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14-416: One of the first formally published instances of the word was in the journal 'Childhood Education' (1924), in the article it appears to be used to discuss education and psychology related issues. Simplexity was defined by computer scientists Broder and Stolfi as: "The simplexity of a problem is the maximum inefficiency among the reluctant algorithms that solve P. An algorithm is said to be pessimal for

28-459: A bank machine. He describes how in between the chain of interfaces there is more room for error. More interfaces, more potential problems. Andrei Broder Andrei Zary Broder (born April 12, 1953) is a distinguished scientist at Google . Previously, he was a research fellow and vice president of computational advertising for Yahoo! , and before that, the vice president of research for AltaVista . He has also worked for IBM Research as

42-699: A distinguished engineer and was CTO of IBM's Institute for Search and Text Analysis. Broder was born in Bucharest , Romania, in 1953. His parents were medical doctors, his father a noted oncological surgeon. They emigrated to Israel in 1973, when Broder was in the second year of college in Romania, in the Electronics department at the Politehnica University of Bucharest . He was accepted at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology , in

56-584: A now widely accepted classification of web queries into navigational, information, and transactional. He is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery , National Academy of Engineering , and the IEEE . He was one of the recipients of the 2012 ACM Paris Kanellakis Award for his work on w-shingling and min-hashing , and he won this award again in 2020, together with Yossi Azar , Anna Karlin , Michael Mitzenmacher , and Eli Upfal for their work on

70-461: A problem P if the best-case inefficiency of A is asymptotically equal to the simplexity of P." In 1974 Rustum Roy and Olaf Müller noted simplexity in the structure of ternary compounds : "By dealing with approximately ten ternary structural groupings we can cover the most important structures of science and technology specific to the non-metallics world. It is a remarkable instance of nature's 'simplexity'". In 2003 Philippe Compain in an article on

84-598: The EE Department. Broder graduated from Technion in 1977, with a B.Sc. summa cum laude. He was then admitted to the PhD program at Stanford, where he initially planned to work in the systems area. His first adviser was John L. Hennessy . After receiving a "high pass" at the reputedly hard algorithms qual, Donald Knuth , already a Turing Award and National Medal winner, offered him the opportunity to become his advisee. Broder finished his PhD under Knuth in 1985. He then joined

98-543: The Web Industry, as a Yahoo Fellow and vice president. There, he put the bases of a new discipline, Computational advertising, the science of matching ads to users and contexts. At Yahoo, Broder also helped build Yahoo! Research into one of the leading Web research organizations. Broder was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for his contributions to the science and engineering of

112-527: The World Wide Web. In 2012, Broder joined Google as a distinguished scientist, where he switched focus to another aspect of the WWW experience, large-scale personalization. In 1989, he discovered (independently from David Aldous ) an algorithm for generating a uniform spanning tree of a given graph. Over the last fifteen years, Broder pioneered several algorithms systems and concepts fundamental to

126-528: The first practical test to prevent robots from masquerading as human and access web sites, often referred to as CAPTCHA . In 2000, Broder, then at AltaVista, together with colleagues from IBM and DEC SRC, conducted the first large-scale analysis of the Web graph, and identified the bow-tie model of the web graph . Around 2001–2002, Broder published an opinion piece where he qualified the differences between classical information retrieval and Web search and introduced

140-558: The future of synthetic chemistry stated: "Simplexity may be defined as the combination of simplicity and complexity within the context of a dynamic relationship between means and ends."; Simplexity: Why Simple Things Become Complex (and How Complex Things Can Be Made Simple) by Jeffrey Kluger details ways in which simplexity theory can be applied to multiple disciplines. Kluger offers a look at simplexity at work in economics, sports, linguistics, technology, medicine and human behavior. Simplexity has been used by Jens Nordvig to describe

154-550: The newly founded DEC Systems Research Center in Palo Alto . At DEC SRC, Andrei was involved with AltaVista from the very beginning, helping it deal with duplicate documents and spam. When AltaVista split from Compaq that bought DEC, Andrei became its CTO and then chief scientist and VP of research. In 2002, he joined IBM Research in New York to build its enterprise search product. In 2005, he returned to Silicon Valley and

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168-431: The particular aim of his analytics firm Exante Data."A research product that draws on a very complex analytical foundation, but is presented in a very simple and easy to digest manner" Dan Geesin first used the term 'Simplexity' in his essay 'The melancholy of the set square', 2002, when describing how technology creates more distance through complex interfaces whilst performing a simple task. For example, getting money from

182-487: The power of two choices. Yahoo! Research Yahoo! , once one of the most popular web sites in the United States, is as of September 2021 a content sub-division of the namesake company Yahoo Inc. , owned by Apollo Global Management (90%) and Verizon Communications (10%). It has offered a wide range of online sites and services since its inception in 1994, a majority of which are now defunct. Yahoo offers

196-488: The science and technology of the World Wide Web . Some of the highlights include: In 1997, Broder led the development of the first practical solution for finding near-duplicate documents on web-scale using " shingling " to reduce the problem to a set-intersection problem and "min-hashing" or to construct "sketches" of sets. This was a pioneering effort in the area of locality-sensitive hashing . In 1998, he co-invented

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