Single-issue politics involves political campaigning or political support based on one essential policy area or idea.
57-574: The Single Tax Party started as the Land Value Tax Party in 1910 and was renamed the Commonwealth Land Party for the presidential campaign of 1924. Its single-issue platform was based on the free-market tax reform principles defined and popularized by American political economist and public intellectual Henry George , the ideology now called Georgism , which proposed
114-577: A single tax based on the value of land. Presidential tickets [ edit ] 1920 President - Robert C. Macauley Vice-president - Carrie Chapman Catt 1924 President - William J. Wallace Vice-president - John C. Lincoln See also [ edit ] Geolibertarianism Georgism Land value tax (in the 1920s better known as the " single tax ") Tax reform Tax shift Third party (United States) References [ edit ] ^ Darcy G. Richardson (2008), Others: Fighting Bob La Follette and
171-547: A Republican primary in 2010, Bill Walker of Alaska won a single term in 2013 as an independent by joining forces with the Democratic nominee. In 1998, wrestler Jesse Ventura was elected governor of Minnesota on the Reform Party ticket. Sometimes a national officeholder that is not a member of any party is elected. Previously, Senator Lisa Murkowski won re-election in 2010 as a write-in candidate after losing
228-585: A candidate-based PR system, has only rarely been used to elect more than 21 in a single contest. Some PR systems use at-large pooling or regional pooling in conjunction with single-member districts (such as the New Zealand MMP and the Scottish additional member system ). Other PR systems use at-large pooling in conjunction with multi-member districts ( Scandinavian countries ). Pooling is used to allocate leveling seats (top-up) to compensate for
285-444: A distorted impression: a candidate's overall views may not enjoy the same support. For example, a person who votes for a socially liberal Republican candidate, based solely on their support of abortion , may not necessarily share the candidate's other views on social issues , such as gun rights or family values . A single-issue party is a political party which focuses any campaign, efforts, or activism almost exclusively on only
342-475: A few list-PR systems). A country-wide pooling of votes to elect more than a hundred members is used in Angola, for example. Where PR is desired at the municipal level, a city-wide at-large districting is sometimes used, to allow as large a district magnitude as possible. For large districts, party-list PR is often used, but even when list PR is used, districts sometimes contain fewer than 40 or 50 members. STV,
399-537: A full platform, however. The most electorally successful British single-issue party is the pro- Brexit UKIP which later due to its success started to formulate other policies. As its consequences started to become clear, its former leader Nigel Farage left and founded the Brexit Party , renamed Reform UK as the withdrawal process gained momentum. Other single-issue parties in the UK are anti- devolution Abolish
456-480: A number of seats roughly based on its population size (see degressive proportionality ) and in each member state, the election must also be held using a PR system (with proportional results based on vote share). The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party-list PR, used in 85 countries; mixed-member PR (MMP), used in 7 countries; and the single transferable vote (STV), used in Ireland, Malta,
513-500: A president's margin of victory in three elections: 1844 , 2000 , and 2016 . No third-party candidate has won the presidency since the Republican Party became the second major party in 1856 . Since then a third-party candidate won states in five elections: 1892 , 1912 , 1924 , 1948 , and 1968 . 1992 was the last time a third-party candidate won over 5% of the vote and placed second in any state. With few exceptions,
570-504: A presidential race was George Wallace in 1968 , while the last third-party candidate to finish runner-up or greater was former president Teddy Roosevelt 's 2nd-place finish on the Bull Moose Party ticket in 1912 . The only three U.S. presidents without a major party affiliation upon election were George Washington , John Tyler , and Andrew Johnson , and only Washington served his entire tenure as an independent. Neither of
627-411: A single issue or a very narrow range of issues (e.g., such as a gun rights organization that might also support knife rights). It is generally believed that single-issue parties are favored by voluntary voting systems, as they tend to attract very committed supporters who will always vote. Through systems like instant runoff voting and proportional representation they can have substantial influence on
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#1732772384125684-483: A subsequent election. After 1968 , under President Nixon the Republican Party adopted a " Southern Strategy " to win the support of conservative Democrats opposed to the Civil Rights Movement and resulting legislation and to combat local third parties. This can be seen as a response to the popularity of segregationist candidate George Wallace who gained 13.5% of the popular vote in the 1968 election for
741-406: A third-party candidate receives help from supporters of another candidate hoping they play a spoiler role. Nationally, ballot access laws require candidates to pay registration fees and provide signatures if a party has not garnered a certain percentage of votes in previous elections. In recent presidential elections, Ross Perot appeared on all 50 state ballots as an independent in 1992 and
798-469: A third-party that underperforms its poll numbers with voters wanting to make sure their vote helps determine the winner. In response, some third-party candidates express ambivalence about which major party they prefer and their possible role as spoiler or deny the possibility. The US presidential elections most consistently cited as having been spoiled by third-party candidates are 1844 , 2000 , and 2016 . This phenomenon becomes more controversial when
855-412: A way to funnel more votes to another candidate with quite different policies. For instance, in the 1999 New South Wales state election , candidate Malcolm Jones received just 0.2% of the primary vote, but achieved the quota of 4.5% required to win a Legislative Council seat after receiving preferences from a wide range of minor parties (including both the 'Gun Owners and Sporting Hunters Rights Party' and
912-430: Is an example of a single-issue group. What differentiates single-issue groups from other interest groups is their intense style of lobbying. The term single-issue voter has been used to describe people who may make voting decisions based on the candidates' stance on a single issue (e.g., support or opposition to abortion rights, or in support of gun rights or gun control ). The existence of single-issue voters can give
969-417: Is at odds with its traditional party, it has the option of running sympathetic candidates in primaries . Candidates failing in the primary may form or join a third party. Because of the difficulties third parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to exist to promote a specific issue or personality. Often, the intent is to force national public attention on such an issue. Then, one or both of
1026-642: Is hardly a new phenomenon. In the 1880s, the third government of William Ewart Gladstone made British politics in practical terms single-issue, around the Home Rule Bill , leading to a split of the Liberal Party . Single-issue politics are a form of litmus test ; common examples are abortion , taxation , animal rights , environment , and guns . The National Rifle Association in the United States, which has only one specific interest,
1083-569: Is independent, populist, or any other that either rejects left–right politics or does not have a party platform. This section includes any party that has a left-liberal, progressive, social democratic, democratic socialist, or Marxist platform. This section includes parties that primarily advocate for granting special privileges or consideration to members of a certain race, ethnic group, religion etc. Also included in this category are various parties found in and confined to Native American reservations , almost all of which are solely devoted to
1140-489: Is not considered to make an electoral system "proportional" the way the term is usually used. For example, the US House of Representatives has 435 members, who each represent a roughly equal number of people; each state is allocated a number of members in accordance with its population size (aside from a minimum single seat that even the smallest state receives), thus producing equal representation by population. But members of
1197-486: Is that effective political parties are usually coalitions of factions or advocacy groups . Bringing together political forces based on a single intellectual or cultural common denominator can be unrealistic; though there may be considerable public opinion on one side of an argument, it does not necessarily follow that mobilizing under that one banner will bring results. A defining issue may indeed come to dominate one particular electoral campaign, sufficiently to swing
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#17327723841251254-649: The Animal Justice Party , Dignity for Disability , the Australian Reason Party , Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party . Third party (U.S. politics) Third party , or minor party , is a term used in the United States' two-party system for political parties other than the Republican and Democratic parties. Third parties are most often encountered in presidential nominations. Third party vote splitting exceeded
1311-653: The Australian Senate , and Indian Rajya Sabha . Proportional representation systems are used at all levels of government and are also used for elections to non-governmental bodies, such as corporate boards . All PR systems require multi-member election contests, meaning votes are pooled to elect multiple representatives at once. Pooling may be done in various multi-member voting districts (in STV and most list-PR systems) or in single countrywide – a so called at-large – district (in only
1368-890: The District of Columbia . As of February 2024, RCV is used for local elections in 45 US cities including Salt Lake City and Seattle . It has also been used by some state political parties in party-run primaries and nominating conventions. As a contingency in the case of a runoff election , ranked ballots are used by overseas voters in six states. Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in
1425-670: The National Union ticket in 1864; it was a temporary name for the Republican Party. Electoral fusion in the United States is an arrangement where two or more United States political parties on a ballot list the same candidate , allowing that candidate to receive votes on multiple party lines in the same election. Electoral fusion is also known as fusion voting, cross endorsement, multiple party nomination, multi-party nomination, plural nomination, and ballot freedom. Ranked-choice voting (RCV) can refer to one of several ranked voting methods used in some cities and states in
1482-711: The Party for the Animals , the Reformed Political Party , or the former Pacifist Socialist Party . Other single-issue parties focus on the interests of a specific target group, such as ethnic minorities , retirees , and students . Green parties , cannabis political parties and pirate parties which exist in a number of countries, are explicitly based around the single issues of environmental protection , cannabis legalization and copyright liberalization respectively. These parties often evolve to adopt
1539-620: The United Kingdom . The party went on to become a national party, the National Health Action Party . Similar parties in the UK are the Save Huddersfield NHS party which had representation on Kirklees Council , and Save Chase Farm party. In instant-runoff electoral systems which allow unsuccessful parties to designate where their votes are redistributed, single-issue parties may be formed as
1596-545: The United States ). Alternatively, it may proceed through political advocacy groups of various kinds, including Lobby groups, pressure groups and other forms of political expression external to normal representative government . Within a broad-based party it may be the concern of a single-issue caucus . Very visible as it was in Western democracies in the second half of the twentieth century, single-issue politics
1653-533: The 'Animal Liberation Party'); MLC Lee Rhiannon accused many of these parties of being nothing more than fronts. A similar type of political party has been plentiful in the Netherlands, where they are called testimonial parties . Testimonial parties are often concentrated around a specific set of principles or policies which they seek to promote without the compromises contingent on ordinary coalition politics. Examples of some successful testimonial parties are
1710-646: The American Independent Party. In 1996 , both the Democrats and the Republicans agreed to deficit reduction on the back of Ross Perot's popularity in the 1992 election . This severely undermined Perot's campaign in the 1996 election. However, changing positions can be costly for a major party. For example, in the US 2000 Presidential election Magee predicts that Gore shifted his positions to
1767-562: The House are elected in single-member districts generally through first-past-the-post elections : a single-winner contest does not produce proportional representation as it has only one winner. Conversely, the representation achieved under PR electoral systems is typically proportional to a district's population size (seats per set amount of population), votes cast (votes per winner), and party vote share (in party-based systems such as party-list PR ). The European Parliament gives each member state
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1824-670: The Progressive Movement: Third-party Politics in the 1920s , pp. 36–38, 224, 232–233, ISBN 9780595481262 ^ "Single Tax" . Time magazine . February 18, 1924. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010 . Retrieved 2010-03-07 . A National Convention of the great Presidential year of 1924 was held in Manhattan. Before the Convention, the name of the Party
1881-544: The Republican primary to a Tea party candidate, and Senator Joe Lieberman ran and won reelection to the Senate as an "Independent Democrat" in 2006 after losing the Democratic primary. As of 2024, there are only four U.S. senators, Angus King , Bernie Sanders , Kyrsten Sinema , and Joe Manchin , who identify as Independent and all caucus with the Democrats. The last time a third-party candidate carried any states in
1938-406: The Republicans. Micah Sifry argues that despite years of discontentment with the two major parties in the United States, third parties should try to arise organically at the local level in places where ranked-choice voting and other more democratic systems can build momentum, rather than starting with the presidency, a proposition incredibly unlikely to succeed. Strategic voting often leads to
1995-633: The Scottish Parliament Party and Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party , animal rights advocates Animal Protection Party and the Animal Welfare Party and the pro fox-hunting Countryside Party . There were also the electoral reform advocates No Candidate Deserves My Vote! party. In 2019, an anti-environmentalist Polish political party called the Party of Drivers ( Polish : Partia Kierowców )
2052-441: The U.S. system has two major parties which have won, on average, 98% of all state and federal seats. There have only been a few rare elections where a minor party was competitive with the major parties, occasionally replacing one of the major parties in the 19th century. The winner take all system for presidential elections and the single-seat plurality voting system for Congressional elections have over time helped establish
2109-3093: The United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Smaller African People's Socialist Alliance American Freedom American Solidarity Black Socialists of America Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Constitution Freedom Party Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Forward Party Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party Legal Marijuana Now Liberal National Progressive Party Progressive Dane Marijuana Pirate People's Progressive Labor Party Prohibition Reform Renew America Movement Socialism and Liberation Serve America Movement Socialist (1973) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative South Carolina Workers Party Social Democrats, USA Socialist Equality Socialist Labor Socialist Workers Transhumanist Unity Working Class Working Families Workers World World Socialist Defunct parties Major parties Democratic-Republican Federalist National Republican Whig National Union Third parties American (Know Nothing) Americans Elect Anti-Masonic American Nazi American (1924) American (1969) American Vegetarian Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Communist Workers' Constitution (1952) Constitutional Union Democratic-Republican (1844) Farmer–Labor Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Human Rights Party Independence (1906) Independence (2007) Justice Labor (1919) Labor (1996) Liberal Republican Liberty (1840) National (1917) National Renaissance National Socialist National States' Rights Natural Law New Alliance New Party New Union Nullifier Opposition Patriot Party People's Party Populist (People's) Personal Choice Populist Progressive (1912) Progressive (1924) Progressive (1948) Proletarian Party Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Red Guards Red Guard Party Silver Silver Republican Social Democratic Socialist (1901) States Rights (Dixiecrat) Traditionalist Worker Unconditional Union Union (1850) Union (1861) Union (1936) U.S. Labor White Panthers White Patriot Young Patriots Workers Young Lords Youth International [REDACTED] State and local political parties (without national body) Presidential nominating convention ( List ) Politics of
2166-859: The United States Politics portal Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Tax_Party&oldid=1105804853 " Categories : 1924 establishments in the United States Georgist parties Political parties established in 1924 Political parties in the United States Progressive Era in the United States Tax reform in the United States Single-issue politics One weakness of such an approach
2223-686: The United States. The term is not strictly defined, but most often refers to instant-runoff voting (IRV) or single transferable vote (STV), the main difference being whether only one winner or multiple winners are elected. At the federal and state level, instant runoff voting is used for congressional and presidential elections in Maine ; state, congressional, and presidential general elections in Alaska ; and special congressional elections in Hawaii . Starting in 2025, it will also be used for all elections in
2280-564: The candidate of the Reform Party in 1996. Perot, a billionaire, was able to provide significant funds for his campaigns. Patrick Buchanan appeared on all 50 state ballots in the 2000 election, largely on the basis of Perot's performance as the Reform Party's candidate four years prior. The Libertarian Party has appeared on the ballot in at least 46 states in every election since 1980 , except for 1984 when David Bergland gained access in only 36 states. In 1980, 1992, 1996, 2016, and 2020
2337-510: The context of voting systems, PR means that each representative in an assembly is elected by a roughly equal number of voters. In the common case of electoral systems that only allow a choice of parties, the seats are allocated in proportion to the vote tally or vote share each party receives. The term proportional representation may be used to mean fair representation by population as applied to states, regions, etc. However, representation being proportional with respect solely to population size
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2394-529: The debates in which they appeared. Debates in other state and federal elections often exclude independent and third-party candidates, and the Supreme Court has upheld this practice in several cases. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a private company. The Free & Equal Elections Foundation hosts various debates and forums with third-party candidates during presidential elections. They can draw attention to issues that may be ignored by
2451-431: The disproportional results produced in single-member districts using FPTP or to increase the fairness produced in multi-member districts using list PR. PR systems that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to use as general pooling as possible (typically country-wide) or districts with large numbers of seats. In winner-take-all (or plurality voting) , the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if
2508-504: The elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions ( political parties ) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone. Under other election systems, a bare plurality or a scant majority are all that are used to elect candidates. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, reflecting how votes are cast. In
2565-714: The left to account for Nader, which lost him some valuable centrist voters to Bush. In cases with an extreme minor candidate, not changing positions can help to reframe the more competitive candidate as moderate, helping to attract the most valuable swing voters from their top competitor while losing some voters on the extreme to the less competitive minor candidate. of New York State Freedom Party This section includes only parties that have actually run candidates under their name in recent years. This section includes any party that advocates positions associated with American conservatism , including both Old Right and New Right ideologies. This section includes any party that
2622-492: The major parties may rise to commit for or against the matter at hand, or at least weigh in. H. Ross Perot eventually founded a third party, the Reform Party , to support his 1996 campaign. In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt made a spirited run for the presidency on the Progressive Party ticket, but he never made any efforts to help Progressive congressional candidates in 1914, and in the 1916 election , he supported
2679-421: The majority parties. If such an issue finds acceptance with the voters, one or more of the major parties may adopt the issue into its own party platform . A third-party candidate will sometimes strike a chord with a section of voters in a particular election, bringing an issue to national prominence and amount a significant proportion of the popular vote. Major parties often respond to this by adopting this issue in
2736-469: The margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a majority. Unlike in proportional representation , runners-up do not gain representation in a first-past-the-post system . In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level and are entirely absent at the national level (even though states like Maine have introduced systems like ranked-choice voting , which ensures that
2793-462: The other two were ever elected president in their own right, both being vice presidents who ascended to office upon the death of the president, and both became independents because they were unpopular with their parties. John Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 with William Henry Harrison , but was expelled by his own party. Johnson was the running mate for Abraham Lincoln , who was reelected on
2850-704: The party made the ballot in all 50 states and D.C. The Green Party gained access to 44 state ballots in 2000 but only 27 in 2004. The Constitution Party appeared on 42 state ballots in 2004. Ralph Nader, running as an independent in 2004, appeared on 34 state ballots. In 2008 , Nader appeared on 45 state ballots and the D.C. ballot. Presidential debates between the nominees of the two major parties first occurred in 1960 , then after three cycles without debates, resumed in 1976 . Third party or independent candidates have been in debates in only two cycles. Ronald Reagan and John Anderson debated in 1980, but incumbent President Carter refused to appear with Anderson, and Anderson
2907-448: The result. Imposing such an issue may well be what single-issue politics concern; but for the most part success is rather limited, and electorates choose governments for reasons with a broader base. Single-issue politics may express itself through the formation of a single-issue party, an approach that tends to be more successful in parliamentary systems based on proportional representation than in rigid two-party systems (like that of
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#17327723841252964-574: The results of elections. First-past-the-post voting systems tend to lessen their influence, but local single-issue parties, such as Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern , which sought to reopen the Accident and Emergency unit at Kidderminster Hospital , may see more success under this voting system. This party won the Wyre Forest seat , where the hospital is located, at two consecutive general elections (in 2001 and 2005 ) in
3021-621: The two-party system (see Duverger's law ). Although third-party candidates rarely win elections, they can have an effect on them through vote splitting and other impacts. Greens, Libertarians, and others have elected state legislators and local officials. The Socialist Party elected hundreds of local officials in 169 cities in 33 states by 1912, including Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; New Haven, Connecticut ; Reading, Pennsylvania ; and Schenectady, New York . There have been governors elected as independents , and from such parties as Progressive, Reform, Farmer-Labor, Populist, and Prohibition. After losing
3078-552: The voice of third party voters is heard in case none of the candidates receives a majority of preferences). In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College , and the Constitutional provision for the House of Representatives to decide the election if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a further disincentive to third party candidacies. In the United States, if an interest group
3135-851: Was excluded from the subsequent debate between Reagan and Carter. Independent Ross Perot was included in all three of the debates with Republican George H. W. Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992, largely at the behest of the Bush campaign. His participation helped Perot climb from 7% before the debates to 19% on Election Day. Perot did not participate in the 1996 debates. In 2000 , revised debate access rules made it even harder for third-party candidates to gain access by stipulating that, besides being on enough state ballots to win an Electoral College majority, debate participants must clear 15% in pre-debate opinion polls. This rule has been in effect since 2000. The 15% criterion, had it been in place, would have prevented Anderson and Perot from participating in
3192-610: Was formed with the aim of "fighting for the rights of drivers and hauliers" . In Norway, there is also a party called Patient Focus (Norway) as a support movement for an expansion of the hospital in Alta Municipality in Finnmark . The Anti-Masonic Party opposed Freemasonry. Rent is Too Damn High is focused on housing. The Free-Soil Party opposed slavery. In Australia, a number of single-issue parties have been elected to federal and state parliaments such as
3249-711: Was the Single Tax Party. After the Convention it was the Commonwealth Land Party. But the change was only a change of name. ^ "School of Cooperative Individualism / Biographical History of the Georgist Movement - United States - C continued" . Archived from the original on 2009-07-15 . Retrieved 2009-06-06 . External links [ edit ] 1924 Commonwealth Land Party platform v t e National political parties in
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