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25-709: Simlipal National Park ( ISO : Śimiḷipāḷa Jātīya Udyāna ) is a national park and tiger reserve in the Mayurbhanj district in the Indian state of Odisha covering 2,750 km (1,060 sq mi). It is part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes three protected areas, Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary with 191.06 km (73.77 sq mi) and Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary with 272.75 km (105.31 sq mi). Simlipal National Park derives its name from

50-481: A tiger reserve in 1956 and under Project Tiger in May 1973. "Mugger Crocodile Scheme" was started in 1979 at Ramatirtha , Jashipur . The Government of Odisha declared Simlipal as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 with an area of 2,200 square kilometres (850 sq mi). Later in 1980, the state government proposed 303 square kilometres (117 sq mi) of the sanctuary as a national park. Further in 1986, area of

75-417: A few individuals of major tree species in larger diameter classes and more in young diameter classes in buffer areas indicate that the plant community was subjected to disturbance and are in the regenerating stage. Greater fluctuation in the species / genus ratio in the herbaceous species at sites of the buffer area in comparison to core area has led to variation in developmental status of plant communities among

100-586: A network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),

125-466: Is a treasure house of 1,076 species of plants belonging to 102 families. 96 species of orchids have been identified here. It lies in the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion , with tropical moist broadleaf forest and tropical moist deciduous forests with dry deciduous hill forest and high level Sal forests . The grasslands and the savannas provide grazing grounds for

150-509: Is extremely important for tourists to be aware of the threats posed by cerebral malaria before planning a visit to Simlipal. In 2021, large fires broke out in the Simlipal Tiger Reserve, and continued to burn for over two weeks before they were brought under control. The 2021 Simlipal forest fires resulted in widespread environmental damage, and caused an exodus of fauna from the park into nearby human habitations. The park

175-438: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Budhabalanga River The Budhabalanga River (ବୁଢାବଳଙ୍ଗ ନଦୀ) (also called Balanga River) flows through the districts of Mayurbhanj and Balasore in the Indian state of Odisha . The Budhabalanga, meaning old Balanga, rises in

200-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in

225-619: The 18 biospheres of India. In December 2013, 32 families from the Khadia tribe belonging to the two hamlets of Upper Barhakamuda and Bahaghar were relocated outside the Tiger Reserve as per the guidelines by National Tiger Conservation Authority. The village of Jamunagarh was relocated in September 2015. Following the relocation, tiger sightings in the core area have gone up. There are two villages, Kabatghai and Bakua, still present in

250-725: The Palpala and the Chipat both of which are hill streams rising from the Similipal hills. Then the river passes through Baripada . It later flows through Balasore district and into the Bay of Bengal . The Budhabalanga is about 175 kilometres (109 mi) long and has a total catchment area of 4,840 square kilometres (1,870 sq mi). Its major tributaries are the Sone, the Gangadhar, and

275-621: The Similipal hills and plunges through Barehipani Falls , the second- highest waterfall in India , located in Simlipal National Park . It then flows in a northerly direction up to the village Karanjiapal in Bangiriposi police-station. Thereafter, it turns to the north-east and flows along the railway track up to the village Jhankapahadi. There it changes its course to the south and meets the Katra nala. The other tributaries are

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300-513: The Southern zone, which includes highlands like Meghasani and Khariburu and serves most of the core region, and the Northern zone, known for its gradual sloping mountains and picturesque destinations like Barehipani , Joranda , Sitakund, and Lulung , all actively promoted for tourism. Simlipal elephant reserve originated mainly as a hunting ground for the royalty. It was formally designated

325-487: The abundance of red silk cotton trees growing in the area. The park is home to Bengal tiger , Asian elephant , gaur , and chausingha . This protected area is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. Simlipal Tiger Reserve spans a vast area of 2,750 km (1,060 sq mi), with its core zone covering 1,194.75 km (461.30 sq mi). Average elevation of

350-608: The adjoining Ho / Santhal tribal settlements. The high hills surround Meghasani/Tunkiburu, the highest peak in the park. At an altitude of 1,165 metres (3,822 ft), followed by Khairiburu at above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) elevation. At least 12 rivers cut across the plain area. The prominent among them are Budhabalanga , Palpala Bhandan, Kharkai River and Deo . This sprawling forest has two prominent waterfalls - Joranda/Jorodah 181 metres (594 ft) and Barheipani/Barhai 217 metres (712 ft) Summers are hot with temperatures around 40  °C (104  °F ) whereas

375-400: The core (undisturbed) and buffer (disturbed) areas of the reserve. The study reveals a higher number of herbs and shrubs and a lower number of trees in the buffer area indicating greater anthropogenic disturbance. Total tree basal area varied from 48.7 to 78.61 m 2 ha -1 in the buffer area and 81.4 to 104.9 m 2 ha -1 in the core area. The density of saplings and seedlings was nearly equal both at

400-407: The core and buffer areas of the reserve. However, the presence of the seedlings of dominant tree species in the buffer area may help in the restoration of the plant communities in the long-run, provided protection means are strengthened and biotic stress reduced. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by

425-531: The core area of Similipal. The Forest Department, wildlife NGOs and local administration have initiated talks with these villages on their relocation. However the tribals alleged these relocations to be forced and wished to claim their rights under the Forest Rights Act. The tiger reserve is in the Mayurbhanj district in the Indian state of Odisha . Simlipal Elephant Reserve is an ecosystem complete with forest vegetation (mainly sal trees), fauna and

450-455: The disturbed and undisturbed sites. However, the rate of conversion of saplings to trees was greater at undisturbed sites. The lower rate of conversion at disturbed sites is due to the removal of seedlings of most of the tree species. The high herb diversity (2.14 - 3.50) and low tree diversity (2.14 - 2.98) in buffer area is a result of Environmental openings providing greater opportunity for the recruitment of herbs and shrubs. The presence of only

475-626: The herbivores and hiding places to the carnivores. The forest boasts of innumerable medicinal and aromatic plants, which provide a source of earnings for the tribal people. Eucalyptus , planted by the British during the 1900s, are also found. A total of 42 species of mammals, 242 species of birds and 30 species of reptiles have been recorded in Simlipal National Park. The major mammals include: 231 species of birds nest in these forests. The commonly found birds are: Also found in

500-407: The national park was increased to 845.70 square kilometres (326.53 sq mi). Government of India declared Simlipal as a biosphere reserve in 1994. UNESCO added this national park to its list of Biosphere Reserves in May 2009. There are 10,000 people living in 61 villages in the forest. That is why Simlipal is yet to be declared a full-fledged park, despite its having the status of one of

525-508: The reserve are: The park has a sizeable population of reptiles, which includes snakes and turtles. The "Mugger Crocodile Management Programme" has helped the Mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) to survive and flourish in and on the banks of Khairi river. Vegetation analysis of the forest ecosystem of Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) was carried out at 10 sites to study changes in structure and composition in plant community distributed in

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550-425: The reserve around 900 m (3,000 ft) and notable peaks such as Khairiburu at 1,178 m (3,865 ft) and Meghasani at 1,158 m (3,799 ft), the reserve also features two impressive waterfalls: the towering Barehipani Falls, reaching a height of 217 m (712 ft), and the majestic Joranda Falls, cascading from a height of 181 m (594 ft). The reserve is divided into two distinct zones:

575-643: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There

600-526: The winter months can be as low as 14  °C (57  °F ). The rainfall ranges from moderate to heavy. Simlipal comes under a high cerebral malaria -prone zone. In cerebral malaria the sequestrated red blood cells can breach the blood brain barrier possibly leading to coma. Cerebral malaria, if not detected, causes death. Initial symptoms of cerebral malaria are often mistaken as those of acute jaundice. There have been many recorded cases of death due to cerebral malaria after visits to Simlipal. Therefore, it

625-666: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for

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