertility awareness . Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating temperature of an organism , specifically in deep structures of

3960-439: The time of day. Consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. The range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is 36.8 ± 0.5 °C (98.2 ± 0.9 °F). This means that any oral temperature between 36.3 and 37.3 °C (97.3 and 99.1 °F) is likely to be normal. The normal human body temperature is often stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F). In adults

4026-417: The untreated milder stages. Treatment involves cooling and rehydrating the body; fever-reducing drugs are useless for this condition. This may be done by moving out of direct sunlight to a cooler and shaded environment, drinking water, removing clothing that might keep heat close to the body, or sitting in front of a fan. Bathing in tepid or cool water, or even just washing the face and other exposed areas of

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4092-462: The use of this character: "The sequence U+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN + U+0046 F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F is preferred over U+2109 ℉ DEGREE FAHRENHEIT , and those two sequences should be treated as identical for searching." Human body temperature Normal human body temperature ( normothermia , euthermia ) is the typical temperature range found in humans . The normal human body temperature range

4158-681: Was defined to be 212 °F, both at sea level and under standard atmospheric pressure . It is now formally defined using the Kelvin scale. It continues to be used in the United States (including its unincorporated territories ), its freely associated states in the Western Pacific ( Palau , the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands ), the Cayman Islands , and Liberia . Fahrenheit

4224-415: Was his best estimate of the average human body temperature , originally set at 90 °F, then 96 °F (about 2.6 °F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the scale). For much of the 20th century, the Fahrenheit scale was defined by two fixed points with a 180 °F separation: the temperature at which pure water freezes was defined as 32 °F and the boiling point of water

4290-402: Was invented 18 years after the Fahrenheit scale. Historically, on the Fahrenheit scale the freezing point of water was 32 °F, and the boiling point was 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure ). This put the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. Therefore, a degree on the Fahrenheit scale was 1 ⁄ 180 of the interval between the freezing point and

4356-433: Was much lower than the 35 °C (95 °F) usually assumed, at about 30.55 °C (86.99 °F) in 36–40 °C (97–104 °F) humid environments, but progressively decreased in hotter, dry ambient environments. At low temperatures the body thermoregulates by generating heat, but this becomes unsustainable at extremely low temperatures. In the 19th century, most books quoted "blood heat" as 98 °F, until

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