Misplaced Pages

#334665

46-456: Elektrijaama is the biggest neighbourhood of Narva. Named after Estonian national hero and chess grandmaster Paul Keres , the District sits south of Paul Keres Street which acts as a dividing line between the new and old city, with the old city to the north, and the new city to the south. The district has a notably high concentration of Russians and Russian language gymnasiums acting as

92-479: A Category , based on the average rating of the contestants. For instance, it was decided that 'Category 1' status would apply to tournaments with an average Elo rating of participants falling within the range 2251–2275; similarly Category 2 would apply to the range 2276–2300 etc. The higher the tournament Category, the stronger the tournament. Another vital component involved the setting of meritorious norms for each Category of tournament. Players must meet or surpass

138-621: A Russian German merchant from Saint Petersburg established a sugar factory in Riigi, however, the factory would be shut down just decades later due to its pollution of the Tõrvajõgi river and the area remained sparsely populated by sustenance fishers for almost a century. During the Estonian War of Independence , Riigi was the site of several battles between Estonian and Soviet forces. In 1922 Riigi had 15 households and 94 inhabitants and

184-541: A GM or IM does not count for the purposes of this requirement if he had not had a GM or IM result in the five years prior to the tournament. In addition, no more than 50 percent plus one of the players can be from the same country for tournaments of 10 to 12 players, or no more than 50 percent plus two for larger tournaments. Seventy-four GM titles were awarded in 1951 through 1968. During that period, ten GM titles were awarded in 1965, but only one in 1966 and in 1968. The modern system for awarding FIDE titles evolved from

230-578: A cultural and commercial hub for Narva's Russian Estonians with several malls and public transportation connecting it to residential districts. The district is also home to a campus of the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences which was the third modern building in Narva designed from an architecture competition. The district has been at the forefront of Estonia's effort to integrate its Russian population into speaking Estonian and participating in

276-781: A resolution of the FIDE General Assembly and the Qualification Committee, with no formal written criteria. FIDE first awarded the Grandmaster title in 1950 to 27 players. These players were: Since FIDE did not award the Grandmaster title posthumously, world-class players who died prior to 1950, including World Champions Steinitz , Lasker, Capablanca, and Alekhine, never received the title. A few strong still living players such as British India's Mir Sultan Khan , Germany's Paul Lipke and France's Eugene Znosko-Borovsky were not awarded titles. Sultan Khan

322-625: A tributary of the Narva river . The neighboring Kudruküla village also shares this name. The area that would become Kudruküla was set aside in the 1950s for Dachas , or summer cottage retreats, for the wealthy and politically connected in Narva during the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic . Kudruküla has always been governed directly from Narva and was intentionally designed as an exclave to offer more escapism for its residents. As with most other Soviet Dachas, most of

368-496: A women's society, fire station and public school were built. A monument consisting of a stone Cross of Liberty was made in 1935, however, would be destroyed by Soviet forces in 1941. Riigi during this time was also the site of the densest stretch of field fortifications constructed by Estonia on its border with the Soviet Union , which would also be destroyed by Soviet forces in 1940. Riigi would be completely destroyed during

414-399: Is recorded from 1590. The first known use of the term grandmaster in connection with chess was in the 18 February 1838 issue of Bell's Life , in which a correspondent referred to William Lewis as "our past grandmaster". Subsequently, George Walker and others referred to Philidor as a grandmaster, and the term was also applied to a few other players. The Ostend tournament of 1907

460-417: Is the highest title a chess player can attain. Once achieved, the title is held for life, though exceptionally the title can be revoked for cheating . The title of Grandmaster, along with the lesser FIDE titles of International Master (IM) , FIDE Master (FM) , and Candidate Master (CM) , is open to all players regardless of gender. The great majority of grandmasters are men, but 42 women have been awarded

506-635: The Battle of Narva during World War II . None of the original structures survived the fighting, with the remains of trenches and shrapnel in the immediate surroundings still persisting. In the 1960s the remains of 15 neolithic dwellings were found in Kudruküla by Eldar Efendijev , then director of the Narva Museum . Expeditions uncovered a significant amount of bones and ceramics and an unusually high amount of Amber pendants and clay idols. The site

SECTION 10

#1732779558335

552-632: The Narva culture . The study found that upon the arrival of the CWC peoples to the region there was a massive influx of non-European admixture, suggesting that the Proto-Indo-European homeland was in Anatolia and the Levant . Grandmaster (chess) Grandmaster ( GM ) is a title awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE . Apart from World Champion , Grandmaster

598-627: The World Junior Championship , or the World Senior Championship , or a Continental Chess Championship, given that the player's peak FIDE rating is at least 2300. Current regulations can be found in the FIDE Handbook. FIDE titles including the grandmaster title are valid for life, but FIDE regulations allow a title to be revoked for "use of a FIDE title or rating to subvert the ethical principles of

644-627: The "Dorazil" proposals, presented to the 1970 Siegen Chess Olympiad FIDE Congress. The proposals were put together by Wilfried Dorazil (then FIDE Vice-President) and fellow Committee members Grandmaster Svetozar Gligorić and Professor Arpad Elo . The recommendations of the Committee report were adopted in full. In essence, the proposals built on the work done by Professor Elo in devising his Elo rating system. The establishment of an updated list of players and their Elo rating enabled significantly strong international chess tournaments to be allocated

690-509: The 1965 Congress in Wiesbaden FIDE raised the standards required for international titles. The International Grandmaster title regulations were: To fulfill requirement 2b, the candidate must score one GM norm in a category 1a tournament or two norms within a three-year period in two Category 1b tournaments, or one Category 2a tournament and one Category 1b tournament. The categories of tournaments are: Since FIDE titles are for life,

736-675: The Estonian, rather than the Russian, economy, as well as removing the casus belli Russia cited during its invasion of Ukraine , of protecting Russian citizens, from being relevant in Estonia. Kerese district is home to the headquarters of the Integration Foundation ( Estonian : Integratsiooni Sihtasutus ), whose mission statement is to integrate the Russian population of Estonia into Estonian life and has been supporting

782-590: The FAV system, in recognition of the work done by International Judge Giovanni Ferrantes (Italy), Alexander (probably Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander ), and Giancarlo Dal Verme (Italy). Under the 1957 regulations, the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE was automatically awarded to: The regulations also allowed titles to be awarded by a FIDE Congress on recommendation by the Qualification Committee. Recommendations were based on performance in qualifying tournaments, with

828-528: The GM title as of 2024, out of a total of about 2000 grandmasters. There is also a Woman Grandmaster title with lower requirements awarded only to women. There are also Grandmaster titles for composers and solvers of chess problems , awarded by the World Federation for Chess Composition (see List of grandmasters for chess composition ). The International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) awards

874-542: The Soviet Union's Chess Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, in the form of the German loan word "Großmeister". At the time Soviet players were not competing outside their own country. This title was abolished in 1931, after having been awarded to Boris Verlinsky , who won the 1929 Soviet Championship . The title was brought back in 1935, and awarded to Mikhail Botvinnik , who thus became

920-411: The actual score that participants must achieve to attain a GM or IM result (nowadays referred to as a norm ). To qualify for the Grandmaster title, a player needed to achieve three such GM results within a rolling period of three years. Exceptionally, if a player's contributory games totalled 30 or more, then the title could be awarded on the basis of two such results. There were also circumstances where

966-493: The complex had four textile mills. The complex was the largest factory in the Russian Empire accounting for 10% of the entire Empire's textile production. The factory would see a major decline in productivity with the establishment of an Independent Estonia, with employment dropping from 10,400 right before World War I to 1,453 in 1921. Kreenholmi is known for its dense network of industrial architecture developed around

SECTION 20

#1732779558335

1012-568: The earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of The New Yorker and Marshall's autobiography My 50 Years of Chess (1942). Before 1950, the term grandmaster was sometimes informally applied to world class players. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE, or International Chess Federation) was formed in Paris in 1924, but at that time did not award formal titles. In 1927,

1058-558: The factory which was built with a distinctive English bond using red brick. The district acted as the city's Industrial center. World War II severely limited the industrial capacity of the Kreenholmi district and Narva as a whole. In 1940, with the establishment of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic , the Kreenholm Manufacturing Company, which employed 2,172 employees, was nationalized , however,

1104-499: The first "official" Grandmaster of the USSR. Verlinsky did not get his title back. In 1950 FIDE created the titles of Grandmaster (GM), International Master (IM) and Woman Master (WM, later known as Woman International Master or WIM). The grandmaster title is sometimes called "International Grandmaster" (IGM), possibly to distinguish it from similar national titles, but the shortened form is far more common today. Titles were awarded by

1150-628: The first edicts passed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia was to prioritize the repair and reopening of the Kreenholm mill. By 1955 the mill had 9,360 employees producing 15,814 tonnes of yarn and 98,014 meters of fabrics per year. The Soviets greatly extended the mill, opening a second planet as well as a finishing mill with several employees receiving national recognition, including; Taisia Marchenko , who

1196-469: The fourth annual Station Narva music festival, seeing some 3,000 visitors come to the neighborhood and learn about Dacha life. From 1808 to 1944 the area which would become Kudruküla was the village of Riigi (also known as Riigiküla or by its German name Wasahof ), established as a Manor , which, by the end of the 17th century was part of the Kudruküla Manor, a Town Fief of Narva. In 1828

1242-400: The individual aspects of the factory complex into independent joint-stock companies. Production would peak in 2000 with sales surpassing 1,240 million Estonian kroons , making it the seventh most productive company in Estonia for that year. However, due to cheap labor from Asia due to globalization , the Kreenholm plant would struggle to meet its employment capacity and on 17 June 2008 the mill

1288-420: The number of registered players rated over 2200 had increased even faster. Since that FIDE congress, discussion of the value of the grandmaster title has occasionally continued. Starting from 1977, FIDE awarded honorary Grandmaster titles to 32 players based on their past performances or other contributions to chess. The following players have been awarded honorary Grandmaster titles. Marić and Honfi were awarded

1334-402: The number of whom has grown considerably over the years, have some name recognition in the world of sport and are typically the highest earners in chess. FIDE titles are only awarded at the quarterly FIDE Council meetings. Players who have qualified for the GM title but have not yet been awarded it are informally referred to as "GM-elect". Usage of grandmaster for an expert in some field

1380-523: The old regulations, although a provision was maintained that allowed older masters who had been overlooked to be awarded titles. The new regulations awarded the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE to players meeting any of the following criteria: After FIDE issued the 1953 title regulations, it was recognized that they were somewhat haphazard, and work began to revise the regulations. The FIDE Congress in Vienna in 1957 adopted new regulations, called

1426-431: The regulations. The subcommittee recommended that the automatic award of titles be abolished, criticized the methods used for awarding titles based on qualifying performances, and called for a change in the makeup of the Qualification Committee. Several delegates supported the subcommittee recommendations, including GM Miguel Najdorf who felt that existing regulations were leading to an inflation of international titles. At

Neighbourhoods of Narva - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-438: The relevant score to demonstrate that they had performed at Grandmaster (GM) or International Master (IM) level. Scores were expressed as percentages of a perfect maximum score and decreased as the tournament Category increased, thereby reflecting the strength of a player's opposition and the relative difficulty of the task. Tournament organisers could then apply the percentages to their own tournament format and declare in advance

1518-558: The replacement of Russian as the first language in public schools in Narva with Estonian. Named after and centered around Kreenholm island in the Narva River , Kreenholmi is home to powerful waterfalls and rapids, which made the site lucrative for mills. Principle among which was the Kreenholm Manufacturing Company , which was constructed by Baron Johann Ludwig von Knoop between 1856 and 1857 and 1884

1564-533: The required score depending on the percentage of Grandmasters and International Masters in the tournament. Concerns were raised that the 1957 regulations were too lax. At the FIDE Congress in 1961, GM Milan Vidmar said that the regulations "made it possible to award international titles to players without sufficient merit". At the 1964 Congress in Tel Aviv , a subcommittee was formed to propose changes to

1610-460: The residents of Kudruküla participated in gardening and would sell their produce in one of Narvas 52 gardening cooperatives. The plans for these cottage allotments were never finalized before the collapse of the Soviet Union and were loosely interpreted by residents. During land reform from 1992 to 2001 the Dachas were given defined borders and then privatized . From 5–7 August 2021, Kudruküla hosted

1656-455: The state run Kreenholm Manufacturing State Enterprise in 1992. The facility produced bed linen , tablecloths , napkins , curtains , terrycloth towels, and bathrobes which were exported to America , Germany , France , Sweden , Finland , and Norway . However, by 1994, Kreenholm would be privatized and would be acquired by the Swedish firm Borås Wäfveri AB in 1995. Borås Wäfveri turned

1702-522: The system could be adapted to fit team events and other competitions. The full proposals included many other rules and regulations, covering such topics as: To become a grandmaster, a player must achieve both of the following: The Grandmaster title is also automatically conferred, without needing to fulfill the above criteria, when reaching the final 16 in the World Cup , winning the Women's World Cup ,

1748-461: The title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (ICCGM). Both of these bodies are now independent of FIDE , but work in cooperation with it. "Super grandmaster" is an informal term to refer to the world's elite players. In the past this would refer to players with an Elo rating of over 2600, but as the average Elo rating of the top players has increased, it has typically come to refer to players with an Elo rating of over 2700. Super GMs,

1794-641: The title or rating system" or if a player is found to have violated the anti-cheating regulations in a tournament on which the title application was based. Exact regulations can be found in the FIDE Handbook . A report prepared by Bartłomiej Macieja for the Association of Chess Professionals mentions discussion at the FIDE congress of 2008 regarding a perceived decrease in value of the grandmaster title. The number of grandmasters had increased greatly between 1972 and 2008, but according to Macieja,

1840-624: Was a designated grandmaster event. Rubinstein won with 12½ points out of 19. Tied for second with 12 points were Aron Nimzowitsch and Rudolf Spielmann . By some accounts, in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament , the title Grandmaster was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II , who had partially funded the tournament. The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five finalists: Emanuel Lasker , José Raúl Capablanca , Alexander Alekhine , Siegbert Tarrasch , and Frank Marshall . Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that

1886-537: Was also cut off from access to European markets and as such was subjected to Soviet fabric shortages which were common in the 1940s, resulting in a total loss of productivity. It wouldn't be until German occupation in 1941 when the factory was reopened with between 1,500 and 1,600 Estonians working in the factory for the Germans. Fighting during the Battle of Narva rendered the factory complex inoperable with repair costs expected to be 250 million roubles . However, one of

Neighbourhoods of Narva - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-625: Was awarded the Hero of Socialist Labour , Order of Lenin , and Hero of Socialist Labour and would go on to be elected to the 5th and 6th Supreme Soviets . In 1985 the Council of Ministers of the USSR passed the authority of the Kreenholm plant to the Estonian SSR. When Estonia regained independence in 1991 during the Collapse of the Soviet Union , the Kreenholm Manufacturing Company became

1978-598: Was awarded the GM title posthumously in 2024. Title awards under the original regulations were subject to political concerns. Efim Bogoljubow , who had emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany, was not entered in the first class of Grandmasters, even though he had played two matches for the World Championship with Alekhine. He received the title in 1951, by a vote of thirteen to eight with five abstentions. Yugoslavia supported his application, but all other Communist countries opposed it. In 1953, FIDE abolished

2024-664: Was divided into two sections: the Championship Tournament and the Masters' Tournament. The Championship section was for players who had previously won an international tournament. Siegbert Tarrasch won the Championship section, over Carl Schlechter , Dawid Janowski , Frank Marshall , Amos Burn , and Mikhail Chigorin . These players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament. The San Sebastián 1912 tournament won by Akiba Rubinstein

2070-615: Was immediately noted for its importance due to its status as a coastal Stone Age settlement that was never submerged by the Littorina Sea , allowing ground-penetrating radar to effectively locate artifacts. Genetic studies of skeletons dating to 4,300-2,500 BC recovered in the village in 2017 found that they belonged to the Comb Ceramic culture (CCC), which saw signs of intermarriage with the Corded Ware culture (CWC), and

2116-662: Was shuttered. Shortly after the industrial plant was purchased by a private investor to turn into the "Manufacture Cultural Quarter." The district is also home to the Kreenholmi Stadium , home of the JK Narva Trans which compete in the top flight of the Estonian football league system . One of Narva's two exclaves, the neighborhood is 5.6 km and named after the Kudruküla stream which flows through it,

#334665