19-413: Eucalyptus caesia , commonly known as caesia or gungurru , is a species of mallee that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth reddish brown bark at first, later shedding in curling flakes, lance-shaped, sometimes curved adult leaves, club-shaped flower buds covered with a waxy, bluish white bloom, pink stamens with yellow anthers and urn-shaped fruit. Eucalyptus caesia
38-454: A petiole . Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, mostly 80–110 mm (3.1–4.3 in) long and 15–25 mm (0.6–1 in) wide on a petiole 10–35 mm (0.39–1.4 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on an unbranched peduncle 15–35 mm (0.59–1.4 in) long, the individual flowers on pedicels 15–22 mm (0.59–0.87 in) long. Mature flower buds are oval or pear-shaped, covered with
57-696: A synonym for outback . Widespread mallee species include: The following four Western Australian species can be found in the Waite Arboretum in Adelaide , and are suitable for gardens: Wemba Wemba language The Wemba Wemba language is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language once spoken along the Murray River and its tributaries in North Western Victoria and South Central New South Wales . Nari Nari ,
76-539: A dialect of Wemba Wemba, is as of 2020 part of a language revival project. Other dialects are Barababaraba and Wergaia . Jardwadjali (with dialects Jagwadjali , Nundadjali , Mardidjali ) may be Wemba-Wemba, or may be closer to the Madhi–Ladji–Wadi varieties. Voiced consonant sounds only occur within prenasalized stops. Prenasal consonants include: /mb/ /nd/ /ndy/ /ng/ and /rnd/. In phonetic form they are pronounced as [mb] [nd] [ɲɟ] [ŋɡ] and [ɳɖ]. Below
95-466: A height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this across southern Australia, across the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The term is also applied to other eucalypts with a similar growth habit, in particular those in the closely related genera Corymbia and Angophora . Some of the species grow as single-stemmed trees initially, but recover in mallee form if burnt to
114-459: A whitish waxy bloom, 17–30 mm (0.67–1.2 in) long and 10–13 mm (0.39–0.51 in) wide with a conical operculum . Flowering mainly occurs between May and September and the flowers have pink stamens with yellow anthers on the tip. The fruit is a woody bell-shaped or urn-shaped capsule 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) long and 18–23 mm (0.71–0.91 in) wide on a peduncle 13–33 mm (0.51–1.3 in) long. Eucalyptus caesia
133-1021: Is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981). At least four botanical terms in Australian English are thought to have been introduced into local speech from Wemba-Wemba: As of 2020 , the Nari Nari dialect is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts . The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers". This Australian Aboriginal languages -related article
152-457: Is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 2 to 14 metres (6.6 to 45.9 ft) and forms a lignotuber . The bark is smooth reddish brown at first and is shed in curling longitudinal flakes known as "minnirichi". Young branches are shiny red, covered with a waxy, bluish white bloom. Young plants and coppice regrowth have thick, glossy green, heart-shaped leaves 25–80 mm (0.98–3.1 in) long and 25–60 mm (1–2 in) wide that have
171-404: Is also used in the closely related Woiwurrung language and other Aboriginal languages of Victoria, South Australia, and southern New South Wales. The term mallee is used describe various species of trees or woody plants , mainly of the genus Eucalyptus , which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground bulbous woody structure called a lignotuber, or mallee root, usually to
190-456: Is described as a "graceful weeping tree" that has an irregular and weeping form. Propagation is from seed, which germinates readily. Mallee (habit) Mallee are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts , which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber , usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this growth habit across southern Australia, in
209-496: The stump jump plough was invented on the Yorke Peninsula by Richard Bowyer Smith and perfected by his brother, Clarence Herbert Smith . This machine had individually movable ploughshares , enabling the whole plough to move over stumps rather than having to steer around them, and proved a great success. The term is applied to both the tree itself and the whole plant community in which it predominates, giving rise to
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#1732801140235228-439: The challenges of farming on mallee lands, some settlers turned their minds to the invention of technologies that could make some of the tasks easier. First the scrub or mallee roller was invented, which flattened the stumps and other vegetation, after which it would all be burnt and crops sown. The technique became known as "mullenising", as the invention of the device was attributed to a farmer called Mullen. A few years later
247-484: The classification of mallee woodlands and shrublands as one of Australia's major vegetation groups . Several common names of eucalypt species have "mallee" in them, such as the Blue Mountains mallee ( Eucalyptus stricta ) and blue mallee ( E. gamophylla and E. polybractea ). The term is used in the phrase strong as a mallee bull , and is colloquially used is for any remote or isolated area, or as
266-573: The greatest extent being in South Australia (118,531 square kilometres (45,765 sq mi)). There are also some species found in the Northern Territory , namely Eucalyptus gamophylla (blue mallee), Eucalyptus pachycarpa and Eucalyptus setosa . Grubbing the land of mallee stumps for agricultural purposes was difficult for early settler farmers, as the land could not be easily ploughed and sown even after
285-629: The ground by bushfire . Over 50 per cent of eucalypt species are mallees, and they are mostly slow-growing and tough. The lignotuber enables the plant to regenerate after fire, wind damage or other type of trauma. Mallees are the dominant vegetation throughout semi-arid areas of Australia with reliable winter rainfall. Within this area, they form extensive woodlands and shrublands covering over 250,000 km (97,000 sq mi) in New South Wales, north-western Victoria, southern South Australia and southern Western Australia, with
304-619: The small branches, flower buds and fruit. Caesia grows in crevices at the base of granite outcrops in scattered inland areas of the south-west, including in the Avon Wheatbelt and Mallee biogeographic regions . The species is known to be drought tolerant. Despite persisting as very small populations, this species does not seem to exhibit effects of inbreeding depression. Associated species include Eucalyptus crucis , Eucalyptus loxophleba , Allocasuarina huegeliana and Acacia lasiocalyx . A form known as 'Silver Princess'
323-532: The states of Western Australia , South Australia , New South Wales and Victoria , and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species' names. The word is thought to originate from the word mali , meaning water, in the Wemba Wemba language , an Aboriginal Australian language of southern New South Wales and Victoria. The word
342-406: The trees were removed. In the colony of South Australia in the late 19th century, legislation which encouraged closer settlement made it even tougher for farmers to make a living. Grubbing the mallee lands was a laborious and expensive task estimated at £2–7 per acre, and the government offered a £200 reward for the invention of an effective machine that would remove the stumps. To assist with
361-553: Was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham from a collection made by James Drummond in 1847 and the description was published in Flora Australiensis . In 1982, Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper described two subspecies, but the Australian Plant Census accepts these as synonyms: The specific epithet ( caesia ) is a Latin word meaning "bluish grey" referring to the waxy cover of
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