The County of Anjou ( UK : / ˈ ɒ̃ ʒ uː , ˈ æ̃ ʒ uː / , US : / ɒ̃ ˈ ʒ uː , ˈ æ n ( d ) ʒ uː , ˈ ɑː n ʒ uː / ; French: [ɑ̃ʒu] ; Latin : Andegavia ) was a French county that was the predecessor to the Duchy of Anjou . Its capital was Angers , and its area was roughly co-extensive with the diocese of Angers . Anjou was bordered by Brittany to the west, Maine to the north, Touraine to the east and Poitou to the south. Its 12th century Count Geoffrey created the nucleus of what became the Angevin Empire . The adjectival form is Angevin , and inhabitants of Anjou are known as Angevins. In 1360, the county was raised into the Duchy of Anjou within the Kingdom of France . This duchy was later absorbed into the French royal domain in 1482 and remained a province of the kingdom until 1790.
75-637: Sigune may refer to: Sigune, cousin of Parzival in Arthurian legend 502 Sigune , minor planet Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sigune . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigune&oldid=933129243 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
150-406: A false charge of murder. In Book IX, we learn that Parzival fights for the good but suffers from his alienation from God. After nearly five years of wandering and fighting, from combat he gains a new horse, owned by a Grail knight, and this horse leads him one Good Friday to Trevrizent to whom he introduces himself as a penitent sinner. He stays with this holy man for fourteen days and learns about
225-515: A perfect potential member of the Round Table to King Arthur. But during a festive meal, Cundrie, messenger of the Grail, appears, curses Parzival in the name of the Grail and claims that Parzival had lost his honour. Parzival immediately leaves the court even though he is not able to understand his guilt. Gawan takes over as the central figure of Books VII to VIII as he tries to clear his name of
300-507: A revolt of his barons, he returned to the charge in September 1136 with a strong army, including in its ranks William, duke of Aquitaine , Geoffrey, count of Vendome [ fr ] , and William Talvas, count of Ponthieu . After a few successes he was wounded in the foot at the Siege of Le Sap (1 October) and had to fall back. May 1137 began a fresh campaign in which he devastated
375-645: Is Richard Wagner 's Parsifal , first performed in 1882. Wolfram's Parzival also serves as the basis for the children's opera Elster and Parzival by the Austrian composer Paul Hertel , which premiered in 2003 at the Deutsche Oper Berlin . The standard edition of the text is Karl Lachmann's, 1926. This is the basis for all modern editions, including: English translations: Modern German translations: Fictional retelling of Wolfram's romance: County of Anjou Anjou's political origin
450-492: Is accepted by Queen Belacane. He conquers the invaders, marries Queen Belacane, and becomes king of Zazamanc and Azagouc. Growing bored with peace, Gahmuret steals away on a ship, abandoning his pregnant wife. Belacane later gives birth to a son, Feirefiz (whose skin is mottled black and white). In Book II, Gahmuret returns to the West, where he meets and marries Queen Herzeloyde. Ever restless, however, he soon returns to fight for
525-507: Is devoted to Parzival's friend Gawan and his adventures defending himself from a false murder charge and winning the hand of the maiden Orgeluse . Among the most striking elements of the work are its emphasis on the importance of humility, compassion, sympathy and the quest for spirituality. A major theme in Parzival is love: heroic acts of chivalry are inspired by true love, which is ultimately fulfilled in marriage. Regarded as one of
600-625: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Parzival Parzival ( German pronunciation: [ˈpaʁtsifal] ) is a medieval chivalric romance by the poet and knight Wolfram von Eschenbach in Middle High German . The poem, commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century, centers on the Arthurian hero Parzival ( Percival in English) and his long quest for
675-733: Is divided into sixteen books, each composed of several thirty-line stanzas of rhyming couplets . The stanza lengths fit perfectly onto a manuscript page. For the subject matter, Wolfram von Eschenbach largely adapted the Grail romance, Perceval, the Story of the Grail , left incomplete by Chrétien de Troyes . Wolfram claimed that a certain Kyot the Provençal supplied additional material drawn from Arabic and Angevin sources, but most scholars now consider Kyot to be Wolfram's invention and part of
750-458: Is the first to seem more adept than he. Parzival's sword breaks but, instead of slaying him, the other knight sees no honor in such a feat and both retire to the grass. There they learn that they share the same father. "I was against my own self," says Parzival to Feirefiz , his brother from afar. Again Cundrie appears and proclaims now that Parzival's name has appeared on the Grail, marking him as
825-659: Is traced to the ancient Gallic state of the Andes . After the conquest by Julius Caesar , the area was organized around the Roman civitas of the Andecavi . The Roman civitas was afterward preserved as an administrative district under the Franks with the name first of pagus —then of comitatus or countship—of Anjou. At the beginning of the reign of Charles the Bald ,
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#1732781081577900-415: The êlections of La Flèche and Richelieu . Financially it formed part of the so-called pays de grande gabelle , and comprised sixteen special tribunals, or greniers à sel (salt warehouses):-- Angers , Baugé , Beaufort , Bourgueil , Candé , Château-Gontier, Cholet , Craon , La Flèche, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil , Ingrandes , Le Lude , Pouancé , Saint-Rémy-la-Varenne , Richelieu, Saumur. From
975-527: The Battle of La Roche-aux-Moines (2 July), and the countship was attached to the crown of France. Shortly afterwards it was separated from it again, when in August 1246 King Louis IX gave it as an appanage to his brother Charles, Count of Provence, soon to become king of Naples and Sicily . Charles I of Anjou , engrossed with his other dominions, gave little thought to Anjou, nor did his son Charles II,
1050-482: The Holy Grail following his initial failure to achieve it. Parzival begins with the knightly adventures of Parzival's father, Gahmuret, his marriage to Herzeloyde ( Middle High German : herzeleide , "heart's sorrow"), and the birth of Parzival. The story continues as Parzival meets three elegant knights, decides to seek King Arthur , and continues a spiritual and physical search for the Grail . A long section
1125-734: The Normans and against the emperor Otto II , he distinguished himself by feats of arms which the epic poets were quick to celebrate. Geoffrey's son Fulk the Black (21 July 987 – 21 June 1040) gained fame both as a warrior and for the pilgrimages he undertook to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem to atone for his deeds. He found himself confronted on his accession with a coalition of Counts Odo I of Blois and Conan I of Rennes . The latter having seized upon Nantes , of which
1200-425: The duke of Normandy . Despite concerted attacks from William and William's son Henry Beauclerc , he was able to force Maine to recognize his authority in 1051. He failed, however, in his attempts to revenge himself on William. On the death of Geoffrey Martel (14 November 1060), there was a dispute as to the succession. Geoffrey Martel, having no children, had bequeathed the countship to his eldest nephew, Geoffrey
1275-445: The "love of a devoted wife". She is interesting in that her vitality lies in what she is, rather than her specific guidance to Parzival. When Parzival must recognize his inability to possess her, he leaves her and does not return. Her symbolic significance allows her character to be a guide in terms of the readiness of Parzival. Ultimately, both the Grail and Condwiramurs combine to form Parzival's goal. She spurs him on his quest, and like
1350-447: The 19th century) and prose. A disadvantage of the older, rhyming translations in verse form is that they inevitably deviate from both the language and meaning of the original in order to fit the form. Alternatively, prose adaptations can more precisely communicate the original meaning, but as a result omit the original linguistic power and virtuosity of the text. With this in mind, two newer versions (the prose translation by Peter Knecht and
1425-583: The Baruch (meaning the "blessed one", from the Hebrew; i.e., the caliph ) of Baghdad , where he is killed after the hardness of his helmet, the " adamant " is compromised by the enemy using billygoat 's blood. Book III tells of how the pregnant Herzeloyde, grief-stricken at her husband's death, retires to a secluded forest dwelling and vows to protect her new child, Parzival, from the ways of knighthood at all costs by raising him entirely ignorant of chivalry and
1500-522: The Bearded . But Fulk , brother of Geoffrey the Bearded, who had at first been contented with an appanage consisting of Saintonge and the châtellenie of Vihiers, having allowed Saintonge to be taken in 1062 by the duke of Aquitaine, took advantage of the general discontent aroused in the countship by the unskilful policy of Geoffrey to make himself master of Saumur (25 February 1067) and Angers (4 April), and cast Geoffrey into prison at Sablé. Compelled by
1575-485: The Fair , in September 1297, attached a peerage of France . On 16 December 1325, Charles died, leaving Anjou to his eldest son Philip of Valois , on whose recognition as King of France (Philip VI) on 1 April 1328, the countship of Anjou was again united to the crown. At first Anjou was included in the gouvernement (or military command) of Orléanais, but in the 17th century was made into a separate one. Saumur, however, and
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#17327810815771650-491: The Grail itself, is an inspiration and reward. In the end, her guidance is best represented by her name on the Grail as well as Parzival's. Wolfram followed Parzival with the fragmentary romance Titurel , which serves as a prologue. This poem was continued by a later poet known as Albrecht. Wolfram's story of Loherangrin was expanded into two full romances, Lohengrin and Lorengel , and later German writers often referenced Parzival in their works. Ludwig II of Bavaria
1725-539: The Grail itself. The character of Herzeloyde, Parzival's mother, is a virtuous woman. With a selfless devotion and the humility that is another vital attribute to the Grail King and as a descendant of the Grail family, she makes both the conscious and unconscious choice to guide Parzival on the quest to take his fated place as next in the lineage. Her advice is interpreted in the context of his finding both love and God as guidance towards better being prepared to take on
1800-461: The Grail. The womanly kinship of Sigune is the next guide that Parzival encounters. Her appearance (at three times in the tale) is essential and occurs on each occasion at a significant stage in his progress, at a point when he is in urgent need of some kind of guidance. Her first contribution is to give Parzival his identity, an essential detail that his mother was not able to impart. She directs him to Arthur's Court, and in doing so starts him off on
1875-540: The Lame , who succeeded him on 7 January 1285. On 16 August 1290, the latter married his daughter Margaret, Countess of Anjou to Charles of Valois , son of Philip III the Bold , giving her Anjou and Maine for dowry, in exchange for Charles of Valois's claims to the kingdoms of Aragon and Valentia and the countship of Barcelona . Charles of Valois at once entered into possession of the countship of Anjou, to which Philip IV,
1950-516: The Mayenne to Ingelger as a viscount or count around 870. Possibly owing to the connections of his wife Adelais of Amboise . Their son Fulk the Red succeeded to his father's holdings in 888, is mentioned as a viscount after 898, and seems to have been granted or usurped the title of count by the second quarter of the 10th century. His descendants continued to bear that rank for three centuries. He
2025-624: The Saumurois, for which King Henry IV had in 1589 created an independent military governor-generalship in favour of Duplessis-Mornay, continued till the Revolution to form a separate gouvernement , which included, besides Anjou, portions of Poitou and Mirebalais. Attached to the généralité (administrative circumscription) of Tours, Anjou on the eve of the Revolution comprised five êlections (judicial districts):-- Angers , Baugé , Saumur , Château-Gontier , Montreuil-Bellay and part of
2100-624: The Strong , who was given Anjou by Charles the Bald around 861. Robert met his death in 866 in a battle at Brissarthe against the Normans. Hugh the Abbot succeeded him in the countship of Anjou as in most of his other duties; on his death in 886, it passed to Odo , Robert's eldest son. Odo acceded to the throne of France in 888, but he seems to have already delegated the country between the Maine and
2175-576: The Young , his son by Bertrade de Montfort, the hand of Ermengarde , Elias's daughter and sole heiress. In 1101 Gautier I count of Montsoreau gave the land to Robert of Arbrissel and Hersende of Champagne his mother-in-law to found the Abbey of Fontevraud . Fulk V the Young (14 April 1109 – 1129) succeeded to the countship of Maine on the death of Elias (11 July 1110); but this increase of Angevin territory came into such direct collision with
2250-594: The beginning of 1144 he entered Rouen , and on 19 January received the ducal crown in its cathedral. Finally, in 1149, after crushing a last attempt at revolt, he handed over the duchy to his son Henry Curtmantle , who received the investiture at the hands of the king of France. All the while that Fulk the Younger and Geoffrey the Handsome were carrying on the work of extending the countship of Anjou, they did not neglect to strengthen their authority at home, to which
2325-435: The castle of the Grail . He does not ask his host, Anfortas , about his mysterious wound, however, or about the magical objects paraded before him, remembering Gurnemanz's advice to not be too curious. The next morning Parzival finds himself completely alone in a deserted castle, leading him to speculate that his experiences of the previous night were an illusion conjured by malevolent spirits to snare him. Parzival returns to
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2400-488: The claims he makes are intended to be taken as fact or as jest. For example, in one passage he claims to be totally illiterate: whether the original poem was composed as part of an oral tradition or as a written work is a subject of debate among scholars. Wolfram also claimed that a lost Arabic manuscript by a descendant of Solomon was discovered by a certain Kyot . Although the claims of Wolfram's narrator about this source may be dubious, some critics have maintained that
2475-575: The count of Blois for Touraine. On the other hand, he was successful on the whole in pursuing the policy of Geoffrey Martel in Maine: after destroying La Flèche, by the peace of Blanchelande (1081), he received the homage of Robert Curthose ("Courteheuse"), son of William the Conqueror, for Maine. Later, he upheld Elias, lord of La Flèche, against William Rufus , king of England, and on the recognition of Elias as count of Maine in 1100, obtained for Fulk V
2550-423: The counts of Anjou held themselves to be suzerains , Fulk came and laid siege to it, routing Conan's army at the battle of Conquereuil (27 June 992) and re-establishing Nantes under his own suzerainty . Then turning his attention to the count of Blois, he proceeded to establish a fortress at Langeais , a few miles from Tours, from which, thanks to the intervention of King Hugh Capet , Odo failed to oust him. On
2625-486: The countship of Anjou all his life; for though he granted it in 1168 to his son Henry the Young King when the latter became old enough to govern it, he absolutely refused to allow him to enjoy his power. After Henry II 's death in 1189 the countship, together with the rest of his dominions, passed to his son Richard I of England , but on the death of the latter in 1199, Arthur of Brittany (born in 1187) laid claim to
2700-464: The countship of Maine to complete dependence on himself. During his father's life-time he had been beaten by Gervais de Château-du-Loir , bishop of Le Mans (1038), but later (1047 or 1048) succeeded in taking the latter prisoner, for which he was excommunicated by Pope Leo IX at the council of Reims (October 1049). He was a vigorous opponent of William the Bastard when the latter was still merely
2775-508: The court and meets Gurnemanz , from whom he learns the duties of a knight, especially self-control and moderation. Gurnemanz also advises him to avoid impudent curiosity. In Book IV, Parzival meets and falls in love with Queen Condwiramurs. She has inherited her father's realm, but lost much of it to an enemy king who has besieged her town. Parzival uses his newfound chivalric skills to restore her land. They marry, but he leaves soon afterwards to seek news of his mother. In Book V, he arrives at
2850-510: The curse of the Land of Wonders and freeing hundreds of ladies trapped in the castle, including King Arthur's mother, Arnive. Through his heroic deeds, Gawan finally wins the hand of Orgeluse, and by his defeat of the Castle of Wonders he receives all the riches that Klingsor had stolen and placed in the castle, becoming one of the world's wealthiest men. In Book XV, Parzival fights with a knight who
2925-522: The death of King Stephen , Henry was recognised as King of England (19 December 1154), as agreed in the Treaty of Wallingford . But then his brother Geoffrey, Count of Nantes , who had received as appanage the three fortresses of Chinon , Loudun and Mirebeau , tried to seize upon Anjou, on the pretext that, by the will of their father, Geoffrey the Handsome, all the paternal inheritance ought to descend to him, if Henry succeeded in obtaining possession of
3000-472: The death of Odo I, Fulk seized Tours (996); but King Robert the Pious turned against him and took the town again (997). In 997 Fulk took the fortress of Montsoreau . In 1016 a fresh struggle arose between Fulk and Odo II , the new count of Blois. Odo II was utterly defeated at Pontlevoy (6 July 1016), and a few years later, while Odo was besieging Montboyau , Fulk surprised and took Saumur (1026). Finally,
3075-762: The district of Hiémois (near Exmes ) and burnt Bazoches . In June 1138, with the aid of Robert of Gloucester , Geoffrey obtained the submission of Bayeux and Caen ; in October he devastated the neighbourhood of Falaise ; and finally, in March 1141, on hearing of his wife's success in England, he again entered Normandy , when he made a triumphal procession through the country. Town after town surrendered: in 1141, Verneuil , Nonancourt , Lisieux , Falaise ; in 1142, Mortain , Saint-Hilaire , Pontorson ; in 1143, Avranches , Saint-Lô , Cérences , Coutances , Cherbourg ; in
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3150-512: The dukes of Brittany since the beginning of the 10th century, in the east all the district of Saumur had already by that time fallen into the hands of the counts of Blois and Tours . Geoffrey Greytunic succeeded in making the Count of Nantes his vassal and in obtaining from the Duke of Aquitaine the concession in fief of the district of Loudun . Moreover, in the wars of King Lothaire against
3225-455: The fictional narrative. Book I opens with the death of King Gandin, Parzival's grandfather. His oldest son, Galoes, receives the kingdom but offers his brother Gahmuret the land of Anjou in fief . However, Gahmuret departs to gain renown. He travels to the African kingdom of Zazamanc, whose capital is besieged by two different armies. Gahmuret offers his services to the city, and his offer
3300-507: The hidden meaning of life and the true meaning of the Grail, and also is informed that his mother is the sister of the Grail King . He makes a step towards a life of spiritual understanding. Through his loneliness and through his yearning for the Grail and for Condwiramurs he puts himself outside the world of Arthur. He is called to another world, that of the Grail. Books X to XIV tell of the adventures of Parzival's friend Gawan, considered
3375-502: The inheritance, which ought, according to him, to have fallen to his father Geoffrey, fourth son of Henry II, in accordance with the custom by which "the son of the eldest brother should succeed to his father's patrimony." He therefore set himself up in rivalry with John Lackland , youngest son of Henry II, and supported by Philip Augustus of France, and aided by William des Roches , seneschal of Anjou, he managed to enter Angers (18 April 1199) and there have himself recognized as count of
3450-407: The instigation of Louis VI, to William Clito , son of Robert Curthose, and a claimant to the duchy of Normandy, giving her Maine for a dowry (1122 or 1123). Henry I managed to have the marriage annulled, on the plea of kinship between the parties (1123 or 1124). But in 1127 a new alliance was made, and on 22 May at Rouen, Henry I betrothed his daughter Matilda to Geoffrey the Handsome , son of Fulk,
3525-509: The integrity of Anjou was seriously menaced by a twofold danger: from Brittany to the west and from Normandy to the north. Lambert , a former count of Nantes , devastated Anjou in concert with Nominoé, duke of Brittany . By the end of the year 851, he had succeeded in occupying all the western part as far as the Mayenne . The principality which he thus carved out for himself was occupied on his death by Erispoé, duke of Brittany . By him, it
3600-468: The intercession of the bishop of Angers . In 1139 Geoffrey took Mirebeau, and in 1142 Champtoceaux , but in 1145 a new revolt broke out, this time under the leadership of Elias , the count's own brother, who, again with the assistance of Robert of Sablé, laid claim to the countship of Maine . Geoffrey took Elias prisoner, forced Robert of Sablé to beat a retreat, and reduced the other barons to reason. In 1147 he destroyed Doué and Blaison. Finally in 1150 he
3675-409: The interests of Henry I of England , who was also duke of Normandy, that a struggle between the two powers became inevitable. In 1112 war broke out, and Fulk, being unable to prevent Henry I from taking Alençon and making Robert, lord of Bellême , prisoner, was forced, at the treaty of Pierre Pecoulée, near Alençon (23 February 1113), to do homage to Henry for Maine. In revenge for this, while Louis VI
3750-478: The journey takes place completely in the world of King Arthur, where the colourful and strange appearance of Parzival awakens the interest of the court. After becoming entangled in courtly intrigue between Duke Orilus and his wife Jeschute, he meets his cousin Sigune who reveals to him his true name. Parzival also fights and kills Ither, the red knight of Kukumerlant. Putting on the red knight's armor, he rides away from
3825-480: The keep of Thouars and occupied Mirebeau. Another rising was crushed in 1134 by the destruction of Cand and the taking of L'Île Bouchard . In 1136, while the count was in Normandy, Robert III of Sablé [ fr ] put himself at the head of the movement, to which Geoffrey responded by destroying Briollay and occupying La Suze ; and Robert of Sablé himself was forced to beg humbly for pardon through
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#17327810815773900-554: The knowledge about the Orient that is shown throughout the text suggests he may well have worked from at least one Oriental source. The place of women in medieval German literature was in general an exalted one, and Wolfram as an author reflects this by making womanhood an ideal for his characters. Characters such as Herzeloyde, Sigune and Condwiramurs are not only intimately involved in Parzival's search, but also closely related to
3975-515: The lord of Doué revolted, and in 1124 Montreuil-Bellay was taken after a siege of nine weeks. Geoffrey the Handsome, with his indefatigable energy, was eminently fitted to suppress the coalitions of his vassals, the most formidable of which was formed in 1129. Among those who revolted were Guy IV of Laval [ fr ] , Giraud II of Montreuil-Bellay , the viscount of Thouars , the lords of Mirebeau , Amboise , Parthenay and Sablé . Geoffrey succeeded in beating them one after another, razed
4050-522: The marriage being celebrated at Le Mans on 2 June 1129. Shortly after, on the invitation of Baldwin II of Jerusalem , Fulk departed to the Holy Land for good, married Melisende , Baldwin's daughter and heiress, and succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem (14 September 1131). His eldest son, Geoffrey V the Handsome or " Plantagenet ", succeeded him as count of Anjou (1129 – 7 September 1151). From
4125-523: The masterpieces of the Middle Ages , the romance was the most popular vernacular verse narrative in medieval Germany , and continues to be read and translated into modern languages around the world. Wolfram began a prequel, Titurel , which was later continued by another writer, while two full romances were written adapting Wolfram's story of Loherangrin . Richard Wagner based his famous opera Parsifal , finished in 1882, on Parzival . Parzival
4200-529: The material to a stage play titled Parzival , which premiered in 1987 at the Thalia Theatre , Hamburg. A second adaptation for the stage was created by Lukas Bärfuss and premiered in 2010 at the Schauspielhaus, Hannover. Additionally, there are various adaptations of the original material in the form of children's books and other popular media. Perhaps the best-known adaptation of Parzival
4275-458: The maternal inheritance. On hearing of this, Henry, although he had sworn to observe this will, had himself released from his oath by the pope, and hurriedly marched against his brother, from whom in the beginning of 1156 he succeeded in taking Chinon and Mirebeau; and in July he forced Geoffrey to give up even his three fortresses in return for an annual pension. Henceforward Henry succeeded in keeping
4350-459: The new Grail King. During his journey to the Grail in Book XVI, Parzival reunites with his wife and takes Feirefiz as a companion. Feirefiz cannot see the Grail, but he can see the Grail maiden and promptly falls in love with her. Some details of the romance have inspired controversy, partly because the narrative is interspersed with humorous anecdotes by Wolfram. It is not clear whether many of
4425-510: The outset, Geoffrey Plantagenet tried to profit by his marriage and, after the death of his father-in-law Henry I (1 December 1135), laid the foundation of the conquest of Normandy by a series of campaigns: about the end of 1135 or the beginning of 1136, he entered that country and rejoined his wife, the Empress Matilda , who had received the submission of Argentan , Domfront and Exmes . Having been abruptly recalled into Anjou by
4500-405: The papal authority to release him after a short interval and to restore the countship to him, he soon renewed the struggle, beat Geoffrey near Brissac and shut him up in the castle of Chinon (1068). In order, however, to obtain his recognition as count, Fulk (1068 – 14 April 1109) had to carry on a long struggle with his barons, to cede Gâtinais to King Philip I , and to do homage to
4575-512: The point of view of purely judicial administration, Anjou was subject to the parlement of Paris; Angers was the seat of a presidial court, of which the jurisdiction comprised the sénéchaussées of Angers, Saumur, Beaugé, Beaufort and the duchy of Richelieu; there were besides presidial courts at Château-Gontier and La Flèche. When the Constituent Assembly, on 26 February 1790, decreed the division of France into departments, Anjou and
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#17327810815774650-423: The quest. In their second meeting, she scolds him for failing to understand the nature of his quest and goal, ultimately pushing him to the atonement needed to fully grasp his duty as Grail King. Thirdly, the last meeting of Parzival and Sigune is one of quiet recognition, her life a prayer in itself that anticipates the same state for Parzival. The last woman for Parzival is his wife, Condwiramurs. Her role lies in
4725-486: The second greatest knight after Parzival. Gawan wanders into and becomes trapped in the Land of Wonders: the bewitched realm of the evil magician Klingsor / Clinschor. There he becomes enchanted with Orgeluse, the second most beautiful woman in the world after Parzival's wife, Condwiramurs. In vying for the hand of Orgeluse, who is also trapped in the Land of Wonders, Gawan defeats several of the world's greatest knights. Gawan then defeats Klingsor's "Castle of Wonders," breaking
4800-510: The three countships of Anjou, Maine and Touraine , for which he did homage to the King of France . King John soon regained the upper hand, for Philip Augustus , had deserted Arthur by the Treaty of Le Goulet (22 May 1200), and John made his way into Anjou; and on 18 June 1200 was recognized as count at Angers. In 1202 he refused to do homage to Philip Augustus, who, in consequence, confiscated all his continental possessions, including Anjou, which
4875-559: The unrhymed verse translation by Dieter Kühn) are both considered successful approximations of the meaning, style, and linguistic particularities of the original. There are three works that accurately represent adaptations of the original material in three epochs of German literature: Der Parcival (1831/1832) by Friedrich de la Motte Fouquè for Romanticism , Das Spiel vomfragen / Die Reise zum Sonoren Land (1989) by Peter Handke for modernism , and Der Rote Ritter (1993) by Adolf Muschg for postmodernism . Tankred Dorst adapted
4950-412: The unruliness of the barons was a menace. As regards Fulk the Young, we know only a few isolated facts and dates: about 1109 Doué and L'Île Bouchard were taken; in 1112 Brissac was besieged, and about the same time Eschivard of Preuilly subdued. In 1114 there was a general war against the barons who were in revolt; and in 1118 a fresh rising, which was put down after the siege of Montbazon : in 1123
5025-515: The victory gained by Geoffrey Martel (21 June 1040 – 14 November 1060), the son and successor of Fulk, over Theobald III of Blois at Nouy (21 August 1044), assured to the Angevins the possession of the countship of Touraine . At the same time, continuing in this quarter also the work of his father (who in 1025 took prisoner Herbert Wakedog and only set him free on condition of his doing him homage), Geoffrey succeeded in reducing
5100-502: The ways of men. His seclusion is shattered by three knights passing who tell him of King Arthur 's court at Camelot . Now captivated by the notion of becoming knight, he decides to go join Arthur's court. His mother is heartbroken at the news of his decision but allows him to depart, dressing him in fool's garments in the hopes that the knights will refuse to take him in. Soon after his departure she dies of utter despair. The first part of
5175-457: The world of Arthur and again meets Sigune, who tells him of how he should have asked the lord of the castle a question, but does not specify. She then vows to never speak to him again. He also meets Jeschute again, who was unwittingly humiliated by him the last time, and defeats Orilus in single combat. Eventually Parzival renews the marriage of Jeschute and Orilus. Parzival returns in Book VI as
5250-411: Was allotted by the king of France to Arthur. The defeat of the latter, who was taken prisoner at Mirebeau on 1 August 1202, seemed to ensure John's success, but he was abandoned by William des Roches , who in 1203 assisted Philip Augustus in subduing the whole of Anjou. A last effort on the part of John to possess it himself in 1214, led to the taking of Angers (17 June), but broke down lamentably at
5325-475: Was checked by the revolt of Giraud, Lord of Montreuil-Bellay; for a year he besieged the place until it had to surrender, and he then took Giraud prisoner and only released him on the mediation of the king of France. Thus, on the death of Geoffrey the Handsome (7 September 1151), his son Henry found himself heir to a great empire , strong and consolidated, and to which his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine (May 1152) further added Aquitaine . At length on
5400-445: Was handed down to his successors, in whose hands it remained until the beginning of the 10th century. The Normans raided the country continuously as well. A brave man was needed to defend it. The chroniclers of Anjou named a "Tertullus" as the first count, elevated from obscurity by Charles the Bald . A figure by that name seems to have been the father of the later count Ingelger but his dynasty seems to have been preceded by Robert
5475-458: Was inspired by the poem, and Singers' Hall in his castle Neuschwanstein is decorated with tapestries and paintings depicting the story. He was also patron to the composer Richard Wagner and encouraged him to create the opera Parsifal based on the romance. He then commissioned eight private performances of the work. There are numerous translations of Wolfram's epic from Middle High German to New High German —both in verse (especially during
5550-753: Was overrunning the Vexin in 1118, he routed Henry's army at Alençon (November), and in May 1119 Henry demanded a peace, which was sealed in June by the marriage of his eldest son, William Adelin , with Matilda, Fulk's daughter. William the Aetheling having perished in the wreck of the White Ship (25 November 1120), Fulk, on his return from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1120–1121), married his second daughter Sibyl, at
5625-513: Was succeeded by his son Fulk the Good , author of the proverb that an unlettered king is a wise ass, in 938. He was succeeded in turn by his son Geoffrey I Grisegonelle ("Greytunic") around 958. Geoffrey inaugurated a policy of expansion, having as its objects the extension of the boundaries of the ancient countship and the reconquest of those parts of it which had been annexed by other states; for, though western Anjou had been recovered from
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