72-481: Sikh Federation may refer to any of a number of organisations related to Sikhism : All India Sikh Students Federation International Sikh Youth Federation Sehajdhari Sikh Federation (India) Sikh Federation (UK) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sikh Federation . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
144-596: A metaphysical soteriology such as a state of "heaven" or "nirvana." Nevertheless, in Sikhism, both karma and liberation are "modified by the concept of God's grace" ( nadar, mehar, kirpa, karam , etc.). Guru Nanak states that "the body takes birth because of karma, but salvation is attained through grace." To get closer to God, Sikhs: avoid the evils of maya ; keep the everlasting truth in mind; practice shabad kirtan (musical recitation of hymns); meditate on naam ; and serve humanity. Sikhs believe that being in
216-469: A sarangi ), and the chorus (which may include the audience as well) repeats the lines and provides musical accompaniment and keeps the rhythm (with percussion instruments like the tabla ). Sometimes the lead may have some solo lines, and the chorus can accompany them with a refrain . The performance may be punctuated by short sermons or stories. The song repertoire is generally drawn from medieval authors, but may include more recent additions. In temples,
288-457: A Sikh gurdwara . However, most Sikh gurdwaras forbid aarti during their Bhakti practices. Kirtan Traditional Kirtana ( Sanskrit : कीर्तन ; IAST : Kīrtana ), also rendered as Kiirtan , Kirtan or Keertan , is a Sanskrit word that means "narrating, reciting , telling, describing" of an idea or story, specifically in Indian religions . It also refers to
360-460: A Sikh should perform constant Bhakti. Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions, adding that it emphasises " nirguni Bhakti ", i.e. loving devotion to a divine without qualities or physical form. While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognizing some Sufi Islamic influences, some Indian Sikh scholars disagree and state that Sikhism transcended
432-457: A doctrine that has been practiced in Sikh religion since the seventeenth century. The doctrine of the "Mir" (social and political aspects of life) and the "Pir" (guides to spiritual aspect of life) was revealed by the first guru of Sikhism, Guru Nanak , but propounded by the sixth guru of Sikhism, Guru Hargobind , on 12 June 1606. After the martyrdom of his father , Guru Hargobind was elevated to
504-826: A formal worship ceremony ( arati ) may also follow. One important promoter of Vaishnava kirtan in Bengal was Chandidas (1339–1399), who introduced Vaishnava kirtan in Bengali and was very influential on later Vaishnava northern kirtan. Chandidas was instrumental in the Bengali Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā tradition, a form of tantric Vaishnavism focused on Radha and Krishna which flourished in Bengal , Bihar , Orissa , and Assam . The Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā tradition produced many great Bengali language poets and singers. The 16th century CE saw an explosion of Vaishnava kirtan in
576-512: A genre of religious performance arts, connoting a musical form of narration, shared recitation, or devotional singing, particularly of spiritual or religious ideas, native to the Indian subcontinent . A person performing kirtan is known as a kirtankara (or kirtankar, कीर्तनकार). With roots in the Vedic anukirtana tradition, a kirtan is a call-and-response or antiphonal style song or chant , set to music, wherein multiple singers recite
648-435: A means to feel God's presence ( simran ), which can be expressed musically through kirtan or internally through naam japna ( lit. ' meditation on God's name ' ). Baptised Sikhs are obliged to wear the five Ks , which are five articles of faith which physically distinguish Sikhs from non-Sikhs. Among these include the kesh (uncut hair). Most religious Sikh men thus do not cut their hair but rather wear
720-610: A negative attitude towards music, possibly because it was considered sensual and inconsistent with its core monastic teachings. However, Mahayana and Vajrayana sources tend to be much more positive to music, seeing it as a suitable offering to the Buddhas and as a skillful means to bring sentient beings to Buddhism. Buddhist songs and chants make use of the following genres: sutras , mantras , dharani , parittas , or verse compositions (such as gathas , stotras , and caryagitis ). Examples of Buddhist musical traditions include
792-563: A social commentary or a philosophical/linguistic exposition" that includes narration, allegory, humor, erudition and entertainment—all an aesthetic part of ranga (beauty, color) of the kirtan. Kirtan is locally known by various names, including Abhang , Samaj Gayan , Haveli Sangeet , Vishnupad , Harikatha . Vaishnava temples in Assam and northeastern Indian have large worship halls called kirtan ghar —a name derived from their being used for congregational singing and performance arts. Kirtan
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#1732790657998864-739: A song, to a certain raga and accompanied with musical instruments. The Gurus themselves created numerous musical instruments including the Taus , the Sarangi , the Saranda and a modification of the Pakhawaj (called Jori ) creating an early form of the Tabla . A Shabad Kirtan refers to the musical recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib , the primary scripture in the Sikhism tradition which
936-614: A spiritual union with the Akal , which results in salvation or jivanmukti ('enlightenment/liberation within one's lifetime'), a concept also found in Hinduism . Guru Gobind Singh makes it clear that human birth is obtained with great fortune, and therefore one needs to be able to make the most of this life. Sikhs accept reincarnation and karma concepts found in Buddhism , Hinduism , and Jainism , but do not necessarily infer
1008-546: A turban . The definition of a Sikh, according to the Rehat Maryada , the Sikh code of conduct, is any human being who faithfully believes in the following: The religion developed and evolved in times of religious persecution , gaining converts from both Hinduism and Islam . The Mughal emperors of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus— Guru Arjan (1563–1605) and Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)—after they refused to convert to Islam . The persecution of
1080-559: A wider popularity. Some Western kirtan singers have also adapted kirtan songs with influences from other styles, including rock music , new-age music , African music and latin american music. There are also Kirtan singers in the west who sing more traditional Indian style kirtan such as Kamini Natarajan and Sheela Bringi . Kirtan singing has also become popular among Westerners who consider themselves spiritual but who are not part of any specific religious institution or movement (" spiritual but not religious "). In this case, kirtan
1152-664: Is Lee Mirabai Harrington . The Bene Israel , a Jewish community in the Indian subcontinent, adopted the devotional singing style Kirtan from their Marathi Hindu neighbors. Their main traditional musical instruments are the Indian Harmonium and the Bulbul tarang . In the modern era, kirtan has also been adopted by several jews like Susan Deikman. These jewish kirtans replace Sanskrit Hindu lyrics with Hebrew songs and chants. The famed Bengali saint Paramahansa Yogananda
1224-612: Is kirt ( कीर्त् ). The term is found in the Samhitas , the Brahmanas , and other Vedic literature, as well as the Vedanga and Sutras literature. Kirt , according to Monier-Williams , contextually means "to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call, recite, repeat, relate, declare, communicate, commemorate, celebrate, praise, glorify". The term kirtan is found as anukirtan (or anukrti , anukarana , literally "retelling") in
1296-422: Is a monotheistic and panentheistic religion. Sikhs believe that there exists only one God and that God is simultaneously within everything and is all-encompassing. The oneness of God is reflected by the phrase Ik Onkar . In Sikhism, the word for God is Waheguru ( lit. ' wondrous teacher ' ). The Waheguru is considered to be Nirankar ("shapeless"), Akal ("timeless"), Karta Purakh ("
1368-421: Is a heterogeneous practice that varies regionally, according to Christian Novetzke , and includes varying mixtures of musical instruments, dance, oration, theatre, audience participation, and moral narration. In Maharashtra for example, Novetzke says, a kirtan is a call-and-response style performance, ranging from devotional dancing and singing by a lead singer and audience to an "intricate scholarly treatise,
1440-546: Is also sometimes called harinam (Sanskrit: harināma) in some Vaishnava traditions, which means "[chanting] the names of God ( Hari )." In regional languages, kirtan is scripted as Bengali : কীর্তন ; Nepali and Hindi : कीर्तन ; Kannada : ಕೀರ್ತನೆ ; Marathi : कीर्तन ; Punjabi : ਕੀਰਤਨ / کیرتن ; Sindhi: ڪِيرَتَنُ / कीरतनु ; Tamil : கீர்த்தனை ; Telugu : కీర్తన . Kirtans and bhajans are closely related, sharing common aims (devotion, faith, spiritual uplift and liberation), subjects, and musical themes . A bhajan
1512-462: Is an Indian religion and philosophy that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century CE. It is one of the most recently founded major religions and among the largest in the world with about 25–30 million adherents (known as Sikhs ). Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the faith's first guru , and
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#17327906579981584-431: Is arranged according to raga . Shabad Kirtan can be listened to silently or sung along with the gathered congregation. Kirtan in Sikh history has been the musical analog of Kathas recitation, both preferably performed by ragi jatha , or professional trained performers. A Sikh Kirtan is a religious, aesthetic and social event, usually held in a congregational setting on Sundays or over certain festivals to honor
1656-580: Is done in Sanskrit ), though this may include Sanskrit mantras. This style of vernacular singing became popular during the medieval era (1300–1550) and the early modern period (1550–1750). Hindu kirtan is influenced by the practices and teachings of the various devotional Bhakti movements , who emphasized emotional loving relationship with a personal God, and also by the figures of the Sant tradition (like Kabir , Ravidas , and Namdev ). Beginning with
1728-545: Is freer, and can be a single melody performed by a single singer with or without musical instruments. Kirtan , in contrast, is generally a group performance, typically with a call and response or antiphonal musical structure, similar to an intimate conversation or gentle sharing of ideas. Kirtan also generally includes two or more musical instruments, and has roots in Sanskrit prosody and poetic meter. Many kirtans are structured for more audience participation, where
1800-901: Is more loosely rendered 'the one supreme reality', 'the one creator', 'the all-pervading spirit', and other ways of expressing a diffused but unified and singular sense of God and creation. The traditional Mul Mantar goes from ik onkar until Nanak hosee bhee sach. The opening line of the Guru Granth Sahib and each subsequent raga , mentions ik onkar : ੴ ikk ōankār ਸਤਿ sat (i) ਨਾਮੁ nām (u) ਕਰਤਾ karatā ਪੁਰਖੁ purakh (u) ਨਿਰਭਉ nirabha'u ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ niravair (u) ਅਕਾਲ akāl (a) ਮੂਰਤਿ mūrat (i) ਅਜੂਨੀ ajūnī ਸੈਭੰ saibhan ਗੁਰ gur (a) ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ prasād (i) {ੴ} ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥ {ikk ōankār} sat (i) nām (u) karatā purakh (u) nirabha'u niravair (u) akāl (a) mūrat (i) ajūnī saibhan gur (a) prasād (i) "There
1872-476: Is not divided into parts like "Naradiya Kirtan". This form was effectively performed for years by personalities like Hari Bhakti Parayan (sincere devotee of god) Sonopant (mama) Dandekar, Dhunda maharaj Deglurkar, Babamaharaj Satarkar, Dekhanebuwa, and many others in modern times. An institute at Alandi near Pune offers training in this form of Kirtan. Naradiya Kirtan is divided into five main parts: naman (prayer), Purvaranga (the main spiritual lesson), chanting
1944-638: Is often part of Buddhist rituals and festivals in which they may be seen as offerings to the Buddha. Chants, songs and plays about the life of the Buddha by the Buddhists of Bengal are sometimes called Buddha-samkirtan or Buddha kirtan. Instruments like the Indian harmonium, flute, dotara , khol and kartal are used as accompaniment . Music has been used by Buddhists since the time of early Buddhism , as attested by artistic depictions in Indian sites like Sanchi . Early Buddhist sources often have
2016-399: Is one supreme being, the eternal reality, the creator, without fear and devoid of enmity, immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, known by grace through the true guru." Māyā , defined as a temporary illusion or " unreality ", is one of the core deviations from the pursuit of God and salvation: where worldly attractions give only illusory temporary satisfaction and pain that distracts from
2088-441: Is presented as a kind of drama, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes." Generally speaking, kirtan, sometimes called sankirtana (literally, "collective performance"), is a kind of collective chanting or musical conversation. As a genre of religious performance art, it developed in the Indian bhakti movements as a devotional religious practice (i.e. bhakti yoga ). But it
2160-469: Is seen as a social, expressive and holistic experience which helps one connect with the inner self. It is also considered egalitarian and manifests as an eclectic practice which draws on multiple cultures and is tolerant to most religions. Western spiritual kirtan can be found in Western yoga centers, new age groups, spiritual communes, and neo-shamanic circles. For some Western practitioners, kirtan
2232-678: Is seen as a way of socializing, relaxing, achieving meditative states, expressing oneself, attaining inner peace and positive emotions, getting to know one's inner self, and cultivating love for a deity and for others. In the United States case law, the term sankirtana has also been used to specifically refer to the promotional activities of ISKCON. ISKCON had sought the right to perform sankirtana in California airports such as in Los Angeles. The court ruled that while ISKCON has
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2304-660: Is the Radha -centered Radha-vallabha Sampradaya , whose singing style known as Haveli Sangeet is based on Hindustani classical forms like " dhrupad " and " dhamar ". Another kirtan style shared by the Braj traditions like the Vallabha, Haridasi , and Nimbarka is samaj gayan, which is a kind of collective singing. Kirtan as a genre of religious music has been a major part of the Vaishnavism tradition, particularly starting with
2376-574: The Alvars of Sri Vaishnavism sub-tradition between the 7th to 10th century CE. After the 13th-century, two subgenres of kirtan emerged in Vaishnavism, namely the Nama-kirtana wherein the different names or aspects of god (a Vishnu avatar) are extolled, and the Lila- kirtana wherein the deity's life and legends are narrated. In the modern era, north Indian styles of kirtan are widely practiced in
2448-557: The Avatara Katha mentions kirtan as one of nine forms of bhakti. Bhakti poets and musicians like Jayadeva (the 12th century author of the Sanskrit Gita Govinda ) were influential in the development of Indian devotional music genres like kirtan (which, though written in the vernacular, often imitated the style of Sanskrit bhakti poems). Jayadeva was a great classical composer and wrote devotional music in
2520-741: The Ekasarana Dharma bhakti movement that emphasized Advaita Vedanta philosophy within the Vaishnava framework of the Bhagavata Purana . Shankaradeva helped establish Sattras (Hindu temples and monasteries) with kirtan-ghar (also called Namghar ), for Krishnaite singing and dramatic performance. Meanwhile, in the Braj region, Vallabha acharya launched a devotional movement which focused on kirtan songs about baby Krishna and his early childhood. One ofshoot of this tradition
2592-650: The Indian harmonium , the veena , sitar , or ektara ( strings ), the tabla (one-sided drums ), the mrdanga or pakhawaj (two-sided drum), flute ( woodwinds ), and karatalas or talas ( cymbals ). It is a major practice in Hinduism , Vaisnava devotionalism, Sikhism , the Sant traditions, and some forms of Buddhism , as well as other religious groups. Kirtan is sometimes accompanied by story-telling and acting. Texts typically cover religious, mythological or social subjects. The term kirtana ( Devanagari : कीर्तन) generally means "telling, narrating, describing, enumerating, reporting". The Sanskrit root of kirtan
2664-724: The Newari Buddhist Gunlā Bājan , Tibetan Buddhist music , Japanese Buddhist Shōmyō , modern Indian Buddhist bhajans , and Cambodian Smot chanting. As there are many different traditions of Buddhist music and chanting, the musical instruments used vary widely, from solely relying on the human voice , to many types of classic instruments used in Asian music (such as the ancient Indian veena ) as well as modern instruments ( harmonium , keyboards , guitars , etc). There are also some Western Buddhists who have recently adopted kirtan singing. One Western Buddhist kirtan artist
2736-804: The Ramakrishna mission , the Divine Life Society , and Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship . Western kirtan singers, some of who learned in India, have also popularized the practice. Western kirtan performers include Krishna Das , Bhagavan Das , Nina Rao, Wah! , Jai Uttal , Snatam Kaur , Lokah Music , Deva Premal , Jahnavi Harrison , Jim Gelcer , Jyoshna , Aindra Das , Gina Sala' , and Gaura Vani & As Kindred Spirits . Western Yoga centers report an increase in attendance at kirtans; according to Pure Music ’s Frank Goodman in conversation with Krishna Das in 2006, kirtan has taken on
2808-573: The Tamil Alvars and Nayanars in around the 6th century, bhakti spread outside Tamilakam after the 12th century. The foundations of the kirtan traditions are also found in works like the Bhagavad-gita which describes the bhakti marga (path of loving devotion to god) as a means to moksha . References to kirtan as a musical recitation are also found in the Bhagavata Purana , an important Vaishnava text. The story of Prahlada in
2880-541: The Guru's teaching remembrance of nām (the divine Name of the Lord) leads to the end of egotism. Guru Nanak designated the word Guru ('teacher') to mean the voice of "the spirit": the source of knowledge and the guide to salvation. As ik onkar is universally immanent , Guru is indistinguishable from Akal and are one and the same. One connects with Guru only with accumulation of selfless search of truth. Ultimately
2952-530: The Guruship and fulfilled the prophecy that was given by the primal figure of Sikh, Baba Buddha , that the guru will possess spiritual and temporal power. Guru Hargobind introduced the two swords of Miri and Piri symbolizing both worldly (social and political) and spiritual authority. The two kirpan of Miri and Piri are tied together with a khanda in center, so the combination of both is considered supreme. This means that all action informed or arising out of
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3024-957: The Kirtan Kul in Sangli, the Akhil Bharatiya Kirtan Sanstha in Dadar, Mumbai, the Narad Mandir at Sadashiv Peth, Pune and the Kalidas Mahavidyalay in Ramtek , Nagpur as well as at smaller schools in Goa, Beed and Ujjain. Kirtan ( Gurmukhi : ਕੀਰਤਨ Kīratana ) refers to devotional singing in Sikhism . It is typically performed at Gurdwaras (Sikh temples). Sikh scriptures and legends are usually recited in
3096-624: The Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion , with members expressing the qualities of a sant-sipāhī ("saint-soldier"). The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of Gurmukhī , a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts historically used in present-day Pakistan and North India . Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs , meaning "students" or "disciples" of
3168-400: The company of the satsang (association with sat , 'true', people) or sadh sangat is one of the key ways to achieve liberation from the cycles of reincarnation. The Sikh community may be seen to correspond to A.D. Smith's definition of a politicized community, sharing common ancestry myths and historical memories of martyrdom and persecution under successive rulers. Miri Piri is
3240-585: The complicated instrumental and vocal compositions of Indian classical ensembles. The focus of kirtan is on the lyrics or mantras, which deliver religious messages and stories. Guy Beck, writing on the northern kirtan tradition, states that "melody and rhythm are important, but devotional singers normally deplore musical virtuosity for its own sake, in contrast with the classical Hindustani and Karnatak traditions, which emphasize improvisation and technical mastery . A large variety of musical styles and forms exist, and no single formula has ever been mandated by custom to
3312-408: The congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. Its founder, Guru Nanak, summarized this perspective as: "Truth is the highest virtue, but higher still is truthful living." Sikhism lays emphasis on Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā , 'From the one light, the entire universe welled up.' Guru Nanak also emphasized his teachings to his disciples by giving them real-life examples. Sikhism
3384-520: The context of a Yajna (Vedic ritual offering), which meant a dual recitation of Vedic hymns in a dialogue style that was part of a ritual dramatic performance. The Sanskrit verses in the Shatapatha Brahmana (chapter 13.2, c. 800–700 BCE), for example, are written in the form of a riddle play between two actors. According to Louis Renou, in this text, "the Vedic sacrifice ( yajna )
3456-413: The creator being "), Akaal Purkh ("beyond time and death") and Agam Agochar (" incomprehensible and invisible"). In a literal sense, God has no gender in Sikhism, but, metaphorically, God is presented as masculine and God's power as feminine. For example, Guru Gobind Singh refers to God as his father, and God's creative power as his mother. Similarly, another example is that the Guru Granth Sahib ,
3528-458: The dhruvapada style (which is similar to dhrupad ). There are various forms of Hindu kirtan, including northern traditions (often influenced by Hindustani music and Bengali music ) and southern ( Carnatic ) traditions. Speaking of the Bengali kirtan tradition, Peggy Holroyde writes that "kirtans do not strictly adhere to the raga scale and they incorporate a chorus led by a leader. Much of
3600-507: The environment it emerged from. The basis of the latter analysis is that Bhakti traditions did not clearly disassociate from Vedic texts and their cosmologies and metaphysical worldview, while the Sikh tradition clearly did disassociate from the Vedic tradition. Some Sikh sects outside the Punjab region of India, such as those found in Maharashtra and Bihar , practice aarti (the ceremonial use of lamps) during Bhakti observances in
3672-418: The exclusion of others. Musicians and religious leaders thus freely compose religious and devotional songs." However, some kirtan styles are highly refined and technical, like dhrupad and Bengali padavali kirtan, which is considered by Bengalis to be the most cultured religious music. Regarding the arrangement, most kirtan performances are done by a group, with a choir led by a lead singer sitting on
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#17327906579983744-472: The exonym term Sikhism as they claim the word was coined by the British colonists rather than by Sikhs themselves, and they instead prefer the endonym Sikhi . They argue that an "-ism" connotes a fixed and immutable worldview which is not congruent with the internally fluid nature of the Sikh philosophy. The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors. Sikh ethics emphasize
3816-402: The floor, though sometimes, kirtan is done by standing group in temples, religious processions, or on the street. Generally speaking, the performance may begin with recitations of Sanskrit mantras, like Om , names of deities, and may also include some Sanskrit prayers. Then the lead singer sings a song or a mantra while accompanying himself with a versatile instrument (like a harmonium or
3888-458: The guru. The English word Sikhism derives from the Punjabi word for the religion Sikhi ( Punjabi : ਸਿੱਖੀ Sikkhī , [ˈsɪk.kʰiː] , from Punjabi : ਸਿੱਖ , romanized: Sikh , lit. 'disciple'), which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the verb sikhana ( lit. ' to learn ' ). Some Sikhs oppose
3960-503: The historical Gurus, but major temples in the Sikh tradition recite Kirtan every day as a mark of daily bhakti (devotional remembrance) of God's name. This congregational setting is called a Sangat or Satsang , a word that in ancient Indian texts means "like minded individuals, or fellow travelers on a spiritual journey". Numerous Buddhist traditions use vocal music with instrumental accompaniment as part of their rituals and devotional practices. Buddhist vocal music and chanting
4032-635: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikh_Federation&oldid=454533638 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Sikh politics Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sikhism Sikhism ( / ˈ s iː k ɪ z əm / SEEK -iz-əm ), also known as Sikhi ( Punjabi : ਸਿੱਖੀ Sikkhī , [ˈsɪk.kʰiː] , from Punjabi : ਸਿੱਖ , romanized: Sikh , lit. 'disciple'),
4104-773: The modernist movements of Swami Sivananda , Anandamayi Ma , Sri Aurobindo , and A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada . In Andhra Pradesh , the compositions of the Tallapaka Annamacharya , a 14th-century Vaishnava mystic, represent the earliest known southern music called "sankirtana". He wrote in praise of Lord Venkateswara , the deity of Seven Hills in Tirumala . During his long and prolific career, he reputedly composed and sang 32,000 Sankirtanas and 12 Shatakas (sets of hundred verses) in both Telugu and Sanskrit . There are three main styles of Marathi kirtan , Varkari, Naradiya and Jugalbandi. Varkari Kirtan
4176-422: The musical value is subordinated to the sentimental emotion expressed in the words of the song." Regarding the southern (Carnatic) traditions of kirtan, they are generally "less ornate" than northern kirtan, making less use of " grace , trills and arabesques ", but they are also much more structured musical forms. While kirtan is influenced by the practice of Indian classical music, they are much simpler than
4248-535: The name of the one creator ( Ik Onkar ), the divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service to others ( sevā ), striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all ( sarbat da bhala ), and honest conduct and livelihood. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on absolute truth. As a consequence, Sikhs do not actively proselytize, although voluntary converts are generally accepted. Sikhism emphasizes meditation and remembrance as
4320-617: The names of God, katha or Akhyan (a story to support the lesson), final prayer. The Naradiya Marathi Kirtan popular in Maharashtra is most often performed by a single performer, and contains the poetry of saints of Maharashtra such as Dnyaneshwar , Eknath , Namdev and Tukaram . Learned poets from 17th and 18th century such as Shridhar, Mahipati , and Moropant contributed to develop this form of kirtan. A Naradiya kirtan performance can last for period of any length, from half an hour to three hours. Attendees may wear traditional clothing and
4392-462: The names of a deity, describe a legend, express loving devotion to a deity, or discuss spiritual ideas. It may include dancing or direct expression of bhavas (emotive states) by the singer. Many kirtan performances are structured to engage the audience where they either repeat the chant, or reply to the call of the singer. A kirtan performance includes an accompaniment of regionally popular musical instruments, especially Indian instruments like
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#17327906579984464-523: The nine Sikh gurus who succeeded him. The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), named the Guru Granth Sahib , which is the central religious scripture in Sikhism, as his successor. This brought the line of human gurus to a close. Sikhs regard the Guru Granth Sahib as the 11th and eternally living guru. The core beliefs and practices of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib and other Sikh scriptures, include faith and meditation in
4536-498: The north. During this time, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu popularized Krishna based kirtan in Bengal , promoting and teaching the singing of Vaishnava songs which celebrate the love between Radha and Krishna, understood as being the love between the soul and God. Chaitanya is also known as the father of padavali singing, a highly developed and complex musical tradition. About the same time, Shankaradeva (1449–1568) in Assam inspired
4608-492: The performers use instruments like the Indian harmonium, drums, and string instruments of various types mostly "Zanz", "chipali", "Tal" or "Chimata". Naradiya kirtan performers are usually very learned in literature, music, dance, acting and comedy. Jugalbandi Kirtan is performed by two persons, allowing question-answer, dialogue and debate. Performance requires skill in music, dance, comedy, oratory, debate, memory, general knowledge and Sanskrit literature. Training takes place at
4680-425: The primary Sikh scripture, says that all humans are soul-brides who long to unite with their husband Lord. In addition, the gurus also wrote in the Guru Granth Sahib that there are many worlds on which the transcendental God has created life. The Sikh scripture begins with God as Ik Onkar ( ੴ ), the 'One Creator', understood in the Sikh tradition as monotheistic unity of God. Ik onkar (sometimes capitalized)
4752-413: The process of the devotion of God. However, Nanak emphasized māyā as not a reference to the unreality of the world, but of its values. In Sikhism, the influences of ego , anger , greed , attachment , and lust , known as the pānj chor (' Five Thieves '), are believed to be particularly distracting and hurtful. Sikhs believe the world is currently in a state of Kali Yuga ('age of darkness') because
4824-476: The seeker realises that it is the consciousness within the body which is the seeker/follower of the Word that is the true Guru . The human body is just a means to achieve the reunion with Truth. Once truth starts to shine in a person's heart, the essence of current and past holy books of all religions is understood by the person. Guru Nanak's teachings are founded not on a final destination of heaven or hell, but on
4896-510: The singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn or a devotional theme, the audience responds by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs. Musical recitation of hymns, mantras and the praise of deities has ancient roots in Hinduism, and may be found in the Vedic literature . A key feature of popular Hindu kirtan is that it is mostly sung in vernacular languages like Hindi and Bengali (unlike Vedic chanting , which
4968-496: The spiritual heart completes one's purpose and meaning in the world of action: spirituality . Guru Nanak , the first Sikh guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a Bhakti saint. He taught that the most important form of worship is Bhakti (devotion to Waheguru ). Guru Arjan , in the Sukhmani Sahib , recommended the true religion as one of loving devotion to God. The Guru Granth Sahib includes suggestions on how
5040-406: The world is led astray by the love of and attachment to māyā . The fate of people vulnerable to the five thieves is separation from God, and the situation may be remedied only after intensive and relentless devotion. According to Guru Nanak, the supreme purpose of human life is to reconnect with Akal ('The Timeless One'). However, egotism is the biggest barrier in making this connection. Using
5112-568: Was an early proponent of kirtan in the West . He chanted Guru Nanak Dev 's Hey Hari Sundara ("Oh God Beautiful") with 3,000 people at Carnegie Hall in 1923. Kirtan became more common with the spread of Indian religious movements in the West in the 1960s. Movements which were influential in bringing Indian kirtan to West include the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), 3HO (Sikh followers of Yogi Bhajan ),
5184-469: Was pioneered by Sant Namdev (1270–1350) in Maharashtra . It is usually based on the works of seven famous Maharashtri saints: Saint Nivruttinath, Sant Dnyaneshwar , Sopandev, Muktabai, saint Eknath, Saint Namdev, and Saint Tukaram . Marathi kirtan is typically performed by one or two main performers, accompanied by harmonium and tabla . It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling. The show goes for two or three hours as time permits and
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