42-844: Singapore General Hospital ( SGH ) is an academic health science centre and tertiary referral hospital in Singapore . It is located next to the Bukit Merah and Chinatown districts of the Central Region , close to the Outram Community Hospital (OCH), which functions as a supplementary community and rehabilitation hospital to SGH for newly discharged patients. There is also the Outram Polyclinic to complement outpatient care . All of these institutions are operated by SingHealth , which comes under
84-489: A postgraduate medical institute. On 1 April 1989, the hospital was restructured, in an effort to modernise the organisation of the hospital, due to rapidly developing changes in healthcare services and patient expectations for better service. As a restructured hospital, the Singapore General Hospital is still 100 per cent government-owned and is a not-for-profit institution . More than 60 per cent of
126-427: A chronological timeline for past occurrences at the site. Modern archaeologists take care to distinguish material culture from ethnicity , which is often more complex, as expressed by Carol Kramer in the dictum "pots are not people." Artifact analysis is determined by what type of artifact is being examined, the best. Lithic analysis refers to analyzing artifacts that are created with stones and are often in
168-415: A chronological timeline is a crucial part of artifact analysis. The different types of analyses above can all assist in the process of artifact dating. The major types of dating include relative dating , historical dating and typology . Relative dating occurs when artifacts are placed in a specific order in relation to one another while historical dating occurs for periods of written evidence; relative dating
210-456: A more specific term such as "carving". The same item may be called all or any of these in different contexts, and more specific terms will be used when talking about individual objects, or groups of similar ones. Artifacts exist in many different forms and can sometimes be confused with ecofacts and features ; all three of these can sometimes be found together at archaeological sites. They can also exist in different types of context depending on
252-512: A new 12-storey specialised building that will be four times larger than the hospital's existing A&E facilities. The building will be connected to its specialty centres as well as the Outram Community Hospital. It is expected to begin operations in 2023. The Singapore General Hospital Museum is a repository of artefacts and records, where visitors can trace the long and rich history of the Singapore General Hospital. It
294-537: A new Proton Therapy Centre, which allows the NCCS to engage in proton therapy to treat cancer in their patients. It is the first and only hospital in the region to have such facilities. The National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS) is a specialist medical centre and a regional referral centre for cardiovascular diseases . Established in 1994 as the Singapore Heart Centre in the Singapore General Hospital,
336-513: A part of material culture . Artifacts can come from any archaeological context or source such as: Examples include stone tools , pottery vessels, metal objects such as weapons and items of personal adornment such as buttons , jewelry and clothing. Bones that show signs of human modification are also examples. Natural objects, such as fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food, are classified by archaeologists as ecofacts rather than as artifacts. Artifacts exist as
378-599: A part of SGH or SingHealth, it acts as a supplementary facility to keep up with the rising demand of public dental services in the country. A new and larger National Dental Centre Singapore is also currently being constructed, which is expected to more than double its capacity by 2025. These include expanding the Geriatric Special Care Dentistry Clinic, to meet the needs of the older generation in Singapore. The Elective Care Centre (ECC)
420-408: A result of behavioral and transformational processes. A behavioral process involves acquiring raw materials , manufacturing these for a specific purpose and then discarding after use. Transformational processes begin at the end of behavioral processes; this is when the artifact is changed by nature and/or humans after it has been deposited. Both of these processes are significant factors in evaluating
462-645: A single management board. There are AMCs operating in a number of countries including Australia , Canada , the Republic of Ireland , Japan , the Netherlands , Qatar , Singapore , Sweden , the United Kingdom and the United States . Artifact (archaeology) An artifact or artefact ( British English ) is a general term for an item made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or
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#1732772226971504-416: A work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. In archaeology , the word has become a term of particular nuance; it is defined as an object recovered by archaeological endeavor, including cultural artifacts (of cultural interest). "Artifact" is the general term used in archaeology, while in museums the equivalent general term is normally "object", and in art history perhaps artwork or
546-411: Is a facility that will focus on non-emergency surgeries, which aims to offload resources at the main hospital. It is currently under construction, and it is expected to begin operations in 2026. Academic health science centre An academic medical centre ( AMC ), variously also known as academic health science centre , academic health science system , or academic health science partnership ,
588-502: Is active in research as well as training activities, especially focusing on the professional education of dentists. NDCS has been under the management of Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd since 2002. In 2019, the National University Centre for Oral Health, Singapore (NUCOHS) started operations at one-north , becoming the second national facility in Singapore to offer specialised dental health services. Although not
630-399: Is also a place where one can learn about the development of medical specialties and medical education in Singapore, presented with the aid of audio-visual and multimedia technology . The SGH Museum was officially opened by President SR Nathan on 20 May 2005. The museum adopts a thematic approach in presenting the hospital's long history, where visitors get not just an insight into
672-474: Is an educational and healthcare institute formed by the grouping of a health professional school (such as a medical school ) with an affiliated teaching hospital or hospital network . AMCs are intended to ensure that medical research breakthroughs lead to direct clinical benefits for patients. The organisational structures that comprise an AMCs can take a variety of forms, ranging from simple partnerships to, less frequently, fully integrated organisations with
714-442: Is when artifacts are dug up from sites and collected in private or sold before they are able to be excavated and analyzed through formal scientific archaeology. The debate is centered around the difference in beliefs between collectors and archaeologists. Archaeologists are focused on excavation, context and lab work when it comes to artifacts, while collectors are motivated by varying personal desires. This brings many to ask themselves
756-413: The context of an artifact. The context of an artifact can be broken into two categories: primary context and secondary context. A matrix is a physical setting within which an artifact exists, and a provenience refers to a specific location within a matrix. When an artifact is found in the realm of primary context, the matrix and provenience have not been changed by transformational processes. However,
798-496: The 186-bed specialty centre for cardiovascular disease in Singapore offers treatments from preventive to rehabilitative cardiac services. The National Dental Centre Singapore (NDCS) is a facility in Singapore for specialist oral healthcare services. It commenced operations on 1 March 1997 and claims to offer the largest concentration of specialist expertise in a single facility. Its specialist teams attend to over 700 patients daily, including walk-in patients and those being referred to
840-546: The Elective Care Centre Singapore (ECC), is currently under construction and it is expected to be completed in 2025. SGH has been considered as being one of the best hospitals in the world, being consistently ranked in the top 10 by Newsweek , reaching its highest of 3rd in 2019. Subsequently, it is the highest ranked hospital in Asia, drawing in patients from around the region, with SGH performing near
882-538: The archaeological question, "Who owns the past?" There are also ethical issues over the display of artifacts in museums which have been taken from other countries in questionable circumstances, for example the display of the Parthenon (Elgin) Marbles by the British Museum . The display of objects belonging to indigenous peoples of non-European countries by European museums – particularly those taken during
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#1732772226971924-569: The beds are allocated for subsidised patients, giving them access to an internationally established standard of affordable healthcare . On 31 March 2000, a major reorganisation of the public sector healthcare services was initiated by the Ministry of Health (MOH). Since then, the Singapore General Hospital came under the management of Singapore Health Services or SingHealth. In 2018, SGH announced that it will be expanding its accident and emergency (A&E) facilities, which include constructing
966-440: The causes to find treatments to eye conditions such as myopia and glaucoma . SNEC's facilities includes 50 consultation suites, 9 operating theatres, research facilities, offices and a library in two adjoining buildings. The National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) is the country's national specialty centre for the diagnosis, research and treatment of cancer . The centre has Singapore's largest concentration of oncologists. It
1008-462: The centre is a teaching institution for post-graduate cancer education that trains and offers fellowships for many local and overseas doctors, nurses, para-medical professionals and researchers. On 2 June 2017, construction for an additional building to the NCCS began, which include more facilities to cater to increased patients' access to cancer treatment as well as the specialty centre's capacity. Slated to begin operations in 2022, it will also include
1050-720: The centre. The centre is equipped with 92-chair facility and a day surgery suite. The centre has three specialist clinical departments, being the Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Orthodontics and Restorative Dentistry , which attend to a wide range of oral conditions. In addition, Department of Restorative Dentistry also has sub-units in Endodontics , Paediatric Dentistry, Periodontics and Prosthodontics . Sub-speciality multidisciplinary services are available through NDCS's Centres for Corrective Jaw Surgery, Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Facial Pain. The centre
1092-407: The differences between actual human-made lithic artifact and geofacts – naturally occurring lithics that resemble human-made tools. It is possible to authenticate artifacts by examining the general characteristics attributed to human-made tools and local characteristics of the site. Artifacts, features and ecofacts can all be located together at sites. Sites may include different arrangements of
1134-445: The distribution of goods. The following lab techniques all contribute to the process of lithic analysis: petrographic analysis, neutron activation , x-ray fluorescence , particle-induced x-ray emission , individual flake analysis and mass analysis. Another type of artifact analysis is ceramic analysis, which is based around the archaeological study of pottery . This type of analysis can help archaeologists gain information on
1176-442: The form of animal remains. Just as with lithic artifacts, faunal remains are extremely common within the field of archaeology. Faunal analysis provides insight to trade due to animals being exchanged in different markets over time and being traded over long distances. Faunal remains can also provide information on social status, ethnic distinctions and dieting from previous complex societies . Dating artifacts and providing them with
1218-577: The form of tools. Stone artifacts occur often throughout prehistoric times and are, therefore, a crucial aspect in answering archaeological questions about the past. On the surface, lithic artifacts can help archaeologists study how technology has developed throughout history by showing a variety of tools and manufacturing techniques from different periods of time. However, even deeper questions can be answered through this type of analysis; these questions can revolve around topics that include how societies were organized and structured in terms of socialization and
1260-444: The heart centre took over the hospital's cardiac services and set up a cardiology laboratory in 1995. It was renamed in 1998. In 2014, NHCS completed its move to a new purpose-built building at 5 Hospital Drive. The new building not only includes facilities for outpatient clinics and non-invasive testing, but also has operating theatres and an invasive cardiac catheterisation laboratory. With over 9,000 inpatient admissions every year,
1302-641: The highest number of transplants in the country, including both solid hematologic and organ transplantation . The Singapore General Hospital was established in 1821, when the first General Hospital was located in the cantonment for British troops near the Singapore River . It later shifted to Pearl Banks apartment and then to the Kandang Kerbau district, before finally settling at Sepoy Lines along Outram Road in 1882. The modern history of Singapore General Hospital began on 29 March 1926, with
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1344-922: The matrix and provenience are changed by transformational processes when referring to secondary context. Artifacts exist in both contexts, and this is taken into account during the analysis of them. Another important type of context for archeologists, particularly from an art history perspective, is the term provenance , or the more general history of an artifact's ownership, location, and importance. Artifacts are distinguished from stratigraphic features and ecofacts. Stratigraphic features are non-portable remains of human activity that include hearths , roads , deposits, trenches and similar remains. Ecofacts , also referred to as biofacts, are objects of archaeological interest made by other organisms, such as seeds or animal bone . Natural objects that humans have moved but not changed are called manuports . Examples include seashells moved inland or rounded pebbles placed away from
1386-664: The opening of 800 beds in the Bowyer, Stanley and Norris Blocks. Today, only the Bowyer Block with its historically distinctive clock tower remains. The Bowyer Block is now home to the Singapore General Hospital Museum or the SGH Museum. In 1981, the hospital was rebuilt, with its current 8-block complex housing in-patient wards, ambulatory and support services, research laboratories and
1428-882: The principal teaching hospital for the Duke–NUS Medical School , which is affiliated with the National University of Singapore . Its campus includes four national speciality centres, namely the Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), the National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS), the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), and the National Dental Centre Singapore (NDCS). A fifth speciality centre,
1470-725: The processes that have acted on them over time. A wide variety of analyses take place to analyze artifacts and provide information on them. However, the process of analyzing artifacts through scientific archaeology can be hindered by the looting and collecting of artifacts, which sparks ethical debate. From the emergence of the Hominids in the Stone Age , humanity has developed a handful of artifacts through time and place. There are archaeological sites and museums that obtain artifacts for physical evidence through past traces of civilizations, as well as norms and rituals, where objects attested
1512-449: The purview of the Ministry of Health (MOH). It is the largest and oldest hospital in Singapore and functions as the country's national hospital. The foundation of its first building was laid in 1821, before its first major expansion in 1926. Subsequent expansions as well as renovations were also made in the following decades. SGH is the flagship hospital of SingHealth, the country's largest group of public healthcare institutions and
1554-614: The raw materials that were used and how they were utilized in the creation of pottery. Laboratory techniques that allow for this are mainly based around spectroscopy . The different types of spectroscopy used include atomic absorption , electrothermal atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission and x-ray fluorescence . Ceramic analysis does more than just provide information on raw materials and pottery production; it helps provide insight to past societies in terms of their technology, economy and social structure. Additionally, faunal analysis exists to study artifacts in
1596-638: The significant developments of the hospital through the years, but also an understanding of the impact these incidents have on the people and the community . Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC) is a specialty centre for ophthalmological services and is the largest ophthalmology specialist centre in Singapore. It was founded in 1990 to lead and organise specialised ophthalmological services with special emphasis on research and education. Since its inauguration, SNEC has averaged an annual workload of 14,000 major eye surgeries and 13,000 laser procedures. The SNEC also actively participates in clinical trials and researches
1638-433: The three; some might include all of them while others might only include one or two. Sites can have clear boundaries in the form of walls and moats , but this is not always the case. Sites can be distinguished through categories, such as location and past functions. How artifacts exist at these sites can provide archaeological insight. An example of this would be utilizing the position and depth of buried artifacts to determine
1680-411: The water action that made them. These distinctions are often blurred; a bone removed from an animal carcass is a biofact but a bone carved into a useful implement is an artifact. Similarly there can be debate over early stone objects that could be either crude artifact or naturally occurring and happen to resemble early objects made by early humans or Homo sapiens . It can be difficult to distinguish
1722-473: Was originally established in 1993 as a unit of Singapore General Hospital, and subsequently became an autonomous institution of SingHealth. The centre's founding director is Professor Soo Khee Chee. NCCS provides a range of medical, educational and research activities within a single institution; and practices a multi-disciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment. It is Southeast Asia's only full multi-disciplinary sub-specialist centre for cancer. In addition,
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1764-413: Was the only form of dating for prehistoric periods of time. Typology is the process that groups together artifacts that are similar in material and shape. This strategy is based around the ideas that styles of objects match certain time periods and that these styles change slowly over time. Artifact collecting and looting has sparked heavy debate in the archaeological realm. Looting in archaeological terms
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