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56-677: The Sintra-Cascais Natural Park is a park on the Portuguese Riviera , one of the 13 Natural Parks of Portugal . While only established in 1994 as a Natural Park by the Portuguese Government, it has been protected since 1981. Its area is approximately 145 km. The park includes the Serra de Sintra Mountain Range but extends all the way to the coast and Cabo da Roca , continental Europe's westernmost point . It contains

112-521: A protected area in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Portuguese Riviera The region is internationally known as a luxury destination for its history as a home of the wealthy , the famous, and European royalty . Cascais, Oeiras and Sintra municipalities consistently rank among the richest municipalities in Portugal. Cascais's history as a center originates in

168-545: A royal residence to be constructed in Cascais Citadel, starting the tradition of Cascais being the Portuguese royal family 's Summer residence, which lasted from 1870 to 1908, transforming the seaside village into a cosmopolitan address. Thanks to King Luís I, the citadel was equipped with the country's first electric lights in 1878. Cascais also benefited from the construction of better roads to Lisbon and Sintra,

224-568: A Romanticist villa in Sintra , and Quinta da Regaleira , 19th-century Neo-Manueline palace, are all estates that are open to the public, serving to show the Portuguese nobility historically lived on the Riviera, with notable differences in the architecture and lifestyles between Cascais aristocrats and Sintra nobles. The NewsMuseum in Sintra is one of the first museums in Europe dedicated to

280-410: A casino, a bullfight ring, a sports club, and improvements to basic infrastructure for the population. Many noble families built impressive mansions still to be seen in the town centre and environs. The first railway arrived in 1889. In 1896, King Carlos I of Portugal , a lover of all maritime activities, installed in Cascais Citadel the first oceanographic laboratory in Portugal. The King himself led

336-483: A culinary destination for Portuguese cuisine and international cuisine alike. Summer architecture , a Portuguese architectural movement of the 19th and early 20th century, originated in the Riviera, following the Portuguese Royal Family's arrival in the region in 1870. The Portuguese School of Equestrian Art , one of the "Big Four" most prestigious classical riding academies in the world,

392-499: A member of the ministry (before 1782 the office was of cabinet rank), a peer and a privy councillor . All matters connected with the horses and formerly also the hounds of the sovereign, as well as the stables and coachhouses , the stud , mews and previously the kennels , are within his jurisdiction. The practical management of the Royal Stables and stud devolves on the chief or Crown Equerry , formerly called

448-793: A member of the royal council. From the 1460s to the Russian annexation of Georgia (1801), the office was hereditary in the Zevdginidze-Amilakhvari family. In the Kingdom of Hungary the master of the horse (Hungarian: főlovászmester ) was one of the high officials of the royal household. Similar posts were common in the imperial courts of China and Japan, the royal courts of Korea, and elsewhere in East Asia. The position, known as " Sima " in Chinese (司马), literally means "Master of

504-785: A royal retreat since the Portuguese Renaissance in the 15th century, but it was in the 19th century, when King Fernando II of Portugal decided to build his summer retreat, Pena Palace , in the Sintra Mountains overlooking the Atlantic Ocean , that it became both the center of the Romanticist movement in Portugal and the summer residence of the Portuguese nobility . Famous for its grand estates and palaces, Sintra's belle epoch resulted in its numerous villas, gardens, estates, and palaces that characterize

560-505: A tight connection with the army, and then especially with the army's cavalry units. His duties were partly taken over by the Master of the Horse ( Överhovstallmästare ). Konyushy ( Russian : Конюший ) is literally translated as Master of the Horse or Equerry. Konyushy was a boyar in charge of the stables of Russian rulers. It was a high title at the court of Russian rulers until

616-653: A total of 12 scientific expeditions to the coast; these ended in 1908 with his assassination in Lisbon. From the second half of the 19th century into the first decades of the 20th century, Sintra also became a privileged place for artists: musicians such as José Vianna da Motta ; composers such as Alfredo Keil , painters like João Cristino da Silva (author of one of the most celebrated canvases of Portuguese Romantic art, "Cinco Artistas em Sintra" ), writers such as Eça de Queirós or Ramalho Ortigão , all these people lived, worked or got inspiration from Sintra's landscapes. By

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672-621: A vacation destination for international tourists. The Riviera plays an important part in tourism in Portugal . A large expatriate community continues to exist, primarily in Cascais and Sintra, leading to the majority of Lisbon's international schools being located within the area (with Carlucci American International School and TASIS Portugal in Sintra, St Julian's School and St Dominic's School in Cascais, and Oeiras International School ). Luxury gated communities have greatly developed in

728-575: Is based at Queluz National Palace in Sintra . The Casa das Histórias Paula Rego , a museum and art gallery designed by Souto de Moura , houses the largest collection of works by famed artist Paula Rego . The Museum of Portuguese Music , in Estoril , is dedicated to the study and history of the music of Portugal . The Palace of the Counts of Castro Guimarães , in Cascais , Monserrate Palace ,

784-488: Is often translated into English as "Marshal". "Sima" also became a Chinese surname , adopted by descendants of one occupant of the office. The Sima family became emperors in the Jin dynasty , as a result of which "Sima" ceased to exist as an official position in the central bureaucracy. However, in later dynasties it was used as the name of various relatively minor positions in the military and local administration. However, "Sima"

840-634: The Magister Militum ("Master of the Soldiers"). The title Constable , from the Latin comes stabuli or count of the stables, has a similar history. The Master of the Horse in the United Kingdom was once an important official of the sovereign 's household, though the role is largely ceremonial today. The master of the horse is the third dignitary of the court , and was always

896-473: The toga praetexta and an escort of six lictors . The most famous Master of the Horse is Mark Antony , who served during Julius Caesar 's first dictatorship, with disastrous results. As a result of this, Caesar appointed Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , who had a history of successful administration over the city of Rome and Hispania Citerior , to replace Antony and govern in Rome when Caesar went to suppress

952-533: The imperium of the Dictator and his powers were not superior to those of a Consul . In the Dictator's absence, the Magister Equitum became his representative, and exercised the same powers as the Dictator. It was usually, but not always, necessary for the Magister Equitum to have already held the office of Praetor . Accordingly, the Magister Equitum had the insignia of a praetor :

1008-492: The America's Cup World Series . The region has a Mediterranean climate , influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and characterized by moderate temperatures and wet winters. The climate in the area of Cabo da Roca , the westernmost point of Europe , is primarily semi-arid . The Sintra Mountains are considered moderately humid, but precipitation in the mountains is higher than in the surrounding areas. The position of Sintra in

1064-645: The Castle of the Moors . Located within 25 km of Lisbon, the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park is a popular tourism area, with many different individual historical and natural sites and attractions. Sintra and Cascais are towns and municipalities in the Lisbon / Estoril Coast. This Lisbon location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

1120-639: The Gentleman of the Horse , whose appointment was always permanent. The Clerk Marshal had the supervision of the accounts of the department before they are submitted to the Board of Green Cloth , and was in waiting on the Sovereign on state occasions only. Exclusive of the Crown Equerry there were seven regular equerries , besides extra and honorary equerries, one of whom was always in attendance on

1176-887: The Holy Roman Empire , his office was merely titular, the superintendence of the Emperor's stables having been carried out by the Oberstallmeister , an official corresponding to the crown equerry in England. The Caballerizo mayor was the Officer of the Royal Household and Heritage of the Crown of Spain in charge of the trips, the mews and the hunt of the King of Spain . The Office of "Caballerizo mayor"

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1232-612: The Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (father of Juan Carlos I of Spain ) and the King resided in the territory, as did Umberto II of Italy and Carol II of Romania . It was also in this location that former Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar had a summer house. It was Salazar who ordered the construction of the E.N.6 motorway, more commonly referred to as the Avenida Marginal , in order for him to quickly travel by car between Cascais and Lisbon. Until then

1288-592: The Kremlin Armoury in 1736. " Koniuszy " (corresponding to the English-language "Equerry" or "Master of the Horse") was a position of nobility known in the Kingdom of Poland from the 11th century, and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 15th. A koniuszy had charge of the stables and herds of a Grand Duke or King ; in reality, it was a podkoniuszy (sub-equerry), subordinate to

1344-515: The Romanticist movement, rediscovered Sintra , a royal retreat during the Portuguese Renaissance , prizing its exotic landscapes and climate. In the summer of 1787, William Beckford stayed with the Marquis of Marialva, master of the horse for the kingdom, at his residence of Seteais Palace . At the beginning of the 19th century Princess Carlota Joaquina, wife of the Regent John , bought

1400-892: The Royal Mews , which provides vehicular transport for the Sovereign, both cars and horse-drawn carriages. Train travel is arranged by the Royal Travel Office, which also co-ordinates air transport. The Pages of Honour, who appear only on ceremonial occasions, and the Equerries , were nominally under the authority of the Master of the Horse. The former are now controlled by the Keeper of the Privy Purse . The latter are effectively independent, and are functionally closer to

1456-564: The Second World War , the region was the centre of spies and diplomatic secrecy, situations that provided the region with a cosmopolitan atmosphere and sophistication. Owing to the vision of Fausto Cardoso de Figueiredo and his business partner Augusto Carreira de Sousa, it became an international tourist destination both during and after the Second World War. In July 1940, Edward, Duke of Windsor (former Edward VIII of

1512-618: The koniuszy , who had the more direct responsibility. From the 14th to 16th centuries, a "koniuszy" was a dignitary ( dygnitarz ) in the Polish Kingdom and in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In the Kingdom of Georgia , the similar post was known under the name of amilakhvari ( amir-akhori , lit.: Prince-Master of the Horse), derived from Arabic . It was a deputy to the commander-in-chief ( amir-spasalari ) and

1568-714: The papal household . It was abolished in the reforms of the Papal Curia of 1968. The holder of the title Master of the Horse of the Realm ( Riksstallmästare ) in Sweden was not one of the Great Officers of the Realm , but rather one of the Lesser Officers of the Realm . He was the superintendent of the Royal Stables and of the realm's stud farms . As such he was important in military matters, and often he had

1624-618: The renewed Civil War in North Africa. After the constitutional reforms of Augustus , the office of Dictator fell into disuse, along with that of the Magister Equitum . The title magister equitum was revived in the late Empire, when Constantine I established it as one of the supreme military ranks, alongside the Magister Peditum ("Master of the Foot"). Eventually, the two offices would be amalgamated into that of

1680-569: The 17th century. By the end of the 15th century a special Equerry Office (конюшенный приказ, "konyushenny prikaz ") was introduced, headed by the Konyushy. It was in charge of the Tsar 's stables, parade equipage, ceremonies of court ride-offs, and military horse breeding. At one point Boris Godunov was konyushy. The Equerry Office handled a significant amount of Tsar's treasures, related to harness and horse/horseman armor , which were transferred to

1736-456: The 1870s, when King Luís I of Portugal and the Portuguese royal family made the seaside town his summer residence, thus attracting members of Portugal's aristocracy , who established a summer community there. During World War II and the Post-War period , the area's royal affiliations intensified, as many heads of European royal houses and deposed monarchs, including King Edward VIII of

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1792-484: The Court, reserved to the high nobility. The Oberststallmeister was in charge of the court stables, the riding school and the fleet of court carriages and other forms of transport. The thoroughbred horses and magnificent equipages were a cornerstone of aristocratic display, that gave this function its prestige. In Germany the master of the horse ( Oberststallmeister ) was a high court dignitary in several German Courts. In

1848-528: The Horse ( Latin : Magister Equitum ) in the Roman Republic was an office appointed and dismissed by the Roman Dictator , and expired with the Dictator's own office, typically a term of six months in the early and mid-republic. The Magister Equitum served as the Dictator's main lieutenant . The Dictator nominated the Magister Equitum , unless a senatus consultum specified, as

1904-647: The Horse". It was first created in the Western Zhou dynasty, with responsibility for military administration and conscription. The position was below the Three Grand Offices and equivalent in status to the six ministers. It was often grouped with four other positions also named with the "Si-" (control, administer) prefix as the "five officials" (五官). The title was used in different ways in subsequent dynasties. The Han Dynasty awarded "Grand Sima" as an additional title to high generals, in which context it

1960-569: The Household . The permanent equerry is an officer of major rank or equivalent, recruited from the three armed services in turn. Many previous equerries have gone on to reach high rank. The temporary equerry is a Captain of the Coldstream Guards , who provides part-time attendance. When not required for duty he has additional regimental or staff duties. Senior members of the royal family also have one or two equerries. In France ,

2016-529: The Private Secretary's Office. There are now three equerries to the Sovereign, and a larger number of extra equerries: usually retired officers with some connection to the Royal Household . The extra equerries are rarely if ever required for duty, but the Equerries are in attendance on the Sovereign on a daily basis. For some years the senior Equerry has also held the position of Deputy Master of

2072-527: The Sovereign and rode at the side of the royal carriage. They were always officers of the army , and each of them was on duty for about the same time as the lords and grooms in waiting . There are still several pages of honour who are nominally in the master of the horse's department, who must not be confounded with the pages of various kinds who are in the department of the Lord Chamberlain . They are youths aged from twelve to sixteen, selected by

2128-564: The United Kingdom , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , and King Umberto II of Italy made their home in Cascais and Estoril, finding refuge in Portugal's neutrality in the war or from tense political situations in their own countries. Due to its concentration of high-profile personalities, the riviera became a center of espionage during WWII, inspiring author Ian Fleming in his creation of the James Bond series. Sintra had been

2184-541: The United Kingdom) and his wife, Wallis Simpson , fled from Occupied France to Estoril , where they lived for a few weeks in the home of Ricardo de Espírito Santo , a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts. During that time, several dignitaries and exiles came to Estoril: Miklós Horthy , the regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (lived and died in exile after the Second World War);

2240-547: The accessway was nothing more than a dirt road. The roadway permitted the dictator to travel rapidly, and with fewer stops, and it was not possible for him to be recognized easily in transit. Complementing the jet-set community that prospered in the region, Casino Estoril , Europe's largest casino , was founded in 1958. Today the towns of the Portuguese Riviera continue to host the Portuguese elite and be

2296-428: The area, which gained Sintra a UNESCO World Heritage designation. Today Sintra is one of Portugal's most expensive and exclusive real estate markets and similarly known for its high standards of living, consistently ranking as one of the best places to live in Portugal. During the third quarter of the 18th century and practically all of the 19th century, foreign travellers and Portuguese aristocrats, inspired by

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2352-399: The beginning of the 20th century, Sintra was recognized as a summer resort visited by aristocrats and millionaires. Among these, Carvalho Monteiro, owner of a considerable fortune (known as "Monteiro dos Milhões" ) constructed near the main town on an estate he bought from the Baroness of Regaleira, the Quinta da Regaleira , regarded as a prime example of Neo-Manueline architecture. During

2408-442: The broadest definition of the Portuguese Riviera: The Portuguese Riviera is famed as a bastion of culture in Portugal, as the home to numerous prestigious institutions, art galleries, museums, and a cultural agenda including various international music festivals , film festivals , concerts, international summit meetings , and cultural festivals, among others. The riviera is home to numerous Michelin star restaurants and known as

2464-416: The death of a sovereign he had the right to all the horses and their equipment in the royal stables. He oversaw personally the "Great Stable" ( grande écurie ). Distinct from this officer and independent of him, was the first equerry ( Premier Ecuyer ), who had charge of the horses which the sovereign used personally ( La petite écurie ), and who attended on him when he rode out. The office of master of

2520-487: The estate and Ramalhão Palace . Between 1791 and 1793, Gerard Devisme constructed a Neo-Gothic mansion on his extensive estate in the Quinta de Monserrate (later known as the Monserrate Palace ). Beckford, who remained in Sintra, rented the property from Devisme in 1794. The landscape, covered in fog, also attracted another Englishman, Francis Cook , who occupied the estate, constructing an oriental pavilion. The Palace of Pena , Sintra's exemplary Portuguese Romantic symbol,

2576-405: The horse existed down to the reign of Louis XVI . Under Louis XVIII and Charles X the duties were discharged by the first equerry, but under Napoleon I and Napoleon III the office was revived with much of its old importance. In the Habsburg monarchy , the Oberststallmeister, together with the Obersthofmeister , Oberstkämmerer and Oberstmarschall, was one of the four principal functions on

2632-404: The master of the horse, known as the Grand Squire of France ( Grand Écuyer , or more usually Monsieur le grand ) was one of the seven Great Officers of the Crown of France from 1595. As well as the superintendence of the royal stables, he had that of the retinue of the sovereign , also the charge of the funds set aside for the religious functions of the court, coronations , etc. On

2688-462: The natural landscape of the Sintra Mountains is influenced by the existence of a micro-climate . Due to its micro-climate, the area has developed a dense foliage with a rich botanical diversity. The coast along Praia do Guincho , located within the bounds of the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park , is known for its particularly strong winds and powerful waves, making it a popular destination for surfing , kitesurfing and windsurfing . Places following

2744-558: The region in the late 20th and early 21st century, including Quinta da Marinha (Cascais), Quinta Patino ( Estoril ), Quinta da Beloura and Quinta da Penha Longa (both in Linhó, Sintra ). Since the middle of the 20th century, the region has come to play host to numerous international sports and entertainment festivals, such as the Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival (in Estoril), the 4 Hours of Estoril endurance race (in Cascais), and NOS Alive music festival (in Algés ). The Cascais Marina has hosted many important events, including

2800-439: The sovereign in person, to attend on him or her at state ceremonies. At King Charles III's coronation they assisted the Groom of the Robes in carrying the royal train. The current Master of the Horse is The Lord Ashton of Hyde . Today the Master of the Horse has a primarily ceremonial office, and rarely appears except on state occasions, and especially when the Sovereign is mounted. The Crown Equerry has daily oversight of

2856-403: The study of the news and media. The Sintra Natural History Museum is an internationally recognized museum of natural history in the historic center of Sintra . Master of the horse Master of the Horse is an official position in several European nations. It was more common when most countries in Europe were monarchies, and is of varying prominence today. The original Master of

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2912-402: Was also used informally to refer to the Minister of War . The Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya had a Master of the Royal Elephants. The holder of this office was titled Krom Phra Gajapala ( Thai : กรมพระคชบาล ). Beneath him in rank was a Master of the Royal Horse who was titled Krom Phra Asvaraja ( Thai : กรมพระอัศวราช ). This demonstrated that the ancient Siamese attached more importance to

2968-403: Was in charge of the Royal hunt as "Montero mayor" (Great Hunter) holding, in many cases, the "Alcaldías" (Majorships) of the Spanish royal sites . The Master of the Horse, Cavallerizzo Maggiore, or Hereditary Superintendent of the Stables of the Palaces, was a hereditary position held by the Marquess Serlupi Crescenzi . The office was a Participating Privy Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape , in

3024-465: Was initiated by the King-Consort Ferdinand II of Portugal , husband of Queen Maria II of Portugal . In 1854, the first contract was signed to construct a rail link between Sintra and Lisbon. A decree signed on 26 June 1855 regulated the contract between the government and Count Claranges Lucotte but was later rescinded in 1861. The connection was finally inaugurated on 2 April 1887. The Portuguese Riviera originated when King Luís I of Portugal ordered

3080-449: Was one of the main Offices of the Royal Household in charge of the Royal Stables and everything related to the transportation of the Monarch. When the King sorted out from the Royal Palace, the Caballerizo had the main position behind him and the major rang over the other Court Officials. He managed as well the stables, the carriages and the horses. He was assisted by the "Primeros Caballerizos" (First Equerries) who were nominated by him. He

3136-400: Was sometimes the case, the appointee. The Dictator could not rule without a Magister Equitum to assist him, and, consequently, if the first Magister Equitum either died or was dismissed during the Dictator's term, another had to be nominated in his stead. The Magister Equitum was granted a form of imperium , but at the same level as a praetor , and thus was subject to

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