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148-731: The International Pencak Silat Federation (IPSF) , or PERSILAT ( Persekutuan Pencak Silat Antarabangsa ), is the international pencak silat governing organization and the only pencak silat organisation recognised by the Olympic Council of Asia . The organisation was established on 11 March, 1980, in Jakarta and consisted of the national organisations of Brunei Darussalam ( Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Brunei Darussalam ) (PERSIB), Indonesia ( Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia ) (IPSI), Malaysia ( Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan ) (PESAKA), and Singapore ( Persekutuan Silat Singapura ) (PERSISI). Pencak silat

296-448: A datu or a guru must be called in. The begu are not immortal, since death also rules in the land of the dead: a begu dies seven times before it is changed into a straw and finally becomes earth. The Batak believe that three categories of begu exist. The bicara guru are the begu of stillborn babies or of babies who have died before teething. It is possible to turn bicara guru into guardian spirits if misfortune has befallen

444-430: A guru sibaso declares to the begu of the deceased that it is definitely dead and must take leave of its relatives. Wealthier families have their coffins (Karo: pelangkah ) made of the wood of the kemiri tree ( Aleurites moluccanus ), carved in the shape of a boat, its bow decorated with the carved head of a hornbill , or a horse, or a mythical beast known as a singa . The lid is then sealed with resin and

592-537: A Buddhist monk. The most prominent system of West Java is penca Cimande , first taught publicly by a Badui man named Embah Kahir in Cimande village of the Sukabumi area around 1760. Cimande among the isolationist Badui community is said to be much older than Embah Kahir, and is believed by many masters to be the original penca of West Java tracing back to Pakuan Pajajaran . Cimande is a close-quarters system, with

740-477: A combination of langkah, body posture, and movement. Through their correct application, the practitioner will be able to attack or defend whether standing, crouching, or sitting down, and alternate smoothly from one position to another. When the student has become familiar with stances and langkah, all are combined in forms or jurus . Forms or jurus are premeditated sets of steps and movements used for practicing proper technique, training agility, and conditioning

888-423: A gong, a particular piece of clothing, a water buffalo or a small holy place. The gifts are carefully cared for in order to keep the tendi satisfied. Tendi love the sound of the surdam (a bamboo flute). If a tendi has abandoned the body of a patient, the playing of the surdam in the raleng tendi ritual can contribute to the tendi returning to the body of the sick person. It must be emphasized that only

1036-408: A hen fertilized by Mula Jadi . Two swallows act as messengers and helpers to Mula Jadi in his act of creation. Their functions vary in the different versions. Mula Jadi begets three daughters whom he gives as wives for his three sons. Mankind is the result of the union of the three couples. Besides the three sons of Mula Jadi there is another god, Asiasi , whose place and function in the world of

1184-644: A hunting tool on land. The Bajau utilized a wide array of these harpoons as weapons, both thrown and not thrown. Their aim was impeccable, having been honed by fishing and hunting. The spear may be of nibong wood or bamboo , single-pronged or three-pronged, barbed or unbarbed, and tipped with wood or steel. Contact with the southern Philippines and the Sulu sultanate of Borneo allowed the Bajau to acquire other weapons through barter, specifically swords, shields, lances and parang . The most notable Bajau style of pencak silat

1332-432: A joint lock. Beksi , meaning "defense of four directions", is credited to a man named Lie Cheng Hok. It is distinguishable from other Betawi systems by its close-distance combat style and lack of offensive leg action. Silat Betawi includes all the classical pencak silat weapons, but places particular emphasis on the parang (machete), golok (chopper), toya (staff), and pisau (knife). Kwitang practitioners are said to be

1480-412: A kicking opponent's leg. Hard blocks, in which force is met with force, are most suitable when fighting opponents of the same strength or lower. Styles that rely on physical power favour this approach, such as Tenaga Dasar. To minimize any damage sustained by the defender when blocking in this way, body conditioning is used such as toughening the forearms by hitting them against hard surfaces. In cases where

1628-550: A large number of notable Batak have achieved prominent places and well-represented especially in the field of law, such as Adnan Buyung Nasution who founded the Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Jakarta (LBH Jakarta), Todung Mulya Lubis , Ruhut Sitompul and Hotman Paris Hutapea . Batak societies are patriarchally organized along clans known as Marga . A traditional belief among the Toba Batak

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1776-493: A perilous and hungry flight he arrived in a friendly village, and the food that was offered by his hosts was the flesh of two prisoners who had been slaughtered the day before, however he maintains that the Batak exaggerated their love of human flesh in order to frighten off would-be invaders and to gain occasional employment as mercenaries for the coastal tribes who were plagued by pirates . Oscar von Kessel visited Silindung in

1924-465: A ransom in coin, they kill him and eat him straightway. The Venetian Niccolò de' Conti (1395–1469) spent most of 1421 in Sumatra in the course of a long trading journey to Southeast Asia (1414–1439), and wrote a brief description of the inhabitants: "In a part of the island called Batech live cannibals who wage continual war on their neighbors." Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles in the 1820s studied

2072-403: A result of black magic by a datu with evil intentions. In other words, the tendi is not tied to the body; it can also live for a time outside the body. The final loss of the tendi inevitably results in death. There are a variety of ideas about where exactly in the body the tendi dwells. It is present to a particularly high degree in certain parts of the body, especially the blood, the liver,

2220-418: A strayed ( nalilu ) Batak. Batak people are required to know their lineage or at least the ancestors of which the family name ( Marga (Batak) ) and the related clans ( dongan tubu ) came from. This is necessary in order to determine the relation of a kinship ( partuturanna ) within a clan or simply the surname ( Marga (Batak) ) itself. The Batak lands consist of North Sumatra province, excluding Nias island,

2368-605: A structured manner comes from 6th-century in Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra . The Minangkabau had a clan-based feudal government. Military officers called hulubalang acted as bodyguards to the king or yam tuan . Minang warriors served without pay. The plunder was divided among them according to military merit, so fighters strove to outdo each other. They were skilled horsemen with the native pony and also expert bladesmiths, producing arms both for their own use and for export to Aceh. Traditional Minang society

2516-551: A technical score, an athlete must apply the Pencak Silat Principle wherein attacks are linked together with Step Patterns (Pola Langkah) and On Guard Positions (Sikap Pasang). In 2021 the IPSF updated tanding rules to include a wider variety of permissible techniques, added emphasis on the ``Pencak Silat Principle``, and additional ground techniques and submissions. The tunggal or solo performance event requires

2664-551: A trio of athletes performing Jurus Baku Regu, a pre-defined routine in sync as a team. Regu features a showcase of Pencak Silat motion, but unlike the Tunggal category is performed solely empty-hand without weapons. Batak Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related Austronesian ethnic groups predominantly found in North Sumatra , Indonesia , who speak Batak languages . The term

2812-568: A weapon. Snap-thrust action while on the move and turning the body into a punch which is "screwed into" the target are characteristic of most styles, and, too, are adaptable to the knife. Hands closed or open as a fist, are often modified by a pinching action of the fingers which relates to the Bugis (and sometimes the Makassarese ) habit of holding the Badik with a pinch grip. Considerable practice

2960-509: A wide array of weapons, the following are considered standard in all classical styles. In addition to these, many systems include a specialty or "secret" weapon taught only to advanced students. Over 150 styles of pencak silat are recognised in Indonesia , although the actual number of existing systems is well beyond that. Older methods are typically identified with specific ethno-cultural groups or particular regions. The Minangkabau formed

3108-531: A wide range of occupations, from running modest tire service workshops to serving as state ministers. The modern Batak have gravitated towards professions such as bus and taxi drivers, mechanics, engineers, singers and musicians, writers and journalists, teachers, economists, scientists, military officers, and attorneys. Although the Batak are a minority among the Indonesian population (3.58%; only 8–9 million Batak people out of 236 million according 2010's census),

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3256-561: Is Bakti Negara , which is firmly rooted in the old local Hindu philosophy of Tri Hita Karana . Another system which has gained prominence is Seruling Dewata meaning "God's flute". Purported to date back to ancient times, it recognizes the Indian Buddhist monk Bodhidharma as the first patriarch, though not its creator. Eka Sentosa Setiti (ESSTI) was the first pencak silat association officially founded in Bali. Created and practiced in

3404-400: Is a full contact event that takes place on a 10 x 10 meter matted arena inscribed with a circular match ground that is 8 meters in diameter. Tanding matches are carried out in three two-minute rounds. Competitors wear black uniforms and black body torso protectors covering the chest, ribs, and back. Attacks to the head are not permitted. Technical points are weighted as follows: To obtain

3552-558: Is a collective word for a class of indigenous martial arts from the geo-cultural area of Indonesia and throughout South East Asian nations with Malay historic populations, more precisely in the Indonesian Archipelago , a region known locally as Nusantara . Before the establishment of Indonesia as a modern country that also includes Southern Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines. The origin of

3700-465: Is an early offspring of the southern branch. Some Simalungun dialects can be understood by speakers of Batak Karo, whereas other dialects of Simalungun can be understood by speakers of Toba. This is due to the existence of a linguistic continuum that often blurs the lines between the Batak dialects. Batak dialect still influences the dialects in Medan city today. The Batak possess their own script known as

3848-415: Is attained simply by touching the opponent's torso. Fasting and mantra were traditionally used to heighten the senses for this purpose. The oldest styles of penca were based on animals and movements of farming or tending the fields. IPSI recognises Cimacan (tiger style), Ciular (snake style), and Pamonyet (monkey style) as among the oldest existing pencak silat. Cimacan is said to have been created by

3996-674: Is believed to originate from their ties with Tamil traders, with specific Sembiring sub-marga, namely Brahmana, Colia, Pandia, Depari, Meliala, Muham, Pelawi, and Tekan all of Indian origin. Tamil influence on Karo religious practices are also noted, with the pekualuh secondary cremation ritual being specific to the Karo and Dairi people. Moreover the Pustaka Kembaren, an origin story of the Sembiring Kembaren suggests linkages with Pagarruyung in Minangkabau Highlands . From

4144-967: Is centered in Kendari . It is characterized by cross-legged stances and rapid turning, designed to be used in cramped spaces such as boats. Generalizations in pencak silat technique are very difficult; styles and movements are as diverse as the Indonesian archipelago itself. Individual disciplines can be offensive as in Aceh, evasive as in Bali, or somewhere in between. They may focus on strikes ( pukulan ), kicks ( tendangan ), locks ( kuncian ), weapons ( senjata ), or even on spiritual development rather than physical fighting techniques. Most styles specialize in one or two of these, but still make use of them all to some degree. Certain characteristics tend to prevail in particular geographical regions, as follows: Students begin by learning basic body stances and steps. Steps or dancing sweep fan ( langkah ) are ways of moving

4292-586: Is founded on the principles of pancasila , which requires the belief in 'one and only God', the practice of either Protestantism, Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism or Hinduism, one of which must be entered on an individual's KTP . Traditional religions are not officially recognised, and accordingly traditional religions are increasingly marginalised, although aspects of the traditional Batak religion are still practised alongside Christianity. There are many different versions in circulation. These were formerly passed down through oral tradition but have now been written down in

4440-540: Is included in the Southeast Asian Games and other region-wide competitions. Pencak silat made its debut in the 1987 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games , both held in Indonesia . Pencak silat was recognized as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on December 12, 2019. Silat

4588-401: Is increasingly exceptional as the community has been forced to settle on land in recent decades. Colonial records often mistook them for pirates but - unlike the neighbouring Bugis - the Bajau lacked the organization and technology for piracy. In fact, they more often clashed with pirates than engaging in raids themselves. Their main and often only weapon was the fishing spear, which functioned as

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4736-482: Is known by different names in each community, namely mossak (Toba), moncak ( Mandailing ), ndikar ( Simalungun ) and dihar ( Karo ). Mossak is the most commonly-used due to the Toba being the most numerous. While each style is distinct, all share similar characteristics and weaponry. The Batak were historically in a near-perpetual state of warfare with their neighbours, so warriors trained daily for combat. Training

4884-408: Is likely the oldest, the name implying agile movement. The art is said to trace back to a monkey style of kuntao attributed to Rama Isruna after his wife observed the actions of monkeys. A student of this kuntao named Ki Maing later expanded on the system after a monkey stole his walking stick. Cingkrik is highly evasive; blows are delivered as a counter after parrying or blocking, and usually target

5032-497: Is made with one forearm outer surface in a blocking role while the other one strikes a blow or delivers a knife to the target; the two motions simultaneously. Bugis pencak silat patterns contains less than 15 percent leg action, and those which are used are more linearly oriented than circular in nature; simple forward stepping movement is, of course, exempt, as it is definitely circular. The Horse riding stance employed suggests Chinese influence. Located on Sumatra's northwest coast on

5180-434: Is regarded as the person's guardian spirit. Similar ideas about the afterbirth are also found among the Karo, who also bury the placenta and amniotic fluid under the house and regard them as two guardian spirits ( kaka and agi ) who always remain close to the person. All Batak regard the loss of tendi as signifying a great danger for "body and soul". Tendi can be separated from their owners through inattentiveness, or as

5328-542: Is shown to be a fighter and swordsman, while his servants are also depicted as fighting with daggers. The Indian method of knife-duelling was adapted by the Batak and Bugis - Makassar peoples . Ancient Indonesian art from this period also depicts warriors mounted on elephants wielding Chinese weapons such as the jian or straight double-edge sword, which is still used in Java. The earliest evidence of pencak silat being taught in

5476-512: Is that they originate from one ancestor "Si Raja Batak", with all Margas descended from him. A family tree that defines the father-son relationship among Batak people is called tarombo . In contemporary Indonesia, the Batak people have a strong focus on education and a prominent position in the professions, particularly as teachers, engineers, doctors and lawyers. Toba Batak are known traditionally for their weaving , wood carving and especially ornate stone tombs. Before they became subjects of

5624-473: Is the horse stance ( kekuda or kuda-kuda ), which provides stability and firm body position by strengthening the quads. Other stances may train the feet, legs, thighs, glutes and back. Other essential stances are the middle stance, the side stance, and the forward stance. The crawling tiger stance, in which the body is kept low in a ground-hugging position, is most common in Minang silek. Stances are essentially

5772-636: Is the piau or throwing knife. Among the Betawi people of Greater Jakarta , the pencak silat tradition is rooted in the culture of the jagoan or jawara , local champions seen as heroes of the common people. They went against colonial authority and were despised by the Dutch as thugs and bandits. Silat Betawi is referred to in the local dialect as maen pukulan or main pukulan , literally meaning "strike-play". The most well-known schools are Cingkrik , Kwitang , and Beksi . The acrobatic monkey-inspired Cingkrik

5920-413: Is the counter-system to Sitaralak, which defends against powerful attacks by misdirection. Kumango is another characteristically Minang system in its kicks and footwork. Its frequent thigh-slapping and tai chi -like redirection maneuvers indicate both Indian and Chinese influence. Silek Tuo is considered by some to be the oldest Minang system due to its name meaning "old silek", but others claim it traces to

6068-583: Is used as well but the native rencong takes precedence. Batak land is situated between the Minangkabau to the south and Aceh to the north, and the culture shows both Indian and Chinese influence. The word Batak refers to a number of ethnic groups originally from the mountains of North Sumatra . The term typically refers to the Toba Batak while others may explicitly reject that label, preferring to identify themselves by their specific group. Batak silat

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6216-528: Is used to include the Karo , Pakpak , Simalungun , Toba , Angkola , Mandailing and related ethnic groups with distinct languages and traditional customs ( adat ). While the archaeology of southern Sumatra testifies to the existence of neolithic settlers, it seems that the northern part of Sumatra was settled by agriculturalists at a considerably later stage. Although the Batak are often considered to be isolated peoples due to their location inland, away from

6364-473: The Surat Batak . The writing has chiefly ceremonial importance within traditional religious ceremonies, and was subject to little change for this reason. It is likely that the Batak people originally received their writing system from southern Sumatra. In the broader context of national language, the modern Batak authors are well-known as the outstanding Malay-speaking writers that shape modern Malay into

6512-651: The Riau Archipelago, including the earliest evidence of silat. Referred to as silat Melayu , the regional fighting systems of Riau have influenced nearly the entirety of Indonesian pencak silat, and into neighbouring Singapore and Malaysia . Fighting tactics dating back to the Srivijaya empire persist in Palembang today. Wide stances with the front foot turned slightly inward are typical, developed for fighting on Riau's muddy ground, while also preventing

6660-615: The SEA Games (South-East Asia Games) and Indonesia's National Sports Week ( Pekan Olahraga Nasional ) . Since 2012, the Pencak Malioboro Festival has been held annually and features demonstrations by the biggest silat schools in Indonesia . The art features prominently in the Hollywood blockbuster John Wick 3 , with masters Yayan Ruhian and Cecep Arif Rahman appearing against Wick in the penultimate fight, and

6808-539: The Toba and Karo on the other hand the evidence in the writings of missionaries and colonial administrators is relatively abundant. Information on the traditional forms of Batak religion is derived mainly from the writings of German and Dutch missionaries who became increasingly concerned with Batak beliefs towards the end of the 19th century. Various influences affected the Batak through their contact with Tamil and Javanese traders and settlers in southern Batakland, and

6956-441: The agama si dekah , the old religion, which is also called perbegu or pemena . Dalihan Na Tolu (three-legged furnace) is the philosophy of life of the Batak people. It consisted of three general rules in Batak society. Those are: The essence of this teachings is the moral code contains the teachings of mutual respect ( masipasangapon ) with the support of the moral rule: mutual respect and helpfulness. Ritual cannibalism

7104-461: The begu continue to live near their previous dwelling (in a village of the dead which is thought to be situated not far from the cemetery) and that they may contact their descendants. Bad dreams, particular misfortune and such like may be signs that the begu of an ancestor is not satisfied with the behavior of its descendants. Any individual can attempt to pacify an enraged begu by means of food and drink offerings and prayers. If this does not work,

7252-436: The begu understand that from now on its world is separate from that of its kin. Symbolically this is done by reversing the mat on which the corpse is laid out so that the body lies with its head at the foot of the mat. Thumbs and toes respectively are tied together and the body is rubbed all over with camphor and its orifices stopped with camphor , then it is wrapped in a white cotton cloth. During this perumah begu ceremony

7400-437: The datuk are in a position to interpret and influence people's tendi correctly. If their endeavors are unsuccessful, then clearly the tendi has chosen another destiny for itself. At death the tendi leaves the human body through the fontanelle and the "death-soul" ( begu ) is set free. It is thought that the tendi vanishes and after the death of any human being only the begu continues to exist. The Batak believe that

7548-666: The exploitative social and economic condition of the colony created the culture of the jago or local people's champion regarded as thugs and bandits by the colonial administration. Parallels can be seen in the jawara of Priangan , jagoan of Betawi, and warok in the Ponorogo region of East Java. The most infamous band of jagoan was the 19th century Si Pitung and Si Jampang, experts in Silat Betawi. Traditionally depicted as Robin Hood-like figures, they upheld justice for

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7696-469: The tendi itself before birth. Various myths are woven around manner in which the tendi choose their destiny from Mula Jadi . Warneck, a missionary and for a long time superintendent ( ephorus ) of the Batak Church, recorded two particularly expressive myths in his major work on Batak religion. What is significant is that the tendi themselves are responsible for their destiny: Among the Karo and

7844-444: The "Battas". Marco Polo's stay was restricted to the coastal areas, and he never ventured inland to directly verify such claims. Despite never personally witnessing these events, he was nonetheless willing to pass on descriptions which were provided to him, in which a condemned man was eaten: "They suffocate him. And when he is dead they have him cooked, and gather together all the dead man's kin, and eat him. And I assure you they do suck

7992-559: The 12th century. Tamil remains have been found on key trade routes to the Batak lands. These trading opportunities may have caused migration of Batak from Pakpak and Toba to the present-day Karo and Simalungun 'frontier' lands, where they were exposed to greater influence from visiting Tamil traders, while the migration of Batak to the Angkola-Mandailing lands may have been prompted by 8th-century Srivijayan demand for camphor . The Karo marga or tribe Sembiring "black one"

8140-435: The 16th century onward, Aceh increased the production of pepper , an important export commodity, in exchange for rice, which grew well in the Batak wetlands. Batak people in different areas cultivated either sawah (wet rice fields) or ladang (dry rice), and the Toba Batak, most expert in agriculture, must have migrated to meet demand in new areas. The increasing importance of rice had religious significance, which increased

8288-481: The 1840s and in 1844 was probably the first European to observe a Batak cannibalistic ritual in which a convicted adulterer was eaten alive. His description parallels that of Marsden in some important respects, however von Kessel states that cannibalism was regarded by the Batak as a judicial act and its application was restricted to very narrowly defined infringements of the law including theft, adultery , spying or treason. Salt, red pepper and lemons had to be provided by

8436-539: The Barbarous Peoples , which refers to a 'Ba-ta' dependency of Srivijaya . The Suma Oriental , of the 15th century, also refers to the kingdom of Bata, bounded by Pasai and the Aru kingdom . Based on this evidence, the Batak may have been involved in procuring important commodities for trade with China , perhaps from the 8th or 9th centuries and continuing for the next thousand years, with Batak men carrying

8584-472: The Batak and their rituals and laws regarding the consumption of human flesh, writing in detail about the transgressions that warranted such an act as well as their methods. Raffles stated that "It is usual for the people to eat their parents when too old to work," and that for certain crimes a criminal would be eaten alive: "The flesh is eaten raw or grilled, with lime, salt and a little rice." The German physician and geographer Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn visited

8732-412: The Batak lands between 1840 and 1841. Junghuhn says about cannibalism among the Batak (whom he called "Battaer"): "People do the honest Battaer an injustice when it is said that they sell human flesh in the markets, and that they slaughter their old people as soon as they are unfit for work...They eat human flesh only in wartime, when they are enraged, and in a few legal instances." Junghuhn tells how after

8880-440: The Batak was agriculture , hunting and farming. The great lake of Toba provided vast opportunity for freshwater aquaculture since ancient times. Interior rural Batak communities relied heavily on rice farming, horticulture and other plant and commercial crops, and to some extent, acquiring forest products, such as hard wood, plant resin, and wild animals. The port of Barus on the western coast of Batak lands has become famous as

9028-578: The Javanese Sailendra and Mataram Kingdoms where the fighting arts developed in three geographical regions: West Java , Central Java , and East Java . Today Java is home to more styles of pencak silat than any other Indonesian island, and displays the greatest diversity of techniques. Many Javanese schools such as Perisai Diri and Inti Ombak have been established internationally in Asia, Europe and America. Merpati Putih or "white dove" style

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9176-506: The Junior and Senior World Pencak Silat Championships , which are each held every other year. The President of the IPSF is Prabowo Subianto , and the headquarters are located in TMII , Jakarta , Indonesia . To promote, expand, and improve worldwide, the practice of Pencak Silat, with its core value to support the achievement of social, economic development, human progress, world peace, and

9324-576: The Majapahit empire. They are less direct than other styles, characteristically favouring deception over aggression. Hand movements are used to distract, and openings are deliberately exposed to bluff the opponent into attacking. This approach requires that exponents train their flexibility and stamina. As with Balinese warriors of the past, modern pencak practitioners in Bali often wear headbands as part of their uniform. There are about four main systems considered purely Balinese. The most prominent of these

9472-600: The Muslim Minangkabau of West Sumatra , while to the north there are various Muslim Acehnese peoples. The various Batak cultures differ in their pre-colonial religious ideas as they do in many other aspects of culture. Information about the old religious ideas of the Mandailing and Angkola in southern Batakland is incomplete, and very little is known about the religion of the Pakpak and Simalungun Batak. For

9620-409: The Toba and Karo Batak the gods and the creation of mankind are far less significant than the complex concepts connected with the tendi (Karo) or tondi (Toba) and the begu . Probably the most useful translations of these terms are "life-soul" and "death-soul". A person receives his "life-soul" ( tendi ) from Mula Jadi Na Bolon before he is born. The destiny of the individual tendi is decided by

9768-411: The Toba there are sometimes widely diverging versions of where the tendi dwells and how many tendi there are. According to the Toba a person has seven tendi . The second tendi is found in the placenta and amniotic fluid of the new-born baby, and accordingly the afterbirth is given special attention after the birth of a child. It is usually buried under the house, is called saudara (brother) and

9916-426: The animated series Code Lyoko , in which multiple episodes show protagonists Yumi Ishiyama and Ulrich Stern training in and utilizing the fighting style among other characters. As with most ancient fighting arts, pencak silat historically prioritized weapons over unarmed combat. While this is usually not the case today, all pencak silat schools include weapons to some degree of importance. While pencak silat includes

10064-407: The athlete to perform Jurus Baku Tunggal, a pre-defined solo routine that showcase a variety of pencak silat moves. The jurus consists of three sections: 1) empty hand, 2) golok and 3) toya (staff). Performances are judged objectively on the presence of all required sections and motions, time (3 minutes +/- 5 seconds) and subjectively on stability, stamina, comprehension and depth of motion. In

10212-500: The badik. Bugis styles ( silat Ugi ) are based on these hand and arm movements and contain only limited kicks, almost all of the linear variety. Generally, Southwestern Sulawesi area silat is called "Silat Makassar" and include the "Karena Macang" style which name implies "to perform like a tiger". This Style is related with great affinity to Kuntao , Tapu Silat is a highly secretive form revealed only to chosen experts in self-defense and specializes in countering rear sneak attacks which

10360-484: The beat of a drum might signify an attack. Those not aware of the combative nature of these moves often mistake the forms for dancing rather than the formalized training of fighting techniques. Pencak silat uses the whole body for attack. The basic strikes are the punch ( pukul ) and kick ( tendang ), with many variations in between. Strikes may be performed with the fists, open palms, shins, feet ( kaki ), elbows ( sikut ), knees ( dengkul or lutut ), shoulders ( bahu ), or

10508-546: The best chabang fighters in Indonesia. Following the invasion by Demak, many families of the Majapahit empire fled to Bali. The descendants of the Majapahit were traditionally resistant to outside influence and as a result, the people of Bali often make a distinction between "pure" Balinese pencak silat and styles introduced from outside such as Perisai Diri. The native systems - known locally as pencak - are ultimately rooted in those of Java, and preserve tactics dating back to

10656-446: The best assassins in the world when dispatched singly. Silek Minangkabau is characterised by its low stances and reliance on kicks and leg tactics. The low stance is said to have developed to offset the chance of falling on slippery ground, common in the rice fields of West Sumatra. The local practice of paddling rafts with the legs strengthened fighters' lower body muscles. Hand and arm movements are fast, honed through an exercise in which

10804-429: The body. Repetition of jurus also develops muscle memory so the practitioner can act and react correctly within a split-second in any given combative situation without having to think. Either armed or unarmed, jurus may be solo, one against one, one against several, or even two against more than one. Forms involving more than one practitioner are meant to be performed at the speed of an actual fight. Real weapons are used in

10952-401: The case of armed jurus, but are sometimes unsharpened today. The kembang (lit. "flower") aspect of forms consists of fluid movements with the hands and arms resembling traditional Indonesian dance . As with Korean Taekkyon , these movements are preparation for defending or reversing the opponent's attack. Musical accompaniment provides a metronome to indicate the rhythm of motion. For example,

11100-512: The colonial Dutch East Indies government, the Batak had a reputation for being fierce warriors. Today the Batak are mostly Christian with a Muslim minority. Currently the largest Christian congregation in Indonesia is the HKBP ( Huria Kristen Batak Protestan ) Christian church. The dominant Christian theology was brought by Lutheran German missionaries in the 19th century, including the well-known missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen . Christianity

11248-409: The colonial era recorded the terms for martial arts under Dutch spellings. These include silat , pencak (spelled in Dutch as "pentjak"), penca ("pentjah"), mancak ("mentjak"), manca ("mentjah"), and pukulan ("poekoelan"). In 1881 a magazine calls mancak a Batak fencing game "with long swords, daggers or wood ( mentjah )" These papers described mancak as Malay ( Maleische ) suggesting that

11396-407: The combat and performance events (18 combat event and 6 performance event). The 1st World Sports School Pencak Silat Championship 2016 Singapore The 1st World 5X 5 Extreme Skills Silat Championship 2019 Venue: KL, 11-12 Feb 2019 Host: PESAKA Malaysia. The winners came from Suriname and overall best fighter was Chi-jinn Wong Loi Sing, with a clean sweap of 38 - 21 in favor of Suriname. He took home

11544-464: The common man by robbing from the rich who acquired power and status by collaborating with the colonists. The jago were despised by the Dutch authorities as criminals and thieves but were highly respected by the native pribumi and local Chinese . Conflict with the European rulers provided an impetus for the proliferation of new styles of pencak silat, now founded on the platform of nationalism and

11692-642: The context of modern religion. Among the most popular modern styles is the Muslim-directed Tapak Suci . An evasive long-range system, it requires constant movement as the practitioner rotates on their own axis every few seconds. Similarly the [Setia Hati] school is Christian-organised. Rooted in silek Minangkabau of the Padang area, it relies on kicks and footwork while the hands are mainly used defensively for blocking and parrying. Much of what constitutes classical Malay culture has its origin in

11840-615: The desire for freedom from colonisation. The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI) was founded in 1948 to bring all of Indonesia's pencak silat under a single administration. The world's oldest nationwide silat organisation, its basis is that all pencak silat is built on a common source, and that less functional styles must give way to the technically superior. IPSI has avoided the tendency of modern martial arts that gravitate towards sport. The resistance to sport has lessened over time, however, and sparring in particular has become less combative. While nominally an Indonesian organisation, many of

11988-459: The dominant power and established full colonial rule in Indonesia. Local revolts and uprisings were common, but all were suppressed by the Dutch armed with guns and cannons. The Dutch brought in even more Chinese workers to Indonesia, which brought a greater variety of local kuntao systems. But while the Europeans could effectively overtake and hold the cities, they found it impossible to control

12136-463: The dominant sovereignty in West Sumatra and make up the majority of Sumatran pencak silat systems. These styles may be referred to as silat Minangkabau , silat Padang (lit. field silat), or silek , the local pronunciation of silat. Very few systems in Indonesia have not been influenced by silek, and its techniques form the core of pencak silat throughout Sumatra. It developed as an extension of

12284-411: The early 20th century. In 1890 the Dutch colonial government banned cannibalism in the regions under their control. Rumors of Batak cannibalism survived into the early 20th century but it seems probable that the custom was rare after 1816, due partially to the influence of Islam . Family tree or lineage is a very important thing for the Batak, as those who do not know the lineage will be considered as

12432-421: The earth became broad and long. But the goddess was not able to enjoy her rest for long. The earth had been spread out on the head of Naga Padoha , the dragon of the underworld who lived in the water. He groaned under the weight and attempted to get rid of it by rolling around. The earth was softened by water and threatened to be utterly destroyed. With the help of Mula Jadi and by her own cunning Sideak Parudjar

12580-434: The earth. She flees from her intended husband, the lizard-shaped son of Mangalabulan , and lets herself down on a spun thread from the sky to the middle world which at that time was still just a watery waste. She refuses to go back but feels very unhappy. Out of compassion Mula Jadi sends his granddaughter a handful of earth so that she can find somewhere to live. Sideak Parudjar was ordered to spread out this earth and thus

12728-543: The east and west coast near Barus and Tapanuli , in particular the large Padang Lawas temple complex in Tapanuli. These contacts took place many centuries ago and it is impossible to reconstruct just how far the religious ideas of these foreigners were adopted and reworked by the Batak. It is suggested that the Batak adopted aspects of these religions, specifically Mahayana Buddhist , Shaivist , and Tantrist practices within their own customs. The modern Indonesian state

12876-451: The elbows held close to the body. Students begin by learning to fight from a seated position before they are taught footwork. Arms are traditionally conditioned through smashing coconuts , by concentrating the force of the blow into the wrist. Cimande always assumes there is a minimum of three enemies, but advanced students may spar with up to twelve opponents. As a defensive art, Cimande has no lethal techniques. The town of Cianjur - seen as

13024-475: The exponent stands across from a partner tossing sharpened sticks or knives. The practitioner must redirect the sticks or knives and send them back at the thrower, using their hands and a minimum of movements with the rest of the body. There are currently around ten major styles of silek, a few of which like Silek Lintau are commonly practiced even in Malaysia. IPSI recognises Silek Harimau (tiger silek) as among

13172-442: The face, throat and groin. Attacks mimic the grabbing and tearing actions of monkeys. Kwitang also employs evasion and some open-hand strikes but its focus is on powerful punches with the fist tightly closed at the moment of impact, mainly targeting the centreline. Force is concentrated into the knuckles of the little and ring finger. Attacks are made with a curved arm; the elbow is never fully extended so as to prevent being caught in

13320-430: The family of the child shortly after its death. With the help of a guru sibaso , the bicara guru can be made the family's guardian spirit for which a shrine is provided and to which sacrifices are regularly made. Once a year the bicara guru is accorded a special feast, preceded by ritual hair washing. The begu of members of the family who have had a sudden death ( mate sada-uari ) can also act as guardian spirits for

13468-478: The family. They include the victims of accidents, suicides, murder victims, or people struck by lightning. A shrine is built where they are venerated and where sacrifices are made. A third category consists of the begu of dead virgins ( tungkup ). Their graves, called bata-bata or ingan tungkup , are maintained for a long time by their relatives. Batak burial traditions are very rich and complex. Immediately after death various ritual actions are performed to make

13616-406: The feet from a lifted position onto wet ground. Today, systems of Sunda derivation prefixed with ci are found even in the high plateaus and mountain ranges of both West and Central Java. Penca instruction was traditionally done through apprenticeship, wherein prospective students offer to work as a servant in the master's house or a labourer in the rice fields. In exchange for working during the day,

13764-402: The feet from one point to another during a fight. Pencak silat has several basic steps, known as langkah 8 penjuru or "eight directions of steps". Traditional music is often used as a signal to change body position when practicing langkah. Langkah are taught in conjunction with preset stances, meant to provide a foundation from which to defend oneself or to launch attacks. The most basic stance

13912-405: The fingers ( jari ). Even basic attacks may vary depending on style, lineage, and regional origin. Some systems may favour punching with the clenched fist, while others might prefer slapping with the palm of the hand. Other common tactics include feints ( tipuan ) or deceptive blows used as distraction, sweeping ( sapuan ) to knock the opponent down, and the scissors takedown ( guntingan ) which grips

14060-512: The freedom fighter Tuanku Nan Tuo after whom it was named. All the classical pencak silat weapons are used in silek but the most prominent Minang weapons are the pedang (sword), tumbak (spear), karih (dagger), klewang (longsword), sabik (sickle), payung (umbrella), kurambik (claw), and various types of knives. In cultural aspects, Minangkabau randai dance performance often incorporating some of Minang silek movements. From Srivijaya , pencak silat quickly spread eastward into

14208-497: The ganda or choreographed pairs performance a duo of athletes perform their own specially choreographed routine consisting of any combination of attack and defense sequences. In 2021 permissible weapons were expanded to include a wider variety of weapons hailing from Southeast Asia including, but not limited to cambuk/pecut ( whip ), clurit (sickle), golok (machete), knife , kerambit , toya ( staff ), tekpi / cabang (truncheon/sai) Regu or synchronized group performance features

14356-417: The gods remains largely unclear. There is some evidence that Asiasi can be seen as the balance and unity of the trinity of gods. The ruler of the underworld, i. e. the primeval sea, is the serpent-dragon Naga Padoha . He too existed before the beginning and seems to be the opponent of Mula Jadi . As ruler of the underworld Naga Padoha also has an important function in the creation of the earth. What all

14504-540: The gold for his team The 1st Kids & Junior 5x5 Silat Challenge 2017 Venue: KL, 11-12 Mar 2017 Host: PESAKA Malaysia Was taken by Sinada Humidha from Indonesia. 5th was held in 2015. The 5th ASIAN Beach Games Venue: Da Nang, 24 Sep - 4 Oct 2016 Host: VPSF Vietnam The 6th TAFISA International Festival Pencak Silat Venue: Jakarta, 7–8 October 2016 Host: IPSI Indonesia PERSILAT The International Pencak Silat Federation ( IPSF , Indonesian : Persekutuan Pencak Silat Antarabangsa, PERSILAT ), which

14652-400: The head and the heart. Sweat too is described as rich in tendi . It is believed that illnesses are connected with the absence of tendi , and the bringing back of the tendi is a main method of healing. The Karo, for instance, have gifts, called upah tendi ( upah = wage, payment, gift), which they give to their tendi so that their tendi stay with them. These gifts may consist of a knife,

14800-589: The heartland of Sunda culture - is associated with a few systems, the most prominent of them being Cikalong or bat style. Borrowing its technical base from Cimande, Cikalong was founded by Raden Jayaperbata after meditating in a cave in the Cikalong Kulon village. While Cimande may attack with either the fists or open hands, Cikalong prefers the latter. Prominent Sunda weapons include the toya (staff), cabang (forked truncheon), long-bladed parang (machete) and heavy golok (cleaver). The advanced weapon

14948-635: The historically Malay kingdoms of the east coast and the western coast of Minangkabau people . In addition, part of the Karo lands extend into modern-day East Aceh Regency in Aceh province, while parts of the Mandailing lands lie in Rokan Hulu Regency in Riau . Significant numbers of Batak have migrated in recent years to prosperous neighbouring Riau province. To the south of North Sumatra are

15096-512: The influence of seafaring European colonials, there is evidence that they have been involved in trade with neighbouring kingdoms for a millennium or more. The Bataks practiced a syncretic religion of Shaivism , Buddhism and local culture for thousands of years. The last Batak king who fought valiantly against Dutch imperialists until 1905 was an Indonesian Shaivite king. The Batak may be mentioned in Zhao Rugua 's 13th-century Description of

15244-500: The island's south, it draws heavily from southern Saolim kuntao . The primary stance is the ting posture of kuntao, also the main stance of Japanese aikido . ESSTI keeps membership low and does not permit outsiders to view sparring matches. Finally, the Tridharma style is practiced in northern Bali. It utilizes circular hand movements and straight kicks. The ESSTI and Tridharma schools often exchange students so cross-training between

15392-586: The knee joint from being exposed to frontal kicks. Seizing techniques which grab the arm are common. The most prominent weapons in silat Melayu are the staff ( toya ) and the spear. Spear forms in Riau usually begin with the blade pointed downward. Staff technique in silat Melayu of the Palembang area is said to be the best in all of Indonesian pencak silat. The weapon is made of wood and usually measures seven feet long. Fixed hand positions with very little sliding along

15540-501: The late 19th century observed a few instances of cannibalism and wrote lurid descriptions to their home parishes in order to raise donations for further missions. The growing Dutch influence in northern Sumatra led to increased Malay influence in coastal trade and plantations, pushing the Karo farther inland. Growing ethnic tensions culminated in the 1872 Karo Rebellion where the Karo were suppressed by Dutch and Malay forces. Despite this, Karo resistance to Dutch imperialism lingered into

15688-399: The legs around the opponent. Defense in pencak silat consists of blocking, dodging, deflecting, and countering. Blocks or tangkisan are the most basic form of defense. Because pencak silat may target any part of the body, blocks can be done with the forearms, hands, shoulders, or shins. Blocking with the elbows may even hurt the attacker. Attacks can also be used defensively, such as kneeing

15836-430: The local languages. There are also large collections of Batak tales collected by European scholars since the mid-19th century and recorded in European languages, mostly Dutch. At the beginning of time there was only the sky with a great sea beneath it. In the sky lived the gods and the sea was the home of a mighty underworld dragon Naga Padoha . The earth did not yet exist and human beings, too, were as yet unknown. All

15984-400: The master provides the student's meals and trains during the evening. Penca is characterized by reliance on hand and arm movements for both attack and defense. Compared to other Javanese systems, Sunda styles have less frontal contact with the opponent, instead preferring to evade in a circular manner and attack from the side. In one form of training designed to practice circular evasion, victory

16132-572: The millennium development goals, propagating the Olympic Movement through the sport of Pencak Silat and supporting all members in unity to achieve the common goal of building a better world. As of 2021, the global membership of the International Pencak Silat Federation stands at 67 national federations, spanning five continents. Pencak Silat competition features 4 event categories: Tanding sparring

16280-528: The more respectful term, while ulin and maen po are of lower speech levels. Sunda systems are easily identified by the prefix ci (spelled "tji" by the Dutch). Pronounced "chi", it comes from the Sundanese word cai meaning river water, alluding to the fact that they were originally developed in river-basin areas. The deep, wide stance and resulting gait attests to this, owing to the practice of carefully placing

16428-482: The most warlike people in all of Sumatra, and this is reflected in the highly-aggressive nature of their pencak silat. Acehnese pencak silat borrows its foundation from silat Melayu and silek Minangkabau, particularly the arm-seizing techniques of the former and the ground-sitting postures of the latter. Bladed weaponry is favoured, specifically knives and swords. The primary weapon is the rencong , an L-shaped dagger used mainly for thrusting but also for slashing. The kris

16576-442: The mythical legend about the arrival of Aji Saka (lit. primordial king) from India to Java. At the request of the local people, he successfully killed the monarch Dewata Cengkar of Medang Kamulan in battle and took his place as ruler. This story traditionally marks the rise of Java and the dawn of its Dharmic civilisation. The tale also illustrates the influence India had on Indonesian and Southeast Asian culture in general. Aji Saka

16724-462: The national concept of Bahasa Indonesia ( Indonesian language ) and its literary canon. These include novelist Merari Siregar ( Azab dan Sengsara ), Muhammad Kasim Dalimunte ( Teman Doedoek ), Soeman Hasiboean ( Kawan Bergeloet and Mentjahari Pentjoeri Anak Perawan ), Mochtar Lubis ( Senja di Jakarta ) and Iwan Simatupang ( Ziarah ); poets Sitor Situmorang ; as well as literary critic Bakri Siregar . The traditional occupation of

16872-405: The oldest pencak silat in existence. Silek Harimau, also known as silek kuciang or cat silek, epitomizes the Minang techniques in that it focuses on crouching and kicking from a low position paired with rapid hand attacks. Sitaralak imitates the power of a herd of stampeding elephants . Developed as a counter to silek Harimau, folklore tells that its practitioners were able to fight tigers. Sandang

17020-579: The one disturbing them. Weapons used for all Bugis-Makassar pencak silat include all standard types normally associated with the combative form , but the Cabang , Pisau , and Parang , are used with extraordinary dexterity and skill. Bugis and Makassarese pencak silat forms take into consideration and give heavy emphasis to the use of their special weapon, The Badik . Much of the arm and hand movement practiced empty handed can instantly be converted into knife thrust-and-slash actions by simply picking up such

17168-750: The opponent is of greater strength, evasion ( elakan ) or deflections ( pesongan ) would be used, and are actually preferred in certain styles. The major international competition is Pencak Silat World Championship, organised by PERSILAT. This competition takes place every 2 or 3 years period. More than 30 national teams competed in recent tournaments in Jakarta (2010), Chiang Rai (2012) and Phuket (2015). Pencak Silat competition categories consist of: The championships have been referred to under different names: World Pencak Silat Championships, World Silat Championships or Pencak Silat World Championships. The seven-day event attracted 450 fighters from 40 nations and territories, competing in 24 weight categories in both

17316-415: The original silat Melayu from Riau. Folklore traces this to five masters, namely Ninik Datuak Suri Dirajo from Padang Panjang , Kambiang Utan ("forest goat") from Cambodia , Harimau Campo ("tiger of Champa ") from Vietnam , Kuciang Siam (" Siamese cat ") from Thailand and Anjiang Mualim ("teacher dog") from Gujarat . Stealth and ambush were the preferred Minang war tactics, and they were said to be among

17464-518: The power from Kediri Kingdom and established the Rajasa dynasty . This reflects the jago (people's champion) culture of ancient Java, where a self made cunning man skillful in martial arts, could rally supports and took over the kingdom. The lucrative spice trade eventually brought colonists from Europe, first the Portuguese followed by the Dutch and British. The Dutch East India Company became

17612-599: The power of the Batak high priests, who had responsibility for ensuring agricultural success. The Batak speak a variety of closely related languages, all members of the Austronesian language family . There are two major branches, a northern branch comprising the Pakpak-Dairi , Alas-Kluet and Karo languages, which are similar to each other, and a distinct southern branch, comprising three mutually intelligible dialects: Toba , Angkola and Mandailing . Simalungun

17760-529: The products on their backs for sale at ports. It has been suggested that the important port of Barus in Tapanuli was populated by Batak people. A Tamil inscription has been found in Barus which is dated to 1088, while contact with Chinese and Tamil traders took place at Kota Cina , a trading town located in what is now northern Medan that was established in the 11th century, and comprising 10,000 people by

17908-501: The raut has pierced the enemy, the fighter pushes the knife further in with a palm strike. Unarmed techniques are derived from silek Minangkabau, as the kicks and footwork are well-suited to the mountainous Batak country. Pencak silat in the Maluku Islands uses a wide variety of weaponry, some of which are indigenous to the area. The particular specialty of Moluccan silat is the cabang (forked truncheon), pisau (knife), and

18056-455: The relatives of the victim as a sign that they accepted the verdict of the community and were not thinking of revenge . Ida Laura Pfeiffer visited the Batak in August 1852 and although she did not observe any cannibalism, she was told that: Samuel Munson and Henry Lyman, American Baptist missionaries to the Batak, were cannibalized in 1834. Dutch and German missionaries to the Batak in

18204-433: The rules and regulations outlined by IPSI have become the de facto standard for silat competitions worldwide. Indo-Dutch Eurasians who first began practicing pencak silat in the 20th century spread the art to the west in the late 20th century. Today pencak silat is one of the extra-curricular activities taught in Indonesian schools. It is included as a combat sport in local, national and international athletic events such as

18352-406: The six gods so far mentioned have in common is that they play a minor role in ritual. They do not receive any sacrificial offerings from the faithful and no places of sacrifice are built for them. They are merely called on in prayers for help and assistance. The origin of the earth and of mankind is connected mainly with the daughter of Batara Guru , Sideak Parujar , who is the actual creator of

18500-465: The smaller villages and roads connecting them. Indonesians took advantage of this, fighting an underground war through guerilla tactics. Local weapons were recorded as being used against the Dutch, particularly knives and edged weapons such as the golok , parang , kris and klewang . During the 17th century, the Bugis people of Sulawesi allied with the Dutch colonists to destroy Mangkasara rule over

18648-438: The source of kapur barus ( camphor ). In ancient times, Batak warriors were often recruited by neighboring Malay courts as mercenaries. In the colonial era, the Dutch introduced commercial cash crops, such as coffee, sawit palm oil , and rubber , converting some parts of the Batak land into plantations. Throughout the history of modern Indonesia, the Batak community has been a significant contributor. Batak people have filled

18796-457: The staff is characteristic of silat Melayu. Java's western region was the first area from which pencak silat spread out of Sumatra. The Sundanese pencak silat of West Java may be called silat Sunda or silat Bandung . In the Sundanese language they are generically referred to as penca (dialect form of pencak), ameng , ulin or maen po (from the word main meaning "play"). Ameng is

18944-448: The styles is common. All Balinese pencak schools traditionally keep sportive contests and performance to a minimum in order to emphasise combat effectiveness. The Bugis ( Ugi ) and Makassar people ( Mangkasara ) are two related maritime groups from Sulawesi . The Bugis in particular were renowned navigators and shipbuilders, but also feared as corsairs and slave-traders. Both the Bugis and Makassarese were famous for piracy, though this

19092-464: The surrounding area. While this increased Bugis power in the southwest, Dutch rule deprived seafaring merchants like the Bugis of their traditional employment. As a result, these communities increasingly turned to piracy during the 17th-18th centuries. Not only was pencak silat practiced by the pirates, but new styles were created to combat them. During the Dutch colonial era of the 18th and 19th century,

19240-443: The surviving myths record that at the beginning of creation stands the god Mula Jadi Na Bolon . His origin remains uncertain. A rough translation of the name is the "beginning of becoming". The creation of everything that exists can be traced back to him. Mula Jadi lives in the upper world which is usually thought of as divided into seven levels. His three sons, Batara Guru , Mangalabulan and Soripada were born from eggs laid by

19388-690: The techniques which are kept secret from outsiders and not divulged to students until the guru deems them ready. While other definitions exist, all agree that silat cannot exist without pencak, and pencak without silat skills is purposeless. Some believe that pencak comes from the Sanskrit word pancha meaning five, or from the Chinese term pencha or pungcha which implies parrying or deflecting, and striking or pressing. Other terms may be used in particular dialects such as silek , penca , mancak , maen po or main-po . Dutch East Indies newspapers of

19536-400: The two have grown up their divine parents return to the upper world leaving the couple behind on the earth. Mankind is the result of their incestuous union. The couple settle on Pusuk Buhit, a volcano on the western shore of Lake Toba , and found the village of Si Anjur Mulamula. The mythological ancestor of the Batak, Si Raja Batak is one of their grandchildren. In the religious world of

19684-399: The very bones till not a particle of marrow remains in them...And so they eat him up stump and rump. And when they have thus eaten him they collect his bones and put them in fine chests, and carry them away, and place them in caverns among the mountains where no beast nor other creature can get at them. And you must know also that if they take prisoner a man of another country, and he cannot pay

19832-607: The westernmost tip of the archipelago, Aceh was the first port of call for traders sailing the Indian Ocean. Local culture and weapons (particularly knives) show distinct Indian-Muslim derivation. Unlike the more typical rattan shield, the Acehnese buckler is identical to the Indian dhal (shield) , made from metal and with five or seven knobs on the surface. The Acehnese are recorded by both Indonesian and European sources as being

19980-493: The wooden or metal galah (staff). The local pedang (sword) is long-bladed and associated with female fighters. On Haruku Island , particular emphasis is placed on one-legged stances. This tactic was developed for fighting in the ankle-deep sands of the islands, allowing the exponent to use both kicking and eye-gouging techniques simultaneously. The Bajau are a seafaring people of Sulawesi . Often nomadic, they were traditionally born and raised on longboats at sea although this

20128-551: The word silat is widely known throughout much of Southeast Asia , the term pencak silat is used mainly in Indonesia . "Pencak silat" was chosen in 1948 as a unifying term for the Indonesian fighting styles. It was a compound of the two most commonly used words for martial arts in Indonesia. Pencak was the term used by the Sundanese in western part of Java and also in the Central Java and East Java , while silat

20276-687: The word silat is uncertain. The Malay term silat is linked to Minangkabau word, silek . Due to Sumatran origin of the Malay language , the Sumatran origin of the term is likely. The word Pencak comes from the Sundanese Penca , in the western part of Java . It is believed as the origin of this martial art, which has been practiced by the Sundanese for centuries, before it was discovered in Central and East Java to be studied. Although

20424-598: The word originates in Sumatra . These terms were used separately from silat in the Dutch East Indies . The terms pukulan or main pukulan (spelled "maen poekoelan" in Dutch) referred to the fighting systems of Jakarta but was also used generally for the martial arts of other parts of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Lombok . Believed to be a Betawi term, it derives from the words for play ( main ) and hit ( pukulan ). The oral history of Indonesia begins with

20572-424: Was able to overcome the dragon. She thrust a sword into the body of Naga Padoha up to the hilt and laid him in an iron block. Whenever Naga Padoha twists in the fetters an earthquake occurs. After the lizard-shaped son of Mangalabulan , the husband the gods intended for her, had taken another name and another form, Sideak Parujar marries him. Sideak Parujar becomes the mother of twins of different sexes. When

20720-556: Was based around matrilineal custom, so pencak silat was commonly practiced by women. As pencak silat became widespread in Srivijaya , the empire was defeated by the Tamil Cholas of south India in the 13th century. The Tamil stick fighting art of silambam is still the most common Indian fighting system in Southeast Asia today. During the 13th century, Ken Arok , a thug turned into a self made hero and ruler, took over

20868-505: Was common in Makassar as The mangrove swamps and rocky inlets along the coasts of Sulawesi served as hiding places for pirates, so silat among the Bugis and Makassar community makes use of and defends against ambush. Experts in the Tapu system are reported to be supersensitive and must not be touched from the rear or while asleep as the consequent reactions produced will be disastrous to

21016-603: Was developed in the keraton (royal courts) of 17th century Mataram and was not taught publicly until 1963. Today it is the standard unarmed martial art of the Indonesian National Armed Forces . It includes weapons but focuses more on empty-handed self-defense and the development of internal strength developed through breathing techniques . Pencak silat in Java draws from traditional kejawen and Hindu-Buddhist Javanese beliefs but after Indonesia's independence, some schools have adapted themselves in

21164-456: Was either done outdoors or in the balai , a building in the kampung specifically made for combat practice. Batak silat is primarily armed, employing such weapons as the spear, single-edge blade, and a short-bladed knife known as the raut . The raut is similar to the badik both in appearance and in its pinch-grip. The most common target is the opponent's midsection. The weapon is held loosely and used in an upward or downward hacking motion. Once

21312-478: Was founded in Jakarta on 11 March 1980, is the only international Pencak Silat organization in the world. The International Pencak Silat Federation (IPSF) is the largest international governing body of competitive pencak silat (aka sport silat) with 66 member countries. IPSF is the only pencak silat organization recognised by the Olympic Council of Asia and has more than five million members. The IPSF organizes

21460-450: Was introduced to the Karo by Dutch Calvinist missionaries, and their largest church is the GBKP ( Gereja Batak Karo Protestan ). The Mandailing and Angkola Batak were converted to Islam in the early 19th century during the reign of Minangkabaus Padri . A significant minority of Batak people do not adhere to either Christianity or Islam, however, and follow traditional practices known as

21608-455: Was more common among the former than the latter. Silat in Sulawesi is closely tied to local animism, and weapons are believed to be imbued with a spirit of their own. Hand and arm movements are designed to be adaptable for use with a knife or with the empty hands. Attacks with the fists or open hands can be modified with a pinching action of the fingers, which has its origin in the pinch-grip of

21756-457: Was used in Sumatra , Malay Peninsula and Borneo where the Malay diaspora also exist in these places. In Minang usage, pencak and silat are seen as being two aspects of the same practice. Pencak is the essence of training, the outward aspect of the art which a casual observer is permitted to witness as performance. Silat is the essence of combat and self-defense, the true fighting application of

21904-486: Was well documented among pre-colonial Batak people, being performed in order to strengthen the eater's tendi . In particular, the blood, heart, palms and soles of the feet were seen as rich in tendi . In Marco Polo ’s memoirs of his stay on the east coast of Sumatra (then called Java Minor) from April to September 1292, he mentions an encounter with hill folk whom he refers to as "man-eaters". From secondary sources, Marco Polo recorded stories of ritual cannibalism among

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