Misplaced Pages

#344655

69-789: Emperor Yuan of Jin ( Chinese : 晉元帝 ; pinyin : Jìn Yuán Dì ; Wade–Giles : Chin Yüan-ti ; 276 – 3 January 323), personal name Sima Rui ( 司馬睿 ), courtesy name Jingwen ( 景文 ), was an emperor of the Jin dynasty and the first emperor of the Eastern Jin. During the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians , he was stationed in Jiankang south of the Yangtze where he avoided

138-588: A retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

207-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

276-421: A large number of officials, effectively stripping Luoyang and Emperor Huai bare of their defenses, except for a small detachment commanded by Sima Yue's subordinate He Lun ( 何倫 ), intended as much to monitor as to protect Emperor Huai. From that point on, Luoyang was left even without a police force and became largely a city abandoned to bandits and thugs. Emperor Huai soon entered into a plan with Gou Xi (苟晞),

345-503: A number of Emperor Huai's associates, including Emperor Huai's uncle Wang Yan ( 王延 ). Other than privately mourning them, there was nothing that Emperor Huai could do. Sima Yue further disbanded the imperial guards and put his own personal forces in charge of protecting the emperor. For all of Sima Yue's assertion of authority, he could not stop Han, under its generals Liu Cong the Prince of Chu (the son of Han's emperor Liu Yuan ), Liu Yao

414-681: A subject." In 304, in the midst of the War of the Eight Princes , Sima Rui participated in Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai's campaign against Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu as a minor general. After Sima Ying defeated Sima Yue, Sima Ying executed Sima Rui's uncle Sima Yao ( 司馬繇 ) the Prince of Dong'an, which caused Sima Rui much fear. He decided to flee back to his principality Langxie (roughly modern Weifang , Shandong ), under counsel of Sima Yue's assistant Wang Dao , whom he befriended during

483-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

552-565: Is known as the Disaster of Yongjia . A large number of Jin nobility was slaughtered, although Emperor Huai was, for the time being, spared and delivered to the Han capital Pingyang, to be presented to the emperor Liu Cong. Liu Cong created Emperor Huai the Duke of Ping'a. For one and a half years, the former Jin emperor lived a humiliating existence in the Han capital. In 312, Liu Cong promoted him to

621-415: Is where Zhang Shi (who technically recognized the emperor) has more control) began to falter as they entered internal conflict. Meanwhile, Sima Bao (who had by then declared himself as Prince of Jin in previous year, ostensibly following the steps of Sima Zhao and did not recognize the emperor by this point) apparently suffering famine and facing Former Zhao invasion, tried to escape to Zhang Shi's domain but

690-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

759-669: The Kensiu language . Emperor Huai of Jin Emperor Huai was captured in July 311 ( Disaster of Yongjia ) and later executed in 313 under the order of Liu Cong , ruler of the Xiongnu state of Han-Zhao . Sima Chi was one of the youngest sons of Sima Yan , the founding emperor of Jin, by his concubine Consort Wang. Just prior to Emperor Wu's death in May 290, Prince Chi was created

SECTION 10

#1732773242345

828-484: The Prince of Yuzhang on 22 December 289. During the early stages of the War of the Eight Princes during the reign of his developmentally disabled half-brother Sima Zhong , unlike the other princes fighting for power, Prince Chi did not get himself in political or military matters, but spent his time studying history. In late 304, when Emperor Hui was forcibly taken from the capital Luoyang to Chang'an , then under

897-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

966-595: The Yangtze River , with his post at Jianye . Wang Dao became his chief advisor. As Sima Rui lacked fame, after he arrived in Jianye, few of the powerful local gentlemen would come visit and support him. Under Wang Dao's counsel, Sima Rui personally visited He Xun ( 賀循 ) and Gu Rong ( 顧榮 ) and invited them to serve in his administration. He and Gu were well regarded by the local population, which eventually began to trust Sima Rui's leadership. Wang Dao and his cousin,

1035-508: The naming taboo for Emperor Min's name, Sima Rui's headquarters Jianye was renamed Jiankang, a name it would keep for several centuries. When his general Zu Ti requested to lead an army north to, he gave Zu only supplies for one thousand men with no actual troops; Zu had to seek out his own soldiers, but was eventually able to recover a number of cities south of the Yellow River. In 316, Chang'an fell to Han-Zhao forces, and Emperor Min

1104-424: The Duke of Dai , Sima Yue was fearful of a backstabbing attack by some of these warlords and therefore did not accept Liu's plan. Indeed, when Emperor Huai and Sima Yue sent out calls for the various governors to come to Luoyang's aid later that year, there were few responses. Sima Yue became uncertain of himself, and late in 310 left Luoyang with virtually all of the central government's remaining troops, along with

1173-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

1242-436: The Prince of Langya. The Book of Jin referred to him as steady and dexterious, personality-wise. About two months after Sima Rui became Prince of Langya, Emperor Wu died. Emperor Wu's successor, Emperor Hui , was developmentally disabled , and he was under the control of various regents throughout his reign. As the struggle to become Emperor Hui's regent (known as the War of the Eight Princes ) grew in intensity, Sima Rui

1311-573: The Prince of Nanyang's claim for emperor despite his alliance with his father Zhang Gui and whose domain was closely related to the Zhang clan, believing Emperor Yuan would be a more effective emperor but retaining Emperor Min's era name—thus showing another sign that the Zhang clan sought independence from the Jin, though not immediately at the time.) Later in the same year, when the Han-Zhao emperor Liu Can

1380-401: The Prince of Shi'an (Liu Yuan's nephew), Wang Mi ( 王彌 ), and Shi Le ( 石勒 ), from disrupting Jin rule throughout northern and central China and gradually wearing out Jin forces and capturing Jin cities and towns. In late 309, he managed to fight off a joint attack by Liu Cong and Wang on Luoyang, but that victory was the exception to Han's inexorable advances. After Liu Yuan died in 310 and

1449-470: The Qin Province. Later in 320, Zhang Shi was assassinated by his guards Yan She ( 閻涉 ) and Zhao Ang ( 趙卬 ), acting from the rumors spread by the magician Liu Hong ( 劉弘 ). Because Zhang's son was still young at the time, his brother and successor Zhang Mao executed Liu Hong and declared general pardon, effectively declaring his domain independent from the Jin. Additionally, Zhang Mao began to use

SECTION 20

#1732773242345

1518-587: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

1587-625: The campaign. He first tried to head back to Luoyang, but when he was about to cross the Yellow River , he was stopped by guards instructed to stop any nobles or high level officials from crossing (as Sima Ying had ordered such, fearing that nobles would desert him or plot against him). His own guard Song Dian ( 宋典 ) then arrived and gave him a shove, pretending that they were just construction workers. The guards then allowed them to cross. After Sima Rui got to Luoyang, he took his mother Princess Dowager Xiahou and headed to Langxie, where they spent

1656-455: The chaos that befell northern China. Primarily through the help of the cousins, Wang Dun and Wang Dao , he emerged as an authority figure within the empire with the backing of the southern gentry clans and northern officials who fled to him for refuge. After Emperor Min of Jin was executed by the Han-Zhao dynasty in 318, he took the title of Emperor and made Jiankang his capital. Though at

1725-473: The control of the regent Sima Yong Prince of Hejian, Prince Chi was forced to accompany the emperor. In February 305, when his more ambitious half-brother Sima Ying the crown prince was demoted back to Prince of Chengdu by Sima Yong, Prince Chi was created crown prince to replace him. He was initially going to decline the honor, believing that his nephew Sima Qin ( 司馬覃 ) the Prince of Qinghe and one-time crown prince should be returned to that position, but

1794-434: The empire much damage, burned Sima Yue's body. Sima Yue's sons were all captured and presumably killed by Shi. Sima Yue's death, however, only left Emperor Huai even more vulnerable to Han attacks. Gou sent a force to welcome Emperor Huai to move the capital to Cangyuan (倉垣, in modern Kaifeng , Henan ), and Emperor Huai was going to do so, but his officials all still missed Luoyang and did not want to leave. Soon, however,

1863-507: The empire to recover from the ravages of the War of the Eight Princes and the subsequent Wu Hu and agrarian uprisings. However, Sima Yue maintained a tight grip on power and would not allow the emperor to exercise much actual authority. On 8 May 307, Emperor Huai created Sima Qin's brother (and therefore fellow son of Emperor Huai's half-brother Sima Xia ( 司马遐 ) the Prince of Qinghe) Sima Quan ( 司馬詮 ) crown prince. (His apparent conclusion, at

1932-580: The end of his biography in the Book of Jin , Sima Rui was actually the product of an affair between Lady Xiahou and a minor official from the family of the Cao Wei general, Niu Jin .) Sima Rui's grandfather Sima Zhou , Prince of Langya and uncle of Emperor Wu of Jin , died in June 283 and Sima Jin inherited the princedom, with Lady Xiahou becoming Princess Consort. Sima Jin died on 9 March 290, and Sima Rui became

2001-479: The end, this led into a stalemate, and then informal détente in which peace and trade relations are instituted with Yellow River as the border. When Zu Ti died, there is no one on the Jin checking the Later Zhao expansion against Jin. Because after Zu Ti died Chinese power left in the region often vacillated between the Jin and Zhao clans, these are Cao Ni , a renegade general who ruled Qing Province, and Xu Kan ,

2070-564: The era name "Yongguang" ( 永光 ) internally, while using "Jianxing" as in communications with other states, which is seen as evidence that Zhang Mao's domain is effectively independent from the Jin. though he still continues to refer himself as Governor of the Liang Province. This action completely ended Jin rule in the Northwest China as his domain would continue evolving into the vacillating state of Former Liang , especially by

2139-406: The ethnic Xianbei governor Duan Pidi —largely also recognized him as emperor. However, while technically recognizing him as emperor, Zhang Shi the governor of Liang Province (modern central and western Gansu ), chose not to use his era names and instead continued to use Emperor Min's era name of Jianxing—thus hinting non-recognition. (Also, he did not recognize and was non-committal to Sima Bao

Emperor Yuan of Jin - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-477: The famine that had already overtaken Luoyang got even more severe. Emperor Huai resolved to head for Cangyuan, but with Gou's force having already left Luoyang, was unable to even leave the palace without being attacked by bandits, and therefore was forced to return to the palace. In summer 311, knowing that Luoyang was defenseless, the Han generals Liu Yao, Wang Mi, Shi Le, and Huyan Yan converged on Luoyang, and they easily captured Emperor Huai on 13 July, in what

2277-625: The general Wang Dun , served in key roles, and it was said at the time that the domain was ruled equally by the Simas and the Wangs. In July 311, Luoyang fell to Han-Zhao forces ( Disaster of Yongjia ), and Emperor Huai was captured. A large number of refugees, fleeing Han-Zhao forces, crossed the Yangtze River and arrived in Sima Rui's domain. Under Wang Dao's suggestion, Sima Rui sought out

2346-583: The general who ultimately surrendered to Jin. Both two often had a history of conflicts with the Jin, and both was defeated very quickly by Shi Hu, Later Zhao general. Because of these reasons, Jin was unable to do with these territories and gradually lost these territories between Yellow River and Huai River. By the time Cao Ni died, it is likely that Jin does not have any of these territories left thus losing it for decades until recovery by Huan Wen during Emperor Mu of Jin . In spring 322, Wang Dun started his campaign against Emperor Yuan, claiming that Emperor Yuan

2415-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

2484-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

2553-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

2622-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

2691-452: The middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of the predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is

2760-683: The military commander of Qing Province (青州, modern central and eastern Shandong ), who had been dissatisfied with Sima Yue, to overthrow Sima Yue's yoke. Sima Yue discovered this plan, but was unable to wage a campaign against Gou. He grew ill in his anger and distress, and died in spring 311. The generals and officials in his army, instead of returning to Luoyang, headed east toward Sima Yue's principality of Donghai (roughly modern Linyi , Shandong ) to bury him there. He Lun, upon hearing about Sima Yue's death, also withdrew from Luoyang and sought to join that force. However, both were intercepted by Shi Le and wiped out. Shi, declaring that Sima Yue had caused

2829-426: The next few years away from the War of the Eight Princes. In January 307, Sima Yue, who had emerged victorious in the aftermath of the War of the Eight Princes as the regent for Emperor Huai (Emperor Hui's successor and half-brother), under the advice of his wife Princess Pei, commissioned Sima Rui as the military commander of parts of Yang Province (揚州, modern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu and Anhui ) south of

Emperor Yuan of Jin - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-411: The north, the native population began to be dissatisfied, and over the next few years there were constant frictions that decreased the effectiveness of Sima Rui's administration. In 315, members of the powerful Zhou clan intended to start an uprising against him, but the conspiracy was exposed by other members of the clan still loyal to Jin, and the conspiracy did not have a major impact. In 315, Wang Dun

2967-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

3036-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

3105-525: The same year) and Duan fled to another governor still loyal to Jin— Shao Xu the governor of Ji Province ( 冀州 , in what is now central Hebei ). In the next year, Shi Le sent his generals Shi Hu and Kong Chang to capture Shao. They captured him but Duan Pidi was able to take control of Shao's forces, thus once again leading the resistance in the north. While this is happening, remaining Jin resistance around west of Chang'an (or Northwest China, in this area Emperor Yuan has no control of these forces—instead this

3174-583: The same year. In early 318, Liu Cong , the emperor of Han Zhao, executed Emperor Min, and three months later, news arrived in Jiankang. Sima Rui then declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan). At this time, the areas directly under his control were roughly south of the Yellow River and east of the Three Gorges , although pockets of Jin territory in the north—chief among which was Youzhou (modern Beijing , Tianjin , and northern Hebei ), controlled by

3243-708: The talented men among them and added them to his administration. Meanwhile, he began to exercise more imperial power, and began to put all other provinces south of the Huai River under his own control—and, for the next few years, under the command of Wang Dun and other generals such as Tao Kan and Zhou Fang , the agrarian rebels resisting Jin rule in Jing ( 荊州 , modern Hubei ) and Xiang ( 湘州 , modern Hunan ) Provinces were gradually subjugated. However, he made no effort to try to send armies north against Han-Zhao. Meanwhile, as his powerful assistants were largely refugees from

3312-535: The throne as Emperor Ming. Consorts and Issue: Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until

3381-414: The throne, tried to have Sima Qin declared emperor; she was rebuffed by Sima Yue, however, and Crown Prince Chi succeeded to the throne as Emperor Huai. Emperor Huai honored her with the title "Empress Hui," but not empress dowager. He created his wife Crown Princess Liang Lanbi empress . Emperor Huai was commonly regarded as an intelligent man, and he tried to institute reforms that he felt would allow

3450-512: The time Zhang Jun ruled the state. By 321, Shao Xu's forces finally collapsed and Duan Pidi was captured by Shi Le, ending his resistance and all resemblance of Jin rule in China north of the Yellow River —although the Xianbei chief Murong Hui the Duke of Liaodong was still in control of modern Liaoning and still considered himself a Jin vassal. By 320, Emperor Yuan's relationship with Wang Dun

3519-517: The time of his death he left the state under the heel of Wang Dun, the Eastern Jin dynasty as it became known lasted until its fall in July 420, contending with the so-called Sixteen Kingdoms in the north and occasionally in the southwest. Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then Jin capital Luoyang , as the son of Sima Jin ( 司馬覲 ), then the heir to the Princedom of Langya , and his wife Xiahou Guangji ( 夏侯光姬 ). (According to an alternative account at

SECTION 50

#1732773242345

3588-482: The title of the Duke of Kuaiji. Once, after inviting the duke to a feast, Liu Cong commented on a meeting they had while the former emperor was still the Prince of Yuzhang, leading to a notable colloquy. Liu Cong first stated, The duke responded, "How can I forget? What I regret is not realizing that I was in the presence of a dragon." Liu Cong, impressed by the flattery, then asked, "How is it that your clan members slaughtered each other?" The duke replied: Liu Cong

3657-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

3726-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

3795-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

3864-587: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

3933-415: The young age of 23, that he should make a nephew his heir, may indicate that he considered himself infertile .) In spring 307, Sima Yue left Luoyang and set up headquarters at Xuchang (許昌, in modern Xuchang , Henan ), but continued to control the government remotely. In 309, Sima Yue, concerned about Emperor Huai's increasing exercise of authority, made a sudden return to Luoyang and arrested and executed

4002-526: Was at a breaking point, as Wang Dun had grown more and more arrogant and controlling of the western provinces. Emperor Yuan feared him, and therefore began to group men around him who were against Wang Dun as well, such as Liu Huai ( 劉隗 ) and Diao Xie ( 刁協 ) – men of mixed reputation who, in their efforts to suppress the Wangs' power offended many other people. In 321, Emperor Yuan commissioned Dai Yuan ( 戴淵 ) and Liu with substantial forces, claiming that they were to defend against Later Zhao attacks, but instead

4071-583: Was being deluded by Liu and Diao, and that his only intent was to clean up the government. He tried to persuade Gan Zhuo ( 甘卓 ), the governor of Liang Province (what is now northwestern Hubei and southeastern Shaanxi ) and Sima Cheng ( 司馬承 ) the governor of Xiang Province to join him, and while both resisted, neither was effective in their campaigns against his rear guards. Wang quickly arrived in Jiankang, defeating Emperor Yuan's forces and entering and pillaging Jiankang easily. Liu fled to Later Zhao, while Diao, Dai, and Zhou Yi ( 周顗 ) were killed. Emperor Yuan

4140-438: Was captured. Sima Rui quickly declared that he was going to act against Han-Zhao, but then quickly claimed a lack of supplies and cancelled the campaign. In spring 317, his officials requested that he take the throne. After he declined initially, he took the title "King of Jin"—a title previously used by Sima Zhao while regent of Cao Wei—rather than emperor on 6 April 317. He created his son Sima Shao crown prince on 1 May of

4209-663: Was denied by the force Zhang Shi sent to 'protect' him but whose orders were actually to prevent Sima Bao from entering his domain. Failing to rescue himself, he presumably faced resistance by remaining generals under him Yang Tao ( 楊韜 ) and Chen An (which had by this point defected to Han-Zhao, but bearing some loyalty to him) and was soon apparently murdered by his generals Zhang Chun ( 張春 ) and Yang Ci ( 楊次 ), replacing him with his relative Sima Zhan (since Sima Bao had no sons). Soon after, Former Zhao forces led by Chen An attacked Sima Zhan's domain in revenge, killing him and in turn killing Zhang and capturing Yang, ending Jin resistance in

SECTION 60

#1732773242345

4278-537: Was finally able to suppress the remaining agrarian rebels in the west, and began to show ambitions and act independently of Sima Rui. In 313, after Emperor Huai was executed by Han-Zhao, Sima Ye, a nephew of Emperor Huai, was declared emperor (as Emperor Min ) in Chang'an . Sima Rui was named the Left Prime Minister, a title that he accepted; however, he took no actual actions in aid of the emperor. Due to

4347-489: Was forced to submit and grant Wang Dun additional powers in the west. Wang Dun, satisfied, allowed Emperor Yuan to remain on the throne, and personally withdrew back to his home base of Wuchang . His forces then defeated and killed Sima Cheng, while a subordinate of Gan's, acting on Wang's orders, assassinated Gan. After his defeat, Emperor Yuan grew despondent and ill, and died in January 323. Crown Prince Shao succeeded to

4416-399: Was humble in his dealings, and kept himself aloof from political developments in order to protect himself. His ability to hide his talents meant that most people were unaware of them. However, Ji Shao (嵇绍; son of Ji Kang ), who was then Palace Attendant (侍中), saw that Sima Rui was special. He said to others, "The Prince of Langya has an extraordinary appearance, which does not belong to that of

4485-605: Was impressed, and they spent all night talking. The next day, Liu Cong gave one of his favorite concubines to the duke as a gift, creating her as the Duchess of Kuaiji. In 313, however, the former emperor would suffer his death. At the imperial new year celebration, Liu Cong ordered him to serve the high level officials wine, and former Jin officials Yu Min ( 庾珉 ) and Wang Juan ( 王雋 ) could not control their emotions at seeing his humiliation, and cried out loud. This made Liu Cong angry, and he falsely accused Yu and Wang, along with

4554-427: Was intending to have them defend against a potential Wang Dun attack. The general who actually had a charge of protecting Later Zhao attacks remains held by Zu Ti. By this time, he was a governor of Yu Province under Jin. Zu Ti was popular with the people he governed, was successfully held off attacks from Later Zhao. The next year, Chen Chuan ( 陳川 ) defected and Zu was defeated but Shi was not able to advance further. In

4623-544: Was overthrown by his official Jin Zhun , Jin Zhun initially indicated that he was submitting to Emperor Yuan's authority, and Emperor Yuan tried to take advantage by sending an army to assist Jin Zhun. However, long before the army could get there, Jin Zhun was defeated by the new Han-Zhao emperor Liu Yao and the general Shi Le . In 319, Duan Pidi's forces fell to Shi Le—who had by that point declared independence from Former Zhao as declared by Liu Yao—establishing Later Zhao in

4692-469: Was persuaded to accept by his associate Xiu Su ( 脩肅 ). Later, after Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai defeated Sima Yong in 306, Crown Prince Chi accompanied Emperor Hui and returned to Luoyang. In January 307, Emperor Hui was poisoned. (Most historians believe that Sima Yue ordered the murder, but there is no conclusive evidence.) Emperor Hui's wife, Yang Xianrong , believing that she would not be honored as empress dowager if her brother-in-law inherited

4761-527: Was succeeded by Liu Cong, Han renewed its attacks on the Luoyang region. Meanwhile, Sima Yue continued to alienate other generals and officials, and when Liu Kun ( 劉琨 ), the military commander of Bing (并州, roughly modern Shanxi ) proposed to him the plan of an attack on the Han capital Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen , Shanxi ) in conjunction with the powerful Xianbei chieftain Tuoba Yilu ( 拓拔漪盧 )

#344655