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53-677: Very few BSD and Linux -based operating systems are submitted for compliance with the Single UNIX Specification, although system developers generally aim for compliance with POSIX standards, which form the core of the Single UNIX Specification. The latest SUS consists of two parts: the base specifications technically identical to POSIX, and X/Open Curses specification. Some parts of the SUS are optional. The SUS emerged from multiple 1980s efforts to standardize operating system interfaces for software designed for variants of

106-615: A PDP-11/70 running Unix Version 7. Many new features were introduced in Version 7. The Portable C Compiler (pcc) was provided along with the earlier, PDP-11-specific, C compiler by Ritchie . These first appeared in the Research Unix lineage in Version 7, although early versions of some of them had already been picked up by PWB/UNIX . A feature that did not survive long was a second way (besides pipes) to do inter-process communication : multiplexed files. A process could create

159-489: A binary compatibility layer . This is much simpler and faster than emulation ; for example, it allows applications intended for Linux to be run at effectively full speed. This makes BSDs not only suitable for server environments, but also for workstation ones, given the increasing availability of commercial or closed-source software for Linux only. This also allows administrators to migrate legacy commercial applications, which may have only supported commercial Unix variants, to

212-488: A bit more BSD-flavored than SysVish, but it was pretty eclectic. Eric S. Raymond summarizes the longstanding relationship between System V and BSD, stating, "The divide was roughly between longhairs and shorthairs; programmers and technical people tended to line up with Berkeley and BSD, more business-oriented types with AT&T and System V." In 1989, David A. Curry wrote about the differences between BSD and System V. He characterized System V as being often regarded as

265-481: A more modern operating system, retaining the functionality of such applications until they can be replaced by a better alternative. Current BSD operating system variants support many of the common IEEE , ANSI , ISO , and POSIX standards, while retaining most of the traditional BSD behavior. Like AT&T Unix , the BSD kernel is monolithic , meaning that device drivers in the kernel run in privileged mode , as part of

318-400: A visiting professor. He helped to install Version 6 Unix and started working on a Pascal implementation for the system. Graduate students Chuck Haley and Bill Joy improved Thompson's Pascal and implemented an improved text editor, ex . Other universities became interested in the software at Berkeley, and so in 1977 Joy started compiling the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD), which

371-469: Is IEEE Std 1003.1-2008. This version had 1833 interfaces, of which 1191 were in the System Interfaces section. Technical Corrigendum 1 mostly targeted internationalization, and also introduced a role-based access model. A trademark UNIX V7 (not to be confused with V7 UNIX , the version of Research Unix from 1979) was created to mark compliance with SUS Version 4. Technical Corrigendum 2

424-658: Is IEEE Std 1003.1-2017. SUSv3 totals some 3700 pages, which are divided into four main parts: The standard user command line and scripting interface is the POSIX shell, an extension of the Bourne Shell based on an early version of the Korn Shell . Other user-level programs, services and utilities include awk , echo , ed , vi , and hundreds of others. Required program-level services include basic I/O ( file , terminal , and network ) services. A test suite accompanies

477-547: Is a discontinued operating system based on Research Unix , developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley . Since the original has become obsolete, the term "BSD" is commonly used for its open-source descendants, including FreeBSD , OpenBSD , NetBSD , and DragonFly BSD . BSD was initially called Berkeley Unix because it

530-622: Is available for the version. In 2004, a new edition of the POSIX.1-2001 standard was released, incorporating two technical corrigenda. It is called IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition. Some informally call it POSIX.1-2004, but this is not an official identification. In December 2008, the Austin Group published a new major revision of SUS and POSIX. This is the Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 (SUSv4). This SUS consists of: The Base Specifications are technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 , which

583-526: Is much more suited to a research environment, which requires a faster file system, better virtual memory handling, and a larger variety of programming languages . Berkeley's Unix was the first Unix to include libraries supporting the Internet Protocol stacks: Berkeley sockets . A Unix implementation of IP's predecessor, the ARPAnet's NCP , with FTP and Telnet clients, had been produced at

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636-480: The Austin Group began to develop the combined standard that would be known as the core of Single UNIX Specification, Version 3 and as POSIX.1-2001. It was released on January 30, 2002. This SUS consisted of: and is at the core of the UNIX 03 brand. The Base Specifications are technically identical to POSIX.1-2001 , which is IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. This version had 1742 programming interfaces. An authorized guide

689-466: The C shell . Some 75 copies of 2BSD were sent out by Bill Joy. A VAX computer was installed at Berkeley in 1978, but the port of Unix to the VAX architecture, UNIX/32V , did not take advantage of the VAX's virtual memory capabilities. The kernel of 32V was largely rewritten to include Berkeley graduate student Özalp Babaoğlu 's virtual memory implementation, and a complete operating system including

742-545: The University of Illinois in 1975, and was available at Berkeley. However, the memory scarcity on the PDP-11 forced a complicated design and performance problems. By integrating sockets with the Unix operating system's file descriptors , it became almost as easy to read and write data across a network as it was to access a disk. The AT&T laboratory eventually released their own STREAMS library, which incorporated much of

795-454: The Unix operating system . V7, released in 1979, was the last Bell Laboratories release to see widespread distribution before the commercialization of Unix by AT&T Corporation in the early 1980s. V7 was originally developed for Digital Equipment Corporation 's PDP-11 minicomputers and was later ported to other platforms. Unix versions from Bell Labs were designated by the edition of

848-769: The x86-64 architecture was registered as UNIX 03 compliant. The UNIX 03 conformance statement shows that the standard C compiler is from the GNU Compiler Collection ( gcc ), and that the system is a Linux distribution of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux family. The UNIX 03 certification expired in September 2022 and has not been renewed. Stratus Technologies DNCP Series servers running FTX Release 3 were registered as UNIX 93 compliant. BSD The Berkeley Software Distribution or Berkeley Standard Distribution ( BSD )

901-544: The "standard Unix." However, he described BSD as more popular among university and government computer centers, due to its advanced features and performance: Most university and government computer centers that use UNIX use Berkeley UNIX, rather than System V. There are several reasons for this, but perhaps the two most significant are that Berkeley UNIX provides networking capabilities that until recently (Release 3.0) were completely unavailable in System V, and that Berkeley UNIX

954-499: The 9th Edition, which incorporated source code and improvements from 4.3BSD. The result was that these later versions of Research Unix were closer to BSD than they were to System V. In a Usenet posting from 2000, Dennis Ritchie described this relationship between BSD and Research Unix: Research Unix 8th Edition started from (I think) BSD 4.1c, but with enormous amounts scooped out and replaced by our own stuff. This continued with 9th and 10th. The ordinary user command-set was, I guess,

1007-576: The AT&;T code. Within eighteen months, all of the AT&T utilities had been replaced, and it was determined that only a few AT&T files remained in the kernel. These files were removed, and the result was the June 1991 release of Networking Release 2 (Net/2), a nearly complete operating system that was freely distributable. Net/2 was the basis for two separate ports of BSD to the Intel 80386 architecture:

1060-661: The CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased. Since then, several variants based directly or indirectly on 4.4BSD-Lite (such as FreeBSD , NetBSD , OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD ) have been maintained. The permissive nature of the BSD license has allowed many other operating systems, both open-source and proprietary, to incorporate BSD source code. For example, Microsoft Windows used BSD code in its implementation of TCP/IP and bundles recompiled versions of BSD's command-line networking tools since Windows 2000 . Darwin ,

1113-545: The System V copyright and the Unix trademark. The USL v. BSDi lawsuit was filed in 1992 and led to an injunction on the distribution of Net/2 until the validity of USL's copyright claims on the source could be determined. The lawsuit slowed development of the free-software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a result systems based on the Linux kernel , which did not have such legal ambiguity, gained greater support. The lawsuit

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1166-552: The UNIX 95 and UNIX 98 marks. HP-UX 11i V3 Release B.11.31 is registered as UNIX 03 compliant. Previous releases were registered as UNIX 95. Apple macOS (formerly known as Mac OS X and OS X) is registered as UNIX 03 compliant. The first version registered was Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , certified on October 26, 2007 (on x86 systems). All versions of macOS from Mac OS X Leopard to macOS 10.15 Catalina , except for OS X Lion , have been registered on Intel-based systems, and all versions from macOS 11 Big Sur ,

1219-408: The Unix operating system. The need for standardization arose because enterprises using computers wanted to be able to develop programs that could be used on the computer systems of different manufacturers without reimplementing the programs. Unix was selected as the basis for a standard system interface partly because it was manufacturer-neutral. In 1984, the UNIX user group called /usr/group published

1272-410: The basis for Apple's macOS and iOS , is based on 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD. Various commercial Unix operating systems, such as Solaris , also incorporate BSD code. Starting with the 8th Edition, versions of Research Unix at Bell Labs had a close relationship to BSD. This began when 4.1cBSD for the VAX was used as the basis for Research Unix 8th Edition. This continued in subsequent versions, such as

1325-422: The basis for several open-source operating systems including FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Darwin and TrueOS . These, in turn, have been used by proprietary operating systems, including Apple 's macOS and iOS , which derived from them and Microsoft Windows (since at least 2000 and XP ), which used (at least) part of its TCP/IP code, which was legal. Code from FreeBSD was also used to create

1378-412: The core of the operating system. Several operating systems are based on BSD, including FreeBSD , OpenBSD , NetBSD , MidnightBSD , MirOS BSD , GhostBSD , Darwin and DragonFly BSD . Both NetBSD and FreeBSD were created in 1993. They were initially derived from 386BSD (also known as "Jolix"), and merged the 4.4BSD-Lite source code in 1994. OpenBSD was forked from NetBSD in 1995, and DragonFly BSD

1431-458: The free 386BSD by William and Lynne Jolitz , and the proprietary BSD/386 (later renamed BSD/OS) by Berkeley Software Design (BSDi). 386BSD itself was short-lived, but became the initial code base of the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects that were started shortly thereafter. BSDi soon found itself in legal trouble with AT&T's Unix System Laboratories (USL) subsidiary, then the owners of

1484-517: The growth of the Internet. Until then, all versions of BSD used proprietary AT&T Unix code, and were therefore subject to an AT&T software license. Source code licenses had become very expensive and several outside parties had expressed interest in a separate release of the networking code, which had been developed entirely outside AT&T and would not be subject to the licensing requirement. This led to Networking Release 1 ( Net/1 ), which

1537-411: The kernel for the PDP-11 line of computers including significantly improved hardware error recovery and many additional device drivers. UEG evolved into the group that later developed Ultrix . Due to its power yet elegant simplicity, many old-time Unix users remember V7 as the pinnacle of Unix development and have dubbed it "the last true Unix", an improvement over all preceding and following Unices. At

1590-499: The new kernel, ports of the 2BSD utilities to the VAX, and the utilities from 32V was released as 3BSD at the end of 1979. 3BSD was also alternatively called Virtual VAX/UNIX or VMUNIX (for Virtual Memory Unix), and BSD kernel images were normally called /vmunix until 4.4BSD. After 4.3BSD was released in June 1986, it was determined that BSD would move away from the aging VAX platform. The Power 6/32 platform (codenamed "Tahoe") developed by Computer Consoles Inc. seemed promising at

1643-583: The operating system version. More recent systems have seen incredible growth in the number of supported system calls. Linux 5.15.0 has 449 system calls and FreeBSD 8.0 has over 450. In 2002, Caldera International released V7 as FOSS under a permissive BSD-like software license . Bootable images for V7 can still be downloaded today, and can be run on modern hosts using PDP-11 emulators such as SIMH . An x86 port has been developed by Nordier & Associates. Paul Allen maintained several publicly accessible historic computer systems, including

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1696-496: The operating systems for the PlayStation 5 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , and Nintendo Switch . The earliest distributions of Unix from Bell Labs in the 1970s included the source code to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify and extend Unix. The operating system arrived at Berkeley in 1974, at the request of computer science professor Bob Fabry who had been on

1749-462: The program committee for the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles where Unix was first presented. A PDP-11/45 was bought to run the system, but for budgetary reasons, this machine was shared with the mathematics and statistics groups at Berkeley, who used RSTS , so that Unix only ran on the machine eight hours per day (sometimes during the day, sometimes during the night). A larger PDP-11/70

1802-574: The results of their standardization effort for programming interfaces in their 1984 /usr/group standard, which became basis for what would become the POSIX.1-1988 standard. In 1985, AT&T published System V Interface Definition (SVID), a specification of UNIX System V programming interfaces. In 1988, standardization efforts resulted in IEEE 1003 (also registered as ISO / IEC 9945 ), or POSIX .1-1988 , which loosely stands for Portable Operating System Interface . The X/Open Portability Guide (XPG)

1855-413: The same functionality in a software stack with a different architecture, but the wide distribution of the existing sockets library reduced the impact of the new API . Early versions of BSD were used to form Sun Microsystems ' SunOS , founding the first wave of popular Unix workstations. Some BSD operating systems can run native software of several other operating systems on the same architecture , using

1908-808: The standard. It is called PCTS or the POSIX Certification Test Suite . Additionally, SUS includes CURSES (XCURSES) specification, which specifies 372 functions and 3 header files. All in all, SUSv3 specifies 1742 interfaces. Note that a system need not include source code derived in any way from AT&T Unix to meet the specification. For instance, IBM OS/390 , now z/OS , qualifies as UNIX despite having no code in common. There are five official marks for conforming systems: AIX version 7, at either 7.1 TL5 (or later) or 7.2 TL2 (or later) are registered as UNIX 03 compliant. AIX version 7, at 7.2 TL5 (or later) are registered as UNIX V7 compliant. Older versions were previously certified to

1961-410: The successor to macOS Catalina, to macOS 14 Sonoma have been registered on both x86-64 and ARM64 systems. UnixWare 7.1.3 and later is registered as UNIX 95 compliant. OpenServer 5 and 6 are registered as UNIX 93 compliant. IBM z/OS 1.2 and higher is registered as UNIX 95 compliant. z/OS 1.9, released on September 28, 2007, and subsequent releases "better align" with UNIX 03. EulerOS 2.0 for

2014-573: The time of its release, though, its greatly extended feature set came at the expense of a decrease in performance compared to V6, which was to be corrected largely by the user community. The number of system calls in Version 7 was only around 50, while later Unix and Unix-like systems continued to add many more: Version 7 of the Research UNIX System provided about 50 system calls, 4.4BSD provided about 110, and SVR4 had around 120. The exact number of system calls varies depending on

2067-540: The time, but was abandoned by its developers shortly thereafter. Nonetheless, the 4.3BSD-Tahoe port (June 1988) proved valuable, as it led to a separation of machine-dependent and machine-independent code in BSD which would improve the system's future portability. In addition to portability, the CSRG worked on an implementation of the OSI network protocol stack, improvements to the kernel virtual memory system and (with Van Jacobson of LBL ) new TCP/IP algorithms to accommodate

2120-721: The user's manual with which they were accompanied. Released in 1979, the Seventh Edition was preceded by Sixth Edition , which was the first version licensed to commercial users. Development of the Research Unix line continued with the Eighth Edition , which incorporated development from 4.1BSD , through the Tenth Edition, after which the Bell Labs researchers concentrated on developing Plan 9 . V7

2173-609: Was a precursor to the SUS, published by the X/Open Company , a consortium of companies established in 1984. The guides were published in the following years. XPG4 Base included the following documents: In the early 1990s, a separate effort known as the Common API Specification or Spec 1170 was initiated by several major vendors, who formed the COSE alliance in the wake of the Unix wars . In 1993, Spec 1170

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2226-547: Was a repackaging of the X/Open Portability Guide (XPG), Issue 4, Version 2. Sources differ on whether X/Open Curses, Issue 4, Version 2 was part of this SUS; its copyright date is given as 1996. X/Open Curses, Issue 4 was published in 1995. In October 1994, X/Open indicated they were going to refer to Spec 1170 as '"Single-Unix" specification'. The SUS was at the core of the UNIX 95 brand. This version had 1168 programming interfaces. This version of SUS

2279-741: Was assigned by COSE to X/Open for fasttrack. In October 1993, a planned transfer of UNIX trademark from Novell to X/Open was announced; it was finalized in 2nd quarter of 1994. Spec 1170 would eventually become the Single Unix Specification. In 1994, the X/Open Company released the Single UNIX Specification . The SUS was made up of documents that were part of the X/Open Common Applications Environment (CAE): This

2332-469: Was based on the source code of the original Unix developed at Bell Labs . In the 1980s, BSD was widely adopted by workstation vendors in the form of proprietary Unix variants such as DEC Ultrix and Sun Microsystems SunOS due to its permissive licensing and familiarity to many technology company founders and engineers. These proprietary BSD derivatives were largely superseded in the 1990s by UNIX SVR4 and OSF/1 . Later releases of BSD provided

2385-649: Was derived from V7 and Onyx Systems soon produced a Zilog Z8000 computer running V7. The VAX port of V7, called UNIX/32V , was the direct ancestor of the popular 4BSD family of Unix systems. The group at the University of Wollongong that had ported V6 to the Interdata 7/32 ported V7 to that machine as well. Interdata sold the port as Edition VII, making it the first commercial UNIX offering. DEC distributed their own PDP-11 version of V7, called V7M (for modified). V7M, developed by DEC's original Unix Engineering Group (UEG), contained many enhancements to

2438-488: Was drawn from the following sources: In 1996, X/Open merged with Open Software Foundation (OSF) to form The Open Group . In 1997, the Open Group released the Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 . This specification consisted of: and was at the core of the UNIX 98 brand. This version had 1434 programming interfaces. Beginning in 1998, a joint working group of IEEE, ISO JTC 1 SC22 and The Open Group known as

2491-430: Was forked from FreeBSD in 2003. BSD was also used as the basis for several proprietary versions of Unix, such as Sun 's SunOS , Sequent 's DYNIX , NeXT 's NeXTSTEP , DEC 's Ultrix and OSF/1 AXP (now Tru64 UNIX ). NeXTSTEP later became the foundation for Apple Inc. 's macOS . Version 7 Unix Version 7 Unix , also called Seventh Edition Unix , Version 7 or just V7 , was an important early release of

2544-535: Was installed at Berkeley the following year, using money from the Ingres database project. BSD began life as a variant of Unix that programmers at the University of California at Berkeley, initially led by Bill Joy , began developing in the late 1970s. It included extra features, which were intertwined with code owned by AT&T. In 1975, Ken Thompson took a sabbatical from Bell Labs and came to Berkeley as

2597-400: Was made available to non-licensees of AT&T code and was freely redistributable under the terms of the BSD license . It was released in June 1989. After Net/1, BSD developer Keith Bostic proposed that more non-AT&T sections of the BSD system be released under the same license as Net/1. To this end, he started a project to reimplement most of the standard Unix utilities without using

2650-400: Was published in September 2016, leading into IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition and Single UNIX Specification, Version 4, 2016 Edition . In January 2018, an "administrative rollup" edition was released. It incorporates Single UNIX Specification version 4 TC1 and TC2, and is technically identical to the 2016 edition. The Base Specifications are technically identical to POSIX.1-2017 , which

2703-463: Was released on March 9, 1978. 1BSD was an add-on to Version 6 Unix rather than a complete operating system in its own right. Some thirty copies were sent out. The second Berkeley Software Distribution (2BSD), released in May 1979, included updated versions of the 1BSD software as well as two new programs by Joy that persist on Unix systems to this day: the vi text editor (a visual version of ex ) and

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2756-614: Was settled in January 1994, largely in Berkeley's favor. Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only three had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release. The final release from Berkeley was 1995's 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2 , after which

2809-464: Was the first readily portable version of Unix. As this was the era of minicomputers , with their many architectural variations, and also the beginning of the market for 16-bit microprocessors, many ports were completed within the first few years of its release. The first Sun workstations (then based on the Motorola 68000 ) ran a V7 port by UniSoft ; the first version of Xenix for the Intel 8086

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