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21-571: The village name of Sincan has also been recorded as Sinckan, Cinckan, Xincan, and Zinckan. The place shares the same namesake as the Sinckan language and Sinckan Manuscripts . After the Kingdom of Tungning , the name was Sinicized into Sin-kang ( Chinese : 新港 ; pinyin : Xingang ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sin-káng ; lit. 'new harbor/new inlet'). Located about 7 miles (11 km) north of Sakam (see Fort Provintia ), Sinkan

42-854: A Sirayan cultural and language revitalization movement for more than a decade. Through linguistic research and language teaching, the natives are 'awaking' their ancestors mother tongue that has been 'dormant' for a century. Today a group of Siraya children in Sinhua District of Tainan particularly in Kou-pei and Chiou Chen Lin area are able to speak and sing in the Siraya language. The Sirayaic languages were previously thought to include three languages or dialects: However, more and more evidences have shown that Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao are three different languages, rather than three dialects: In "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia" written by

63-811: A rich set of verbal classifier prefixes. Siraya has a base ten numeral system with the following forms: Raman-jan ka ito-tounnoun kow ki vullu-vullum; Pakou-titik-auh ta nanang-oho, Pa-irou-au ta pei-sasou-an- oho, Paamt-au ta kamoei-en-hou, mama tou tounnoun ki vullum, k'ma-hynna tou Naei Ph'ei -kame wae'i k'atta ki paoul-ian ka mamsing. Atta-ral-a ki kaeu-itting-en-hou ymiaen-an, mama ka attaral-kame ta ymiaen ki kaeu-itting-'niaen Ka inei-kame dmyllough tou repung-an, ra haoumi-ei-kame ki littou. Ka a'mouhou ta pei-sasou-an, ta pei-lpoug-han, ta keirang-en ki kidi tou yhkaquan myd-darynnough, Amen Kanakanavu people The Kanakanavu ( Chinese : 卡那卡那富族 ; Wade–Giles : Kanakanavu ) are an indigenous people of central southern Taiwan . They live in

84-600: A translation of the Gospel of St. John that had recently been identified by the author in the Royal Danish Library . The phonological system of Siraya is speculated by Adelaar (1997) to have the following phonemes . Consonants (18–20 total) b d nḡ p t k m n ng l, r v z c [f] s x h w y Vowels (7 total) Diphthongs (6 total) Palatalization also occurs in many words. Siraya auxiliaries constitute an open class and are placed at

105-876: The Dutch colonizers during 1629–1662, it was clearly said that when the Dutch people would like to speak to the chieftain of Cannacannavo ( Kanakanavu ), they needed to translate from Dutch to Sinckan (Siraya), from Sinckan to Tarroequan (possibly a Paiwan or a Rukai language), from Tarroequan to Taivoan , and from Taivoan to Cannacannavo . "...... in Cannacannavo: Aloelavaos tot welcken de vertolckinge in Sinccans, Tarrocquans en Tevorangs geschiede, weder voor een jaer aengenomen" — "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", pp.6–8 A comparison of numerals of Siraya, Taivoan (Tevorangh dialect), and Makatao (Kanapo dialect) with Proto-Austronesian language show

126-419: The affluent and linen for others. The upper body is cloaked in a lengthy short top secured with a tied strap at the back or wrapped around the waist. A vibrant array of colors—red, yellow, blue, black, green, and purple—is intricately embroidered on the collar, front edge, hem, and cuffs of the jacket. Completing the ensemble is a black long skirt elegantly draped from left to right around the lower body, tied with

147-406: The difference among the three Austronesian languages in southwestern Taiwan in the early 20th century: In 2009, Li (2009) further proved the relationship among the three languages, based on the latest linguistic observations below: Based on the discovery, Li attempted two classification trees: 1. Tree based on the number of phonological innovations 2. Tree based on

168-488: The first European writer to come into contact with the Taiwanese aborigines after Maurice Benyovszky in 1771. Swinhoe wrote that he was informed by a "thoroughly Chinese-looking" military officer that his ancestor was one of 3,000 Dutch soldiers remaining in the island during the reign of Koxinga (and after Dutch rule ), and that his village of Sinkang was chiefly composed of the soldiers' descendants. Sinshih Township

189-479: The government recognized Kanakanavu as the 16th group of Taiwanese indigenous peoples. Japanese occupation left evidence of how the culture functioned. Forest clearance allowed agriculture to be the main facet of society, followed by hunting and fishing. Maize , Rice, Millet , Taro , Sweet Potatoes, beans, and soybeans were the staple crops. Kanakanavu practiced a polytheistic nature religion involving offerings, fertility rituals, and shamanism . Headhunting

210-470: The head of the verb phrase (Adelaar 1997). The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997). The list of function words below is sourced from Adelaar (1997). Demonstratives Interrogatives Negation markers Other words The following list of Siraya verb affixes is from Adelaar (1997). See also Proto-Austronesian language for a list of Proto-Austronesian verbal affixes. Like Bunun and many other Formosan languages , Siraya has

231-524: The period of Dutch rule in Taiwan , Calvinist missionaries used Siraya and Babuza (also known as Favorlang ) as contact languages. A translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew into Siraya (174 pages of Siraya and Dutch text, Gravius 1661) and a catechism in Siraya (288 pages of Siraya and Dutch text, Gravius 1662) were published, and have been subsequently republished. The Dutch colony was driven out in 1661 by Ming loyalist refugees from China, and Taiwan

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252-501: The relative chronology of sound changes Li (2009) considers the second tree (the one containing the Taivoan–Makatao group) to be the somewhat more likely one. Lee (2015) regards that, when Siraya was a lingua franca among at least eight indigenous communities in southwestern Taiwan plain, Taivoan people from Tevorangh, who has been proved to have their own language in "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", might still need

273-554: The translation service from Wanli, a neighbor community that shared common hunting field and also a militarily alliance with Tevorangh. The Siraya language entered the historical record in the early 17th century when traders from the Dutch East India Company , expelled from mainland China and Chinese waters, set up a stronghold on Taiwan at Fort Zeelandia , which was in the Siraya-speaking area. During

294-823: The tribe commonly don a linen-based red corset suspended diagonally from the nape of the neck, featuring a pouch for personal items or tools. Geometric patterns, woven in hues of blue, black, or yellow, adorn the upper section of the corset. The lower body is draped with a rectangular short skirt fashioned from overlapping black cotton layers, secured with a bamboo belt. This belt traditionally accentuates chest muscles, symbolizing prowess in combat or hunting. Signifying social status and achievement, long feathers from eagles and blue-bellied pheasants are integral to their attire, with young males displaying one to four feathers, while elders boast from five to eight. Traditionally, women's attire comprised leather, evolving with changing techniques and trade dynamics to include cotton, silk, or satin for

315-619: The two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The native Kanakanavu speakers were Taiwanese aboriginals living on the islands. Following the Dutch Colonial Period in the 17th century, Han-Chinese immigration began to dominate the islands population. The village of Takanua is a village assembled by Japanese rulers to relocate various aboriginal groups in order to establish easier dominion over these groups. On 26 June 2014,

336-579: Was a common practice until Christianization took over. The traditional attire of the Kanakanavu people encompassed a leather hat and vest crafted from furry deer skin, exposing the chest. Over time, increased trade and interactions with other communities prompted a shift to linen and cotton garments, once the privilege of the affluent. The ensemble is complemented by a range of accessories, such as earrings, wrist ornaments, leather shoes, hunting bags, and headdresses, particularly favored by males. Men from

357-799: Was completed in March 1984. On December 25, 2010, Tainan City and County were merged. At the same time, Sinshih Township was renamed as Sinshih District. In May 2019, the Taiwan Power Company announced plans to build a large solar energy power facility in Tainan. At that time, the Tainan city government had recently finished a bidding process to determine contracts in several areas including Sinshih District for roof-top solar power generation . The district consists of Xinshi, Xinhe, Shenei, Dazhou, Fenghua, Sanshe, Daying, Dashe, Tanding, Gangqi and Yongjiu Village. Part of Tainan Science Park , which

378-493: Was created in 1945 as part of Sinhua District , Tainan County . In 1946, Sinshih Township was transferred to direct administration by Tainan County and in July, the villages of Dashe and Tanding, originally part of Shanshang , were transferred to the administration of Sinshih Township. The former Sinshih District Office at No. 3, Jhongsing Street was demolished in 1983. The current Sinshih District Office at No. 12, Jhongsing Street

399-587: Was founded in 1996, lies within Sinshih. 23°05′N 120°18′E  /  23.083°N 120.300°E  / 23.083; 120.300 Sinckan language Siraya is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Siraya people of Taiwan , derived from Proto-Siraya . Some scholars believe Taivoan and Makatao are two dialects of Siraya, but now more evidence shows that they should be classified as separate languages. Several Siraya communities have been involved in

420-546: Was one of the most important stations of the Dutch during the 17th century. Sinkan was the smallest of four main aboriginal villages near the Dutch base at Tayouan, with around 1,000 inhabitants. This fact led them to seek friendship and protection from the Dutch; Sinkan was the VOC's closest ally. During the governorship of Pieter Nuyts , Sinkan unsuccessfully pursued protection from Tokugawa Iemitsu . In 1861 Consul Robert Swinhoe arrived at Taiwan-fu (modern-day Tainan) and became

441-619: Was subsequently incorporated into the Qing Empire. During the period of Qing Dynasty rule , use of Siraya receded, but some Siraya language materials survive in the form of Siraya land contracts with Chinese translations, known as the Sinckan Manuscripts . The last records were lists of words made in the early 19th century. The Tainan Pe-po Siraya Culture Association published a modern-day Siraya glossary in 2008, authored by Edgar Macapili. A paper published in 2021 reports on

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