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63-525: In 2023, Siniaka-Minia was promoted from a Reserve to a National Park. In addition to anti-poaching measures, the organization states some of its key priorities are wildlife monitoring and infrastructure development. The park is large plain terrain with a backdrop of a massif which rises to a height of 1,613 metres (5,292 ft). It is drained by the Siniaka River and Dorioum River , which are ephemeral in nature; some water holes remain for use during

126-1089: A Jewish ritual horn blown at Rosh Hashanah . The animal appears on the Eritrean 50-cent coin . The greater kudu population in the northern part of its range has declined due to excessive hunting and rapid habitat loss . However, they are evaluated as low risk in the IUCN Red List of endangered species . The long-term survival of the greater kudu at large is not in jeopardy as populations located elsewhere remain robust and well-managed. The greater kudu receives adequate protection from southern Tanzania to South Africa. There are large populations in parks and reserves such as Ruaha - Rungwa -Kisigo and Selous (Tanzania), Luangwa Valley and Kafue (Zambia), Etosha (Namibia), Moremi , Chobe and Central Kalahari (Botswana), Hwange , Chizarira , Mana Pools and Gonarezhou (Zimbabwe) and in Kruger (11,200–17,300) and Hluhluwe–iMfolozi (South Africa). An abundance of greater kudu

189-692: A Species Survival Plan participant and in 2006 added the Bongo Restoration to Mount Kenya Project to its list of the Top Ten Wildlife Conservation Success Stories of the year. However, in 2013, it seems, these successes have been compromised by reports of possibly only 100 mountain bongos left in the wild due to logging and poaching . Giant eland Common eland Greater kudu Balbok Bongo Sitatunga Cape bushbuck Harnessed bushbuck Nyala Lesser kudu The scientific name of

252-504: A beard or nose markings. The head-and-body length is 185–245 cm (6.07–8.04 ft), to which the tail may add a further 30–55 cm (12–22 in). Giant eland Common eland Greater kudu Mountain nyala Bongo Sitatunga Cape bushbuck Harnessed bushbuck Nyala Lesser kudu Formerly four subspecies have been described, but recently only one to three subspecies have been accepted based on colour, number of stripes and horn length: This classification

315-601: A coat even more vibrant than that of T. e. eurycerus . The mountain bongo is only found in the wild in a few mountain regions of central Kenya. This bongo is classified by the IUCN Antelope Specialist Group as Critically Endangered , with fewer individuals in the wild than in captivity (where it breeds readily). In 2000, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in the USA (AZA) upgraded the bongo to

378-544: A healthy captive population of this subspecies offers the potential for its reintroduction. In 2004, Dr. Jake Veasey, the head of the Department of Animal Management and Conservation at Woburn Safari Park and a member of the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums Population Management Advisory Group, with the assistance of Lindsay Banks, took over responsibility for the management and coordination of

441-442: A large animal, the bongo requires an ample amount of food, and is restricted to areas with abundant year-round growth of herbs and low shrubs. Few estimates of population density are available. Assuming average population densities of 0.25 animals per km in regions where it is known to be common or abundant, and 0.02 per km elsewhere, and with a total area of occupancy of 327,000 km , a total population estimate of around 28,000

504-560: A lifespan of 7 to 8 years in the wild, and up to 23 years in captivity. They may be active throughout the 24-hour day. Herds disperse during the rainy season when food is plentiful. During the dry season, there are only a few concentrated areas of food so the herds will congregate. Greater kudu are not territorial; they have home areas instead. Maternal herds have home ranges of approximately 4 square kilometers and these home ranges can overlap with other maternal herds. Home ranges of adult males are about 11 square kilometers and generally encompass

567-536: A ritualised manner and it is rare for serious fights to take place. However, such fights are usually discouraged by visual displays, in which the males bulge their necks, roll their eyes, and hold their horns in a vertical position while slowly pacing back and forth in front of the other male. They seek out females only during mating time. When they are with a herd of females, males do not coerce them or try to restrict their movements as do some other antelopes. Although mostly nocturnal , they are occasionally active during

630-420: A storm, as a rich source of salt and minerals. This behavior is believed to be a means of getting salts and minerals into their diets. This behavior has also been reported in the okapi . Another similarity to the okapi, though the bongo is unrelated, is that the bongo has a long prehensile tongue which it uses to grasp grasses and leaves. Suitable habitats for bongos must have permanent water available. As

693-522: A substantial amount of genetic material is lost each generation. Whilst the population remains small, the impact of transfers will be greater, so the establishment of a "metapopulation management plan" occurs concurrently with conservation initiatives to enhance in situ population growth, and this initiative is both urgent and fundamental to the future survival of mountain bongo in the wild. The western/lowland bongo faces an ongoing population decline as habitat destruction and hunting pressures increase with

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756-488: A tail of 45–65 cm (18–26 in). Females weigh around 150–235 kg (331–518 lb), while males weigh about 220–405 kg (485–893 lb). Its large size puts it as the third-largest in the Bovidae tribe of Strepsicerotini, behind both the common and greater eland by about 300 kg (660 lb), and above the greater kudu by about 40 kg (88 lb). Both sexes have heavy spiral horns; those of

819-655: Is 250 animals. Through the efforts of zoos in North America, a reintroduction to the population in Kenya is being developed. At least one collaborative effort for reintroduction between North American wildlife facilities has already been carried out. In 2004, 18 eastern bongos born in North American zoos gathered at White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida for release in Kenya. White Oak staff members traveled with

882-409: Is a large woodland antelope , found throughout eastern and southern Africa . Despite occupying such widespread territory , they are sparsely populated in most areas due to declining habitat , deforestation , and poaching . The greater kudu is one of two species commonly known as kudu , the other being the lesser kudu , T. imberbis . Kudu ( / k uː d uː / koo- DOO ), or koodoo,

945-545: Is about 285 days (9.5 months), with one young per birth, and weaning occurs at six months. Sexual maturity is reached at 24–27 months. The preferred habitat of this species is so dense and difficult to operate in, that few Europeans or Americans observed this species until the 1960s. As young males mature and leave their maternal groups, they most often remain solitary, although rarely they join an older male. Adult males of similar size/age tend to avoid one another. Occasionally, they meet and spar with their horns in

1008-538: Is also found in private farms and conservancies in southern Africa, in particular in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, where they are popular amongst trophy hunters . Bongo (antelope) The bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus ) is a large, mostly nocturnal , forest -dwelling antelope , native to sub-Saharan Africa . Bongos are characterised by a striking reddish-brown coat, black and white markings, white-yellow stripes, and long slightly spiralled horns. It

1071-409: Is darker in color than the western and this is especially pronounced in older males which tend to be chestnut brown, especially on the forepart of their bodies. The smooth coat is marked with 10–15 vertical white-yellow stripes, spread along the back from the base of the neck to the rump. The number of stripes on each side is rarely the same. It also has a short, bristly, brown ridge of dorsal hair from

1134-504: Is established until one male exhibits the lateral display. In rare circumstances, sparring can result in both males being unable to free themselves from the other's horns, which can then result in the death of both animals. Rarely will a herd reach a size of forty individuals, partly because of the selective nature of their diet which would make foraging for food difficult in large groups. A herd's area can encompass 800 to 1,500 acres (3.2 to 6.1 km ), and spend an average of 54% of

1197-458: Is not fast enough (nor does it have enough endurance ) to escape its main predators over open terrain, so it tends to rely on leaping over shrubs and small trees to shake off pursuers. Greater kudus have excellent hearing and acute eyesight, which helps to alert them to approaching predators. Their colouring and markings protect kudus by camouflaging them. If alarmed, they usually stand still, making them very difficult to spot. Greater kudus have

1260-547: Is one of the few largest mammals that prefer living in settled areas – in scrub woodland and bush on abandoned fields and degraded pastures, mopane bush and acacia in lowlands, hills and mountains. They will occasionally venture onto plains only if there is a large abundance of bushes, but normally avoid such open areas to avoid becoming an easy target for their predators. Their diet consists of leaves , grass , shoots and occasionally tubers , roots and fruit (they are especially fond of oranges and tangerines ). During

1323-430: Is one of the largest species of antelope, being slightly smaller than the bongo . Bulls weigh 190–270 kg (420–600 lb), with a maximum of 315 kg (694 lb), and stand up to 160 cm (63 in) tall at the shoulder. The ears of the greater kudu are large and round. Cows weigh 120–210 kg (260–460 lb) and stand as little as 100 cm (39 in) tall at the shoulder; they are hornless, without

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1386-461: Is relatively scarce they have been known to cover extensive distances in very short periods of time. Predators of the greater kudu generally consist of lions , spotted hyenas , and African wild dogs . Although cheetahs and leopards also prey on greater kudus, they usually target cows and calves rather than fully grown bulls. There are several instances reported where Nile crocodiles have preyed on greater kudus, although based on records,

1449-437: Is required. They have been observed to live up to 19 years. Bongos are one of the largest of the forest antelopes. In addition to the deep chestnut colour of their coats, they have bright white stripes on their sides to help with camouflage . Adults of both sexes are similar in size. Adult height is about 1.1 to 1.3 m (3.6 to 4.3 ft) at the shoulder and length is 2.15 to 3.15 m (7.1 to 10.3 ft), including

1512-506: Is suggested. Only about 60% are in protected areas, suggesting the actual numbers of the lowland subspecies may only be in the low tens of thousands. In Kenya, their numbers have declined significantly and on Mount Kenya , they were extirpated within the last decade due to illegal hunting with dogs. Although information on their status in the wild is lacking, lowland bongos are not presently considered endangered. Bongos are susceptible to diseases such as rinderpest , which almost exterminated

1575-514: Is the Khoikhoi name for this antelope. Trag- (Greek) denotes a goat and elaphos (Greek) a deer. Strepho (Greek) means 'twist', and strepsis is 'twisting'. Keras (Greek) refers to the horn of the animal. Greater kudus have a narrow body with long legs , and their coats can range from brown/bluish grey to reddish brown. They possess between 4 and 12 vertical white stripes along their torso . The head tends to be darker in colour than

1638-612: Is the only tragelaphid in which both sexes have horns. Bongos have a complex social interaction and are found in African dense forest mosaics. They are the third-largest antelope in the world. The western or lowland bongo , T. e. eurycerus , faces an ongoing population decline, and the IUCN Antelope Specialist Group considers it to be Near Threatened on the conservation status scale. The eastern or mountain bongo , T. e. isaaci , of Kenya , has

1701-466: Is very popular in zoos and private collections. In North America, over 400 individuals are thought to be held, a population that probably exceeds that of the mountain bongo in the wild. In 2000, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) upgraded the bongo to a Species Survival Plan participant, which works to improve the genetic diversity of managed animal populations. The target population for participating zoos and private collections in North America

1764-572: The Kele language of Gabon . The first known use of the name "bongo" in English dates to 1861. Bongos are further classified into two subspecies : T. e. eurycerus , the lowland or western bongo, and the far rarer T. e. isaaci , the mountain or eastern bongo, restricted to the mountains of Kenya only. The eastern bongo is larger and heavier than the western bongo. Two other subspecies are described from West and Central Africa, but taxonomic clarification

1827-1360: The Republic of the Congo , the Democratic Republic of Congo , the Ivory Coast , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Sierra Leone , South Sudan . Historically, bongos are found in three disjunct parts of Africa: East, Central, and West. Today, all three populations' ranges have shrunk in size due to habitat loss for agriculture and uncontrolled timber cutting, as well as hunting for meat. Bongos favour disturbed forest mosaics that provide fresh, low-level green vegetation. Such habitats may be promoted by heavy browsing by elephants, fires, flooding, tree-felling (natural or by logging), and fallowing . Mass bamboo die-off provides ideal habitat in East Africa. They can live in bamboo forests. Like many forest ungulates , bongos are herbivorous browsers and feed on leaves, bushes, vines , bark (bark and pith of rotting trees, grasses/herbs, roots, cereals , and fruits. Bongos require salt in their diets, and are known to regularly visit natural salt licks. Bongos are also known to eat burnt wood after

1890-595: The Aberdare Forests using camera traps, and, by analyzing DNA extracted from dung , have confirmed the presence of bongo in Mount Kenya, Eburru , and Mau forests . The programme estimate as few as 140 animals left in the wild – spread across four isolated populations. Whilst captive breeding programmes can be viewed as having been successful in ensuring survival of this species in Europe and North America,

1953-454: The animal can quickly flee. When in distress, the bongo emits a bleat . It uses a limited number of vocalisations, mostly grunts and snorts; females have a weak mooing contact-call for their young. Females prefer to use traditional calving grounds restricted to certain areas, while newborn calves lie in hiding for a week or more, receiving short visits by the mother to suckle . The calves grow rapidly and can soon accompany their mothers in

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2016-469: The bongo is Tragelaphus eurycerus , and it belongs to the genus Tragelaphus and family Bovidae . It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1837. The generic name Tragelaphus is composed of two Greek words: trag- , meaning a goat; and elaphos , meaning deer. The specific name eurycerus originated from the fusion of eurus (broad, widespread) and keras (an animal's horn). The common name "bongo" originated probably from

2079-587: The bongos to a Mount Kenya holding facility, where they stayed until being reintroduced. In the last few decades, a rapid decline in the numbers of wild mountain bongo has occurred due to poaching and human pressure on their habitat, with local extinctions reported in Cherangani and Chepalungu hills, Kenya. The Bongo Surveillance Programme, working alongside the Kenya Wildlife Service , have recorded photos of bongos at remote salt licks in

2142-448: The bongos' habitat believed that if they ate or touched bongo, they would have spasms similar to epileptic seizures . Because of this superstition , bongos were less harmed in their native ranges than expected. However, these taboos are said no longer to exist, which may account for increased hunting by humans in recent times. An international studbook is maintained to help manage animals held in captivity. Because of its bright colour, it

2205-620: The core of a bongo's horn is hollow and the outer layer of the horn is made of keratin , the same material that makes up human fingernails, toenails, and hair. The bongo runs gracefully and at full speed through even the thickest tangles of lianas , laying its heavy spiralled horns on its back so the brush cannot impede its flight. Bongos are hunted for their horns by humans. Like other forest ungulates , bongos are seldom seen in large groups. Males, called bulls, tend to be solitary, while females with young live in groups of six to eight. Bongos have seldom been seen in herds of more than 20. Gestation

2268-401: The day foraging for food . Greater kudus reach sexual maturity between 1 and 3 years of age . The mating season occurs at the end of the rainy season , which can fluctuate slightly according to the region and climate . Before mating , there is a courtship ritual which consists of the male standing in front of the female and often engaging in a neck wrestle. The male then trails

2331-428: The day, greater kudus normally cease to be active and instead seek cover under woodland , especially during hot days. They feed and drink in the early morning and late afternoon , acquiring water from waterholes or roots and bulbs that have a high water content . Although they tend to stay in one area, the greater kudu may search over a large distance for water in times of drought , in southern Namibia where water

2394-426: The day. However, like deer, bongos may exhibit crepuscular behaviour. Bongos are both timid and easily frightened; after a scare, a bongo moves away at considerable speed, even through dense undergrowth. Once they find cover, they stay alert and face away from the disturbance, but peek every now and then to check the situation. The bongo's hindquarters are less conspicuous than the forequarters, and from this position

2457-440: The female while issuing a low pitched call until the female allows him to copulate with her. Gestation takes around 240 days (or eight months ). Calving generally starts between February and March (late austral summer), when the grass tends to be at its highest. Greater kudus tend to bear one calf , although occasionally there may be two. The pregnant female kudu will leave her group to give birth; once she gives birth,

2520-440: The horns range between 75 and 99 cm (29.5 and 39 in). The horns of bongos are spiraled, and share this trait with those of the related antelope species of nyalas , sitatungas , bushbucks , kudus , and elands . The horns of bongos twist once. Unlike deer , which have branched antlers shed annually, bongos and other antelopes have unbranched horns they keep throughout their lives. Like all other horns of antelopes,

2583-460: The kudu's natural habitat into farmland, restricting their home ranges. Humans have also destroyed woodland cover, which they use for their habitat . However, wells and irrigation set up by humans has also allowed the greater kudu to occupy territory that would have been too devoid of water for them previously. The greater kudu are also a target for poachers for meat and horns. The horns of greater kudus are commonly used to make Shofars ,

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2646-403: The larger mammalian carnivores statistically are much more dangerous to the kudu and comparable large ungulates, or at least those with a preference for dry, upland habitats over riparian or swamp areas. When a herd is threatened by predators, an adult (usually a female) will issue a bark to alert the rest of the herd. Despite being very nimble over rocky hillsides and mountains, the greater kudu

2709-588: The largest buffalo translocation ever undertaken. Many of the animals came from a herd at the outskirts of Zakouma, which was at risk of spilling out of the protected area and into the agricultural lands of nearby communities. Wild animals in the reserve are subject to degree of poaching by well armed hunters which has been difficult to control in view of lack adequate personnel and equipment to carry out effective surveillance operations. It would still need attention as there are sufficient number of mammal species which need to be conserved. African Parks states that one of

2772-468: The male are longer and more massive. All bongos in captivity are from the isolated Aberdare Mountains of central Kenya . The bongo sports a bright auburn or chestnut coat, with the neck, chest, and legs generally darker than the rest of the body, especially in males. Coats of male bongos become darker as they age until they reach a dark mahogany -brown colour. Coats of female bongos are usually more brightly coloured than those of males. The eastern bongo

2835-607: The newborn is hidden in vegetation for about 4 to 5 weeks (to avoid predation). After 4 or 5 weeks, the offspring will accompany its mother for short periods of time; then by 3 to 4 months of age, it will accompany her at all times. By the time it is 6 months old, it is quite independent of its mother. The majority of births occur during the wet season (January to March). In terms of maturity, female greater kudus reach sexual maturity at 15–21 months. Males reach maturity at 21–24 months. Greater kudus have both benefited and suffered from interaction with humans . Humans are turning much of

2898-725: The northern kudu is found in eastern Sudan southwards through Ethiopia and Kenya to the Tanzanian border, and the western kudu is found in southeastern Chad, western Sudan, and in northern Central African Republic. Although this alternative taxonomy is not commonly accepted, it was accepted in the Handbook of the Mammals of the World . The range of the greater kudu extends from the east in Ethiopia , Tanzania , Eritrea and Kenya into

2961-596: The nursery herds. Their horns grow rapidly and begin to show in 3.5 months. They are weaned after six months and reach sexual maturity at about 20 months. Bongos are found in tropical jungles with dense undergrowth up to an altitude of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in Central Africa, with isolated populations in Kenya , and these West African countries: Cameroon , the Central African Republic ,

3024-609: The organizations key priorities is working with local law enforcement and improving anti-poaching measures. The establishment as a national park caused issues with the local farmers. The Minister of the Environment, Fisheries and Sustainable Development agreed to support the residents with access to water as well as other measures to sustain the economy. Greater kudu Strepsiceros chora Strepsiceros cottoni Strepsiceros strepsiceros Strepsiceros zambesiensis The greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros )

3087-422: The preservation of larger areas of bongo habitat than national parks, especially in remote regions of Central Africa, where possibilities for commercially successful tourism are very limited. The eastern/mountain bongo's survival in the wild is dependent on more effective protection of the surviving remnant populations in Kenya. If this does not occur, it will eventually become extinct in the wild. The existence of

3150-472: The primary natural predators ( lions are seldom encountered due to differing habitat preferences); pythons sometimes eat bongo calves. Humans prey on them for their pelts , horns, and meat, with the species being a common local source for "bush meat". Bongo populations have been greatly reduced by hunting, poaching , and animal trapping , although some bongo refuges exist. Although bongos are quite easy for humans to catch using snares, many people native to

3213-776: The ranges of two or three female groups. Females usually form small groups of 6–10 with their offspring, but sometimes they can form a herd up to 20 individuals. Male kudus may form small bachelor groups, but they are more commonly found as solitary and widely dispersed individuals. Solitary males will join the group of females and calves (usually 6–10 individuals per group) only during the mating season (April–May in South Africa). The male kudus are not always physically aggressive with each other, but sparring can sometimes occur between males, especially when both are of similar size and stature. The male kudus exhibit this sparring behavior by interlocking horns and shoving one another. Dominance

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3276-405: The record being 187.64 cm (73.87 in). They diverge slightly as they slant back from the head. The horns do not begin to grow until the bull is between the ages of 6–12 months. The horns form the first spiral rotation at around 2 years of age, and not reaching the full two and a half rotations until they are 6 years old; occasionally they may even have 3 full turns. The greater kudu

3339-425: The relentless expansion of human settlement. Its long-term survival will only be assured in areas which receive active protection and management. At present, such areas comprise about 30,000 km , and several are in countries where political stability is fragile. So, a realistic possibility exists whereby its status could decline to Threatened in the near future. As the largest and most spectacular forest antelope,

3402-428: The rest of the body, and exhibits a small white chevron which runs between the eyes. Greater kudu bulls tend to be much larger than the cows, and vocalize much more, utilizing low grunts , clucks, humming , and gasping. The bulls also have beards running along their throats, and large horns with two and a half twists, which, were they to be straightened, would reach an average length of 120 cm (47 in), with

3465-592: The shoulder to the rump; the white stripes run into this ridge. A white chevron appears between the eyes, with two large white spots on each cheek. Another white chevron occurs where the neck meets the chest. Bongos have no special secretion glands, so rely likely less on scent to find one another than do other similar antelopes. The lips of a bongo are white, topped with a black muzzle. Bongos have two heavy and slightly spiralled horns that slope over their backs. Bongo males have larger backswept horns, while females have smaller, thinner, and more parallel horns. The size of

3528-496: The situation in the wild has been less promising. Evidence exists of bongo surviving in Kenya. However, these populations are believed to be small, fragmented, and vulnerable to extinction. Animal populations with impoverished genetic diversity are inherently less able to adapt to changes in their environments (such as climate change, disease outbreaks, habitat change, etc.). The isolation of the four remaining small bongo populations, which themselves would appear to be in decline, means

3591-523: The south where they are found in Zambia , Angola , Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe and South Africa . Other regions where greater kudu are located are Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Djibouti , Eswatini , Malawi , Mozambique , Somalia , and Uganda . They have also been introduced in small numbers into New Mexico , but were never released into the wild. Their habitat includes mixed scrub woodlands (the greater kudu

3654-407: The species during the 1890s. Tragelaphus eurycerus may suffer from goitre . Over the course of the disease, the thyroid glands greatly enlarge (up to 10 x 20 cm) and may become polycystic . Pathogenesis of goiter in the bongo may reflect a mixture of genetic predisposition coupled with environmental factors, including a period of exposure to a goitrogen . Leopards and spotted hyenas are

3717-658: The summer months. The park has broad-ranging ecosystems, from savannahs to wetlands. Vegetation in the southern part of the reserve is of Sudan savanna while in the north it consists of thorny bushes. While the reserve was established for the black rhinoceros, poaching led to local extinction in the late 1970s. Poaching has continued to be a threat as of 2024. The reserve, apart from preserving many threatened species, also contains greater kudu , red-fronted gazelle , oribi , roan antelope , lion and cheetah . In January and February of 2022, African Parks moved over 900 buffalo from Zakouma National Park to Siniaka-Minia, marking

3780-414: The western/lowland bongo is both an important flagship species for protected areas such as national parks, and a major trophy species which has been taken in increasing numbers in Central Africa by sport hunters during the 1990s. Both of these factors are strong incentives to provide effective protection and management of populations. Trophy hunting has the potential to provide economic justification for

3843-609: Was based on a different subspecies, Strepsiceros strepsiceros (Cape kudu), Strepsiceros chora (northern kudu), Strepsiceros cottoni (western kudu), and Strepsiceros zambesiensis (Zambezi kudu) which is not commonly accepted even as a subspecies. The Cape kudu is found in south central South Africa, the Zambezi kudu (closely related to the Cape kudu) is found from northern to southern Tanzania and northern South Africa, Namibia, and Angola through Zambia, Mozambique, and eastern DR Congo ,

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3906-496: Was made that evaluated all species and subspecies of kudu and other ungulates. This review split the genus Tragelaphus into 4 separate genera, Tragelaphus ( bushbuck , sitatunga , bongo , nyala , and gedemsa or mountain nyala ), Ammelaphus ( lesser kudu ), Strepsiceros (greater kudu), and their close relatives Taurotragus (elands). The greater kudu was split into four species based on genetic evidence and morphological features (horn structure and coat color). Each species

3969-425: Was supported by the genetic difference of one specimen of northern Kenya ( T. s. chora ) in comparison with several samples from the southern part of the range between Tanzania and Zimbabwe ( T. s. strepsiceros ). No specimen of the northwestern population, which may represent a third subspecies ( T. s. cottoni ), was tested within this study. In Groves and Grubb's book Ungulate Taxonomy , a recent taxonomic revision

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