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95-528: Iron Man's armor is a fictional powered exoskeleton appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . It is built and worn by billionaire Tony Stark when he assumes the identity of the superhero Iron Man . The first armor was created in-story by Stark and Ho Yinsen , and was designed by artist Jack Kirby , first appearing in Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963). In the fictional multiverse ,

190-471: A cyborg . Some examples of the latter are redesigning the human organism using advanced nanotechnology or radical enhancement using some combination of technologies such as genetic engineering , psychopharmacology , life extension therapies, neural interfaces , advanced information management tools , memory enhancing drugs , wearable or implanted computers, and cognitive techniques. As used in this article, "posthuman" does not necessarily refer to

285-476: A howitzer shell. The armor and Stark's own transhuman body are powered by the high-yield arc reactor mounted in his chest. The reactor augments Stark's intelligence and enables superhuman multitasking and learning. Unlike earlier armors, this new armor does not appear to rely on motors and servos for motion. Instead, the nano-machines create a secondary artificial musculature over Stark's body, upon which additional rigid structures are assembled. This also enables

380-402: A passive exoskeleton , which provides mechanical benefits and protection, but has no actuator , and so relies completely on the user's own muscles for movements, adding more stress and making the user more prone to fatigue . The lack of "power assist" is the same difference of a powered exoskeleton to orthotics , as orthosis mainly aims to promote progressively increased muscle work and, in

475-579: A conjectured future where humans are extinct or otherwise absent from the Earth . Kevin Warwick says that both humans and posthumans will continue to exist but the latter will predominate in society over the former because of their abilities. Recently, scholars have begun to speculate that posthumanism provides an alternative analysis of apocalyptic cinema and fiction, often casting vampires , werewolves , zombies and greys as potential evolutions of

570-413: A few high-profile cases. Humans exhibit a wide range of physical size differences in both skeletal lengths and limb and torso girth, so exoskeletons must either be adaptable or fitted to individual users. In military applications, it may be possible to address this by requiring the user to be of an approved physical size in order to be issued an exoskeleton. Physical body size restrictions already occur in

665-591: A fibrous wetweb of iron and platinum, that can be commanded to form any type of structure upon Stark's skin, such as large boxing gloves, or weapons, including large guns extending from his arms or a lightsaber -like energy sword with which Iron Man was able to harm one of the Worthy. The nano-machines can mimic the appearance of clothes, then dissociate to transform into the Iron Man armor as Stark wishes. The suit adds less than 25 pounds to Stark's body mass. It can stop

760-545: A mixture of red and gold, which would become a staple of the armor's appearance throughout successive iterations, before briefly changing to an armor colored red and silver in the 1980s, before returning to the red and gold color scheme during the Armor Wars storyline, with only the occasional change in color scheme for specific armors and storylines, after which he invariably returns to the "classic" red and gold colors. After defeating Norman Osborn in 2010, Stark creates

855-482: A more "movie-style" detailed helmet. Its prehensile capabilities are shown more prominently and now it has a suitcase module. It is currently unknown which model that this suit is. In season 5, "Black Panther's Quest", (partly due to the fact that the animation style has changed) Iron Man's armor has become sleeker, resembling an amalgamation of the Bleeding Edge and Model-Prime armors from the comics and retaining

950-540: A new "Bleeding Edge" Iron Man suit to replace the Extremis version. Asked whether the Bleeding Edge is an upgrade to Extremis, Stark says, "Nah — this is what comes next." The new armor is a part of Stark's now- posthuman biology; it is stored inside Stark's body, "manifesting" itself when mentally commanded. The neurokinetic user-controlled morphologic nanoparticle bundles that form the suit reside in Stark's body, and form

1045-467: A pack that allows him to don the armor when and where he needs to, combined with anti-gravity devices so as to reduce the suit's weight. The armor briefly gained intelligence in Episode 14 of Season 1, "Man and Iron Man". Problems arose due to its desire to protect Stark above all else (including almost killing Whiplash , as it did in the comics) – by constantly keeping him inside itself. However, like in

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1140-450: A remote command system to enable Rhodes to control it from a separate computer terminal if Stark cannot do so ("Secrets and Lies"), a security system to prevent people from opening it when Stark is unconscious ("Seeing Red") and a secondary wheeled transportation system that enables him to "skate" when the flight system is damaged ("Masquerade"). It can even adapt to fit any size ("Don't Worry, Be Happy"). In "Ancient History 101", Stark creates

1235-533: A single layer, and bugs caused "violent and uncontrollable motion by the machine" when moving both legs simultaneously. Hardiman's slow walking speed of 0.76 metres per second (2.5 ft/s) further limited practical uses, and the project was not successful. At about the same time, early active exoskeletons and humanoid robots were developed at the Mihajlo Pupin Institute in Yugoslavia by

1330-457: A spectrum with animal rights and human rights. Posthumanism broadens the scope of what it means to be a valued life form and to be treated as such (in contrast to certain life forms being seen as less-than and being taken advantage of or killed off); it “calls for a more inclusive definition of life, and a greater moral-ethical response, and responsibility, to non-human life forms in the age of species blurring and species mixing. … [I]t interrogates

1425-584: A striking resemblance to the Mark XLVI from Captain America: Civil War . The suit has prehensile abilities, shown when Tony Stark is able to control a gauntlet individually and then the rest of the pieces form up on him, completing the whole armor. Two additional modular add-ons were shown during the series: the Hulkbuster armor, an add-on donned over his regular armor that looks exactly like

1520-510: A team led by Prof. Miomir Vukobratović . Legged locomotion systems were developed first, with the goal of assisting in the rehabilitation of paraplegics. In the course of developing active exoskeletons, the Institute also developed theory to aid in the analysis and control of the human gait. Some of this work informed the development of modern high-performance humanoid robots. In 1972, an active exoskeleton for rehabilitation of paraplegics that

1615-478: A teenage Stark initially creates the first armor completely on his own. It is similar to the film version of the Mark III armor, with a less complex design and more red. In addition to the traditional abilities of the armor (superhuman strength and durability, flight, repulsor rays, and the uni-beam), it is able to generate a force field around it, uses magnetic manipulation, and has other various functions, including

1710-413: A training exercise. This time, Stark does not wear the Hulkbuster, instead giving the torso armor and the gauntlets to THE Hulk for extra protection against Zzzax . Stark's final armor is the "Mark VII", an untested prototype that has better chances of defending against Zzzax. The armor clearly resembles the cinematic Mark VI, with gray plating on the knees and arms, but with a pentagonal uni beam instead of

1805-551: A triangular one. The Mark VII is Tony's main and only armor in the follow-up animated film Iron Man and Captain America: Heroes United . While there was also a Stealth armor, it was stolen and worn by the Taskmaster . In Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers , Iron Man's armor is almost identical to the cinematic Mark VI, although the name of this model is not stated in the series. Its weaponry and abilities are

1900-458: A volcano, although there was severe damage to his suit. When he returns to China, Stark returns to using his gray armor to fight the last Elemental, an army of terra cotta soldiers, a giant dragon , and even the Mandarin . As noted above, Iron Man's Modular armor was his standard suit for his appearance in the 1990s Iron Man animated series, but with a slightly modified face plate to give it

1995-401: Is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction , futurology , contemporary art , and philosophy that means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human. The concept aims at addressing a variety of questions, including ethics and justice, language and trans-species communication, social systems, and the intellectual aspirations of interdisciplinarity. Posthumanism

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2090-455: Is a design issue for traditional "hard" robots. Several human joints such as the hips and shoulders are ball and socket joints , with the center of rotation inside the body. Since no two individuals are exactly alike, fully mimicking the degrees of freedom of a joint movement is not possible. Instead, the exoskeleton joint is commonly modeled as a series of hinges with one degree of freedom for each axis of rotations. Spinal flexibility

2185-600: Is also being developed to enhance precision during surgery, and to help nurses move and carry heavy patients. Developing a full-body suit that meets the needs of soldiers has proven challenging. In the early 2000s, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) funded the first Sarcos full-body, powered exoskeleton prototype, which was hydraulically actuated and consumed 6,800 watts of power. By 2010, DARPA and Sarcos had more than halved that, to 3,000 watts, but still required

2280-517: Is another challenge since the spine is effectively a stack of limited-motion ball joints. There is no simple combination of external single-axis hinges that can easily match the full range of motion of the human spine . Because accurate alignment is challenging, devices often include the ability to compensate for misalignment with additional degrees of freedom. Soft exoskeletons bend with the body and address some of these issues. A successful exoskeleton should assist its user, for example by reducing

2375-486: Is demonstrated as being equal to or surpassing Stark's standard armor in terms of performance. The SDF later create a suit of armor called "Ramon Zero", used by Captain Nagato Sakurai. It resembles a samurai's armor. The Japanese armor appears to have a red pentagon-shaped ARC reactor, is armed with powerful swords, and also uses repulsor rays and missiles in combat. Yinsen, revealed to still be alive and piloting

2470-429: Is designed to provide better mechanical load tolerance, and its control system aims to sense and synchronize with the user's intended motion and relay the signal to motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton also protects the user's shoulder , waist , back and thigh against overload , and stabilizes movements when lifting and holding heavy items. A powered exoskeleton differs from traditional body armor, or

2565-566: Is however still largely unknown. Companies have to conduct a risk assessment for workplaces at which exoskeletons are to be used. The Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance has developed a draft risk assessment for exoskeletons and their use. The safety assessment is based on diverse experience including machine safety, personal protective equipment and risk analysis of physical stresses at work. The exoskeletons available on

2660-416: Is increasingly being used in the automotive industry, with the goal of reducing worker injury (especially in the shoulders and spine) and reducing errors due to fatigue. They are also being examined for use in logistics . These systems can be divided into two categories: For its application in the broadest sense, industrial exoskeletons must be lightweight, comfortable, safe, and minimally disruptive to

2755-413: Is not a singular, defined individual , but rather one who can "become" or embody different identities and understand the world from multiple, heterogeneous perspectives. Approaches to posthumanism are not homogeneous, and have often been very critical. The term itself is contested, with one of the foremost authors associated with posthumanism, Manuel DeLanda , decrying the term as "very silly." Covering

2850-415: Is not to be confused with transhumanism (the biotechnological enhancement of human beings) and narrow definitions of the posthuman as the hoped-for transcendence of materiality. The notion of the posthuman comes up both in posthumanism as well as transhumanism, but it has a special meaning in each tradition. In critical theory , the posthuman is a speculative being that represents or seeks to re-conceive

2945-406: Is sometimes criticized for not adequately addressing the scope of posthumanism and its concerns for the evolution of humanism . Posthumans could be completely synthetic artificial intelligences, or a symbiosis of human and artificial intelligence , or uploaded consciousnesses , or the result of making many smaller but cumulatively profound technological augmentations to a biological human, i.e.

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3040-778: Is the co-leader of the Avengers , his standard armors are based on the ones in the film series. In "The Kang Dynasty", he even made special suits for the Avengers to use in the space battle against Kang the Conqueror , excluding the Hulk (who only needed a breathing mask) and the Black Panther (who was still in Wakanda ). His current armored suits give him the standard superhuman strength and durability, flight, repulsor rays, and

3135-456: The Orion's Arm Universe , have written works set in posthuman futures. A variation on the posthuman theme is the notion of a "posthuman god"; the idea that posthumans, being no longer confined to the parameters of human nature , might grow physically and mentally so powerful as to appear possibly god -like by present-day human standards. This notion should not be interpreted as being related to

3230-433: The human . It is the object of posthumanist criticism, which critically questions humanism , a branch of humanist philosophy which claims that human nature is a universal state from which the human being emerges; human nature is autonomous, rational, capable of free will , and unified in itself as the apex of existence . Thus, the posthuman position recognizes imperfectability and disunity within oneself, and understands

3325-403: The "Endo-Sym Armor" in 2014, they designed it to glow red/orange when Tony was angry. The first Iron Man armor was created by Stark with the help of Ho Yinsen in issue 39 of Tales of Suspense , which he used to escape captivity. After his escape, Stark created a new version with a wide array of improvements; it was colored gold in this second version. He would then change up the color scheme to

3420-408: The "holographic" activation style from Season 4: In this direct-to-video team-up feature, Tony Stark displays three armors. His initial armor, the "Mark VI", is a slightly bulky hypervelocity armor with a circular uni beam lens. It is somewhat reminiscent of the cinematic Mark III, but with a less complex paint job and more gold color. It is first seen battling a Hulkbuster armor run by J.A.R.V.I.S. in

3515-489: The 1960s, the first true 'mobile machines' integrated with human movements began to appear. A suit called Hardiman was co-developed by General Electric and the US Armed Forces . The suit was powered by hydraulics and electricity and amplified the wearer's strength by a factor of 25, so that lifting 110 kilograms (240 lb) would feel like lifting 4.5 kilograms (10 lb). A feature called force feedback enabled

3610-458: The 2007 direct-to-DVD film The Invincible Iron Man Stark, with James Rhodes' help, creates a gray and bulky suit of armor (similar to the original Iron Man armor that Stark and Yinsen created in the comics) to escape from caves. After returning to Stark Industries in America, Stark reveals to Rhodey that he had previously used his company's resources to create several multi-use armors (including

3705-520: The Dio Armor, builds an army of autonomous drones called Iron Man Sigma. These drones resemble the Dio Armor, except the Sigma armor is colored in army camouflage. In Iron Man: Rise of Technovore , Tony Stark dons an armor that could possibly resemble his Marvel NOW! armor from the comics, but with even less gold color and a predominant red instead of black. The abilities of the armor are pretty much

3800-529: The Hulkbuster armor, the War Machine armor, and Ultimate Iron Man 's armor) that he had been keeping in storage until the time was right to reveal them to the public. Stark first uses his Underwater armor to fight off the Elementals , destroying one while sustaining minor damage to the armor. Stark subsequently uses a red-and-yellow armor (resembling Iron Man's standard armor) to destroy two Elementals in

3895-600: The Mark XLIV Hulkbuster from Avengers: Age of Ultron , and the Booster Unit, an add-on with a pair of thrusters and multiple arc reactors on the chestplate and shoulders that enables Iron Man to reach extremely high speeds during flight. The main operating system of the armor is FRIDAY. Two different armors are shown in the series , the Mark 49 and 50. The Mark 49 appears to be based on the other armors in

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3990-699: The Saint Patrick's Day Dash foot race in Seattle, Washington. Reed claims to have set the speed record for walking in robot suits by completing the 4.8-kilometre (3 mi) race at an average speed of 4 kilometres per hour (2.5 mph). The Lifesuit prototype 14 can walk 1.6 km (1 mi) on a full charge and lift 92 kg (203 lb) for the wearer. Categorisation of powered exoskeletons falls into structure, body part focused on, action, power technology, purpose, and application. Rigid exoskeletons are those whose structural components attached to

4085-485: The after-effects of long-term adaptation to cyborg technologies and their subsequent removal, e.g., what happens after 20 years of constantly wearing computer-mediating eyeglass technologies and subsequently removing them, and of long-term adaptation to virtual worlds followed by return to "reality." and the associated post-cyborg ethics (e.g. the ethics of forced removal of cyborg technologies by authorities, etc.). Posthuman political and natural rights have been framed on

4180-551: The anime the armor is only shown to be equipped with repulsor rays, the uni-beam, and mini-rockets. Plus, instead of J.A.R.V.I.S. as the suit's AI; It has a female-voiced computer named "Computer" that sounds similar to the AI in the suit(s) of Iron Man Armored Adventures . The plot of the series involves Stark traveling to Japan to build an ARC station and also to test a new armor: Iron Man Dio. Stark intends to mass-produce Dio and then retire as Iron Man. The Dio chest power core resembles

4275-609: The appearance of Stark's armor has changed over the years. Stark has modified or optimized the armor to adapt to specific situations. As various artists have depicted Iron Man and his armor, the appearance of the armor has changed over time. Stark's suits are each unique in design and purpose. They are made of incredibly strong, fictional materials bolstered by a force field . Every suit has a self-contained environment, assorted onboard weapons systems, enhanced strength, thruster-aided flight , and various communications arrays and sensors, such as radar and radio. While Tony Stark himself

4370-521: The armor to self-repair and be almost invulnerable, as the armor is capable of transforming and healing itself as long as the power output from the arc reactor is not interrupted or terminated; when the armor is briefly apparently destroyed in a fight with an alternate version of the Scarlet Witch , it is restored to normal after only a matter of seconds (although it remains inactive long enough to require Spider-Man to rescue Stark from plummeting to

4465-512: The best case, regain and improve existing muscle functions. Powered exoskeletons have not developed in the real world as fast as they have in fiction , but currently, there are products that can help humans reduce their energy consumption by as much as 60 percent while carrying things. The earliest-known exoskeleton-like device was an apparatus for assisting movement developed in 1890 by Russian engineer Nicholas Yagin. It used energy stored in compressed gas bags to assist in movement, although it

4560-586: The body and thus portrays the body as a "shell" or vehicle for the mind—becomes increasingly complicated in the late 20th and 21st centuries because information technology puts the human body in question. Hayles maintains that we must be conscious of information technology advancements while understanding information as "disembodied," that is, something which cannot fundamentally replace the human body but can only be incorporated into it and human life practices. The idea of post-posthumanism (post-cyborgism) has recently been introduced. This body of work outlines

4655-434: The challenge of being lightweight, yet powerful. Technologies used include pneumatic activators, hydraulic cylinders, and electronic servomotors . Elastic actuators are being investigated to simulate control of stiffness in human limbs and provide touch perception. The air muscle , a.k.a. braided pneumatic actuator or McKibben air muscle, is also used to enhance tactile feedback. The flexibility of human anatomy

4750-426: The character's armor several times during his stint on the book. In 2008 he recalled that editorial directions in 1981 were that going into outer space was "a big deal", and devised the first space-going Iron Man suit with this edict in mind. He later devised the 1985 red and silver/white "Silver Centurion" armor with input from Mark Gruenwald , who directed him to base it along samurai motifs. The 1994 "Modular" armor

4845-422: The comics, the armor sacrificed itself to save Stark during a cardiac arrest. The first variation of the armor appears in "Cold War" when he created enhanced thermal gauntlets for his armor and used them to help him fight Blizzard . After the fight, he talks about creating Arctic and Space Armor. New armors then appear in various episodes: In The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes series, in which Iron Man

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4940-437: The company has solved some of these issues related to battery technology, particularly consumption, reducing the amount of power required to operate its Guardian XO to under 500 watts (0.67 hp) and enabling its batteries to be "hot-swapped" without powering down the unit. Internal combustion engine offer high energy output, but problems include exhaust fumes, waste heat and inability to modulate power smoothly, as well as

5035-859: The concept of futuristic military armor. Other examples include Tony Stark 's Iron Man suit, the robot exoskeleton used by Ellen Ripley to fight the Xenomorph queen in Aliens , in Warhammer 40,000 the Space Marines , among other factions, are known to use different kinds of Power Armour, the Power Armor used in the Fallout video game franchise and the Exoskeleton from S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Posthuman Posthuman or post-human

5130-634: The device reduces the energy consumed during motion, and whether it is safe to use. Some design issues faced by engineers are listed below. One of the biggest problems facing engineers and designers of powered exoskeletons is the power supply . This is a particular issue if the exoskeleton is intended to be worn "in the field", i.e. outside a context in which the exoskeleton can be tethered to external power sources via power cables , thus having to rely solely on onboard power supply. Battery packs would require frequent replacement or recharging, and may risk explosion due to thermal runaway . According to Sarcos,

5225-464: The energy required to perform a task. Individual variations in the nature, range and force of movements make it difficult for a standardized device to provide the appropriate amount of assistance at the right time. Algorithms to tune control parameters to automatically optimize the energy cost of walking are under development. Direct feedback between the human nervous system and motorized prosthetics ("neuro-embodied design") has also been implemented in

5320-439: The environment. For some applications, single-joint exoskeletons (i.e. intended to assist only the limb involved in specific tasks) are more appropriate than full-body powered suits. Full-body powered exoskeletons have been developed to assist with heavy loads in the industrial setting, and for specialized applications such as nuclear power plant maintenance. The biomechanical efficacy of exoskeletons in industrial applications

5415-550: The episode "The Iron Octopus" reveals several prior suits developed by Stark: In the animated series Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. , the episode "Wheels of Fury" reveals several prior suits developed by Stark: In the animated series Avengers Assemble , Iron Man battles alongside the other Avengers. Iron Man reveals that he has made numerous armors in the episode "The Avengers Protocol Part 2". In season 2, his main armor looks slightly modified, with smaller shoulder plates and

5510-521: The exoskeleton to be tethered to the power source. The Sarcos Guardian XO is now powered by lithium-ion batteries and is applicable for military logistics applications. In 2011, DARPA launched the Warrior Web program and has developed and funded several prototypes, including a "soft exosuit" developed by Harvard University 's Wyss Institute . In 2019, the US Army's TALOS exoskeleton project

5605-740: The franchise. The Mark 50, however, is mainly red with a gold face mask and collarbone, with a prehensile system. According to Tony, it can act as the central unit of an Iron Legion. Both the Mark 49 and 50 debuted (Mark 49 was destroyed by the Ghost ) in the episode Stark Expo . Iron Man's armors feature prominently in several films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Powered exoskeleton Other names include for this include power or (high-tech) armor ; powered, cybernetic, robot or robotic (armor) or suit ; exo or (hard) suit ; frame or augmented mobility . ) The exoskeleton

5700-467: The ground). In the 2012 " Ends of the Earth " storyline, Doctor Octopus is able to disable the armor using technology derived from the armor of Iron Man 2020 . The suit's repulsor rays, which are located around the knuckles, chest, back, and legs of the armor, as well as in the traditional palms, also function as cameras or "eyeballs", which afford Stark a 360-degree panoramic view. Temporarily replacing

5795-411: The hierarchic ordering—and subsequently exploitation and even eradication—of life forms.” Technology integrated into the human body changes how individuals interact with the external world. Sensory activity is mediated by technology, creating a new interface with the world. The introduction of nanotechnologies and hybrid computing into the organism alters the normal perception and cognition of things and

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5890-590: The human form and being. With these potential evolutions of humans and posthumans, human centered designed ways of thinking needs to also be inclusive of these new posthumans. The new "post human resists binary categories and, instead, integrates the human and the nonhuman. [2] " Human centered thinking needs to be redone in a way to include posthumanism. Many science fiction authors , such as Greg Egan , H. G. Wells , Isaac Asimov , Bruce Sterling , Frederik Pohl , Greg Bear , Charles Stross , Neal Asher , Ken MacLeod , Peter F. Hamilton , Ann Leckie , and authors of

5985-567: The humanistic view of humanity and raises a series of new philosophical questions concerning ethics and human nature. Especially for new generations, the combination of carnal body and virtual body can determine forms of identity hybridization and possible negative effects on identity formation. According to transhumanist thinkers, a posthuman is a hypothetical future being "whose basic capacities so radically exceed those of present humans as to be no longer unambiguously human by our current standards." Posthumans primarily focus on cybernetics,

6080-507: The idea portrayed in some science fiction that a sufficiently advanced species may "ascend" to a higher plane of existence —rather, it merely means that some posthuman beings may become so exceedingly intelligent and technologically sophisticated that their behaviour would not possibly be comprehensible to modern humans, purely by reason of their limited intelligence and imagination. In 2017, Penn State University Press in cooperation with Stefan Lorenz Sorgner and James Hughes established

6175-401: The ideas of, for example, Robert Pepperell's The Posthuman Condition , and Hayles's How We Became Posthuman under a single term is distinctly problematic due to these contradictions. The posthuman is roughly synonymous with the " cyborg " of A Cyborg Manifesto by Donna Haraway . Haraway's conception of the cyborg is an ironic take on traditional conceptions of the cyborg that inverts

6270-403: The market often fail to give adequate consideration to safety aspects, in some cases despite claims to the contrary by their manufacturers. Powered exoskeletons are featured in science fiction books and media as the standard equipment for space marines , miners, astronauts and colonists. The science fiction novel Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein (1959) is credited with introducing

6365-399: The military for jobs such as aircraft pilots, due to the problems of fitting seats and controls to very large and very small people. For soft exoskeletons, this is less of a problem. Exoskeletons can reduce the stress of manual labor, they may also pose dangers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has called for research to address the potential dangers and benefits of

6460-530: The one on the Extremis Armor, but the armor is colored blue and silver rather than red and gold. Dio's head is also slightly redesigned from the typical Iron Man armor with curved features on its faceplate. The Dio armor is stolen in the first episode of the series, and Stark is forced to fight the Dio armor repeatedly over the series. Stark asserts the Dio Armor is a knock-off of the real Iron Man armor, but Dio

6555-678: The periodic need to replenish volatile fuels . Hydrogen cells have been used in some prototypes but also suffer from several safety problems. Early exoskeletons used inexpensive and easy-to-mold materials such as steel and aluminium alloy . However, steel is heavy and the powered exoskeleton must work harder to overcome its own weight, reducing efficiency. Aluminium alloys are lightweight, but fail through fatigue quickly. Fiberglass , carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes have considerably higher strength per weight. "Soft" exoskeletons that attach motors and control devices to flexible clothing are also under development. Joint actuators also face

6650-558: The posthuman consequent and the relationship to digital technology. Steve Nichols published the Posthuman Movement manifesto in 1988. His early evolutionary theory of mind (MVT) allows development of sentient E1 brains. The emphasis is on systems. Transhumanism does not focus on either of these. Instead, transhumanism focuses on the modification of the human species via any kind of emerging science, including genetic engineering, digital technology, and bioengineering. Transhumanism

6745-534: The rehabilitation from stroke , spinal cord injury or during aging. Several prototype exoskeletons are under development. The Ekso GT, made by Ekso Bionics, is the first exoskeleton to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for stroke patients. The German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence has developed two general purpose powered exoskeletons, CAPIO and VI-Bot. These are primarily being used for teleoperation. Exoskeleton technology

6840-553: The series; an entirely silver Arctic armor and the Silver Centurion suit, dubbed Hologram armor . Several types of Iron Man armors were also featured in the Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes episode "Shell Games". The armors that were featured were the Mark I Armor, Stealth Armor, Hulkbuster Armor, Arctic Armor, War Machine Armor, and Silver Centurion Armor. In Iron Man: Armored Adventures ,

6935-540: The series; the new modifications that Stark made to his suit allowed it to shapeshift into different forms with specialized capabilities that could be called upon for the assorted situations that he found himself in. The hydro-armor and space armors were incorporated into this mechanism, and more armors from the comics such as the stealth armor and the Hulkbuster armor were introduced. The series also introduced an array of original situational armor designs, including: The toyline also featured two armors which did not appear in

7030-407: The standard, namely extreme physical strength and speed, repulsor rays, a uni-beam, and a suitcase transformation module. Its unique feature is the extra thrusters on its back and feet and the small, retractable wings on the shoulder pads. Stark appears with the same armor in the follow-up anime film Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher . In the animated series Ultimate Spider-Man ,

7125-698: The standards, with flight capabilities, repulsor rays, missiles, and the uni-beam. When Akira, Tony's partner, inputs the hidden command 'X-W-1-0-1-Alpha-7', Iron Man can unleash his "Ultimate Unibeam" attack. Because Stark is trapped inside a DISK (Digital Identity Securement Kit), he is always seen in his armor. In episode 28, Iron Man gains the Build Up Plate, an extra piece of armor worn over his regular one, which grants him more firepower thanks to his Final Repulsor attack. The standard Iron Man armor featured in Marvel Future Avengers bears

7220-402: The suit's primary composite—iron/platinum—with carbon nanotubes renders it immune to Magneto 's powers when he and Iron Man fight over Utopia. After Stark decides to retire as Iron Man, he undergoes a surgical procedure that expels the Bleeding Edge technology from his body, rendering the armor inert. In 2008, Marvel issued a handbook called All-New Iron Manual , which issued model numbers to

7315-485: The technology, noting potential new risk factors for workers such as lack of mobility to avoid a falling object, and potential falls due to a shift in center of gravity. As of 2018, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has not prepared any safety standards for exoskeletons. The International Organization for Standardization published a safety standard in 2014, and ASTM International

7410-499: The thoracic vertebra (T12). In patients with incomplete paraplegia (ASIA B-D) , orthotics are even suitable for lesion heights above T12 in order to promote the patient's own activity to such an extent that the therapeutical mobilization can be successful. In addition powered exoskeletons can improve the quality of life of individuals who have lost the use of their legs by enabling system-assisted walking. Exoskeletons—that may be called "step rehabilitation robots"—may also help with

7505-406: The traditional trope of the cyborg whose presence questions the salient line between humans and robots . Haraway's cyborg is in many ways the "beta" version of the posthuman, as her cyborg theory prompted the issue to be taken up in critical theory. Following Haraway, Hayles, whose work grounds much of the critical posthuman discourse, asserts that liberal humanism— which separates the mind from

7600-406: The traditional mouth-slit. The suit was redesigned in the second season of the series, most significantly by restoring the "mouthless" appearance of the armor. The trademark of a changing armor remained a constant in the animated series, with the first season featuring the hydro-armor and deep space armor from the comics. The second season, however, was when the variant armors became a focal point of

7695-408: The unibeam projector. They also have energy shields, an electromagnetic pulse generator, arm-mounted cannons and projectile launchers, and various tools like a drill or detachable hip tasers, and can absorb and release energy. Additional armors from the comics that were shown in the series are: The Iron Man anime series features an Iron Man armor similar to the film's Mark III armor, except that in

7790-660: The user needing to apply energy. Passive exoskeletons need the user to perform the movement to work, and merely facilitate it. Hybrid systems provide a mix of active and passive. Powered technologies are further separated into electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators. The exoskeleton’s purpose is divided into "recovery" exoskeletons used for rehabilitation, and "performance" exoskeletons used for assistance. The application categories includes military use, medical use, including recovery exoskeletons, research use, and industrial use. Mobility aids are frequently abandoned for lack of usability. Major measures of usability include whether

7885-403: The user’s body are made with hard materials such as metals, plastics, fibers, etc. Soft exoskeletons , also called exo-suits, are instead made with materials that allow free movement of the structural components, such as textiles. The action category describes the type of help the exoskeleton gives the user. Active exoskeletons provide “active” aid to the user, from an external source, without

7980-546: The various armor suits that had been seen in the comics up to that point. When the guide was printed in trade paperback alongside the Iron Manual , the numbering of the armors was revised so that the Model 14 listed in the original printing was now a sub-model of Model 13. Since then other guidebooks have named several newer models, although as of 2024, most armors featured since 2016 have not received official designations. In

8075-412: The wearer to feel the forces and objects being manipulated. The Hardiman had major limitations, including its 680-kilogram (1,500 lb) weight. It was also designed as a master-slave system: the operator was in a master suit surrounded by the exterior slave suit, which performed work in response to the operator's movements. The response time for the slave suit was slow compared to a suit constructed of

8170-405: The world through heterogeneous perspectives while seeking to maintain intellectual rigor and dedication to objective observations. Key to this posthuman practice is the ability to fluidly change perspectives and manifest oneself through different identities . The posthuman, for critical theorists of the subject, has an emergent ontology rather than a stable one; in other words, the posthuman

8265-624: The world. The fusion of the human body with technology within the organism lays the groundwork for the emergence of individuals endowed with new attributes and capabilities. Human beings and the modification of their psycho-physical characteristics become subjects of direct manipulation, necessitating a reevaluation of the concept of humanity from various humanistic, philosophical, and biological perspectives. Human ability to incorporate inorganic elements of technological nature into oneself can radically alter both inner and outer appearance, transforming individuals into cyborgs. This new hybrid form replaces

8360-429: Was designed by Don Heck , the designer of the character's first gray suit of armor in 1963 was Jack Kirby . It was recolored gold for the character's initial batch of adventures in Tales of Suspense , before being redesigned again by Steve Ditko later in the year – this was the first version to feature a red and gold/yellow scheme, which would come to be Iron Man's most recognizable look. Bob Layton would redesign

8455-460: Was designed by Tom Morgan , and was the first that could be converted into a "Hulkbuster" configuration. In Invincible Iron Man #25 (2010), Stark creates a new armor in the aftermath of the "Stark: Disassembled" storyline. Created by writer Matt Fraction and artist Ryan Meinerding, this new armor is sleeker in appearance, and is featured in the 2010 crossover storyline the " Heroic Age ". When writer Tom Taylor and artist Yildiray Cinar created

8550-455: Was designed by Tom Morgan . When writing the title, David Michelinie avoided overuse of stealth technology in the armor. His eventual successor Len Kaminski disagreed, and in 1994 decided the suit's abilities should be boosted drastically. He devised a component system of armor that could be customised according to various missions, and noted he didn't "like to play fast and loose" with the rules of science and technology. This "Modular" armor

8645-403: Was designed by Monty Reed, a US Army Ranger who had broken his back in a parachute accident. While recovering in the hospital, he read Robert Heinlein's science fiction novel Starship Troopers , and Heinlein's description of mobile infantry power suits inspired Reed to design a supportive exoskeleton. In 2001, Reed began working full-time on the project, and in 2005 he wore the 12th prototype in

8740-480: Was passive and required human power. In 1917, United States inventor Leslie C. Kelley developed what he called a pedomotor, which operated on steam power with artificial ligaments acting in parallel to the wearer's movements. This system was able to supplement human power with external power. Robert A. Heinlein 's 1959 science fiction novel Starship Troopers introduced powered military armor to popular culture, soon followed by Tony Stark 's Iron Man suit. In

8835-460: Was pneumatically powered and electronically programmed was tested at Belgrade Orthopedic Clinic. In 1985, an engineer at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) proposed an exoskeleton called Pitman, a powered suit of armor for infantrymen. The design included brain-scanning sensors in the helmet and was considered too futuristic; it was never built. In 1986, an exoskeleton called the Lifesuit

8930-578: Was put on hold. A variety of "slimmed-down" exoskeletons have been developed for use on the battlefield, aimed at decreasing fatigue and increasing productivity. For example, Lockheed Martin 's ONYX suit aims to support soldiers in performing tasks that are "knee-intensive", such as crossing difficult terrain. Leia Stirling 's group has identified that exoskeletons can reduce a soldier's response times. Exoskeletons are being developed to help firefighters and other rescue workers to climb stairs while carrying heavy equipment. Passive exoskeleton technology

9025-586: Was working on standards to be released beginning in 2019. In medical application, e.g. with complete paraplegia after spinal cord injury , an exoskeleton can be an additional option for the supply of aids if the structural and functional properties of the neuromuscular and skeletal system are too limited to be able to achieve mobilization with an orthosis , which is only capable of helping the recovery of muscle work. In patients with complete paraplegia (ASIA A) , exoskeletons are interesting as an alternative to an orthosis under this criterion for lesion heights above

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