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89-409: Michael Wołodyjowski has retired to a monastery after the death of his betrothed, Anna Borzobogati. At Częstochowa . Kharlamp, an acquaintance, goes to see Andrzej Kmicic to get his help in persuading him to leave it. He and Zagłoba make a journey to consult Yan, and it is finally Zagłoba who offers to speak to Wołodyjowski. Making his way to Warsaw , Zagłoba meets his old friend, Hassling-Ketling ,

178-623: A Scot, who now resides in Warsaw after being adopted by a noble in Svyenta in Courland , who offers him a bed. Taking place is the Diet to elect a new King of which Prince Bogusław is a candidate and Zagłoba is determined to raise support against the traitor. Zagłoba carries a letter from the primate to the monastery of Mons Regius. Michael is now known as Brother Yerzy and is persuaded to leave for

267-579: A branch of the Częstochowa Museum. According to archaeological findings, the first medieval settlement in the location of Częstochowa was established in the late 11th century within Piast -ruled Poland . It was first mentioned in historical documents from 1220, when Bishop of Kraków Iwo Odrowąż made a list of properties of the Mstów monastery. Two villages, Częstochowa and Częstochówka were mentioned in

356-670: A general strike action was declared in the city, with workers demanding pay rises. In June 1905 street clashes took place in Częstochowa, in which 20 people were killed by Russian forces. Further protests took place in 1909 and 1912. In early August 1914, Częstochowa was abandoned by the Imperial Russian Army , and the first units of the German Army entered the city on August 3. Four days later drunken German soldiers shot at each other; an unknown number died. Residents of

445-462: A letter sent via an envoy, Yuritsa, on behalf of the town council seeking an armistice. A meeting takes place outside the castle's walls and the dog-brothers’ arrogant demands are roundly rejected. The main threat to the castle is from tunnels and mines. The town is also set on fire by Turkish cannon. Michael and Mushalski resolve to attack the Turkish tunnel being dug through the rock and the mission

534-609: A museum devoted to this. The ruins of a medieval Royal Castle stand in Olsztyn , approximately 25 kilometres (16 miles ) from the city centre (see also Trail of the Eagles' Nests ). The name of Częstochowa means 'Częstoch's place' and comes from a personal name of Częstoch, mentioned in the medieval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir . Variations of the name include Czanstochowa used in 1220, and Częstochow used in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Częstochówka

623-551: A patriotic rally took place in the city, in front of St. Sigismund church. As a reprisal, Russian military authorities destroyed app. 65% of Częstochowa's Old Town, and introduced martial law . During the January Uprising , several skirmishes took place in the area of Częstochowa, with the last one taking place on 4 July 1864 near Chorzenice . In 1846 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway line was opened, linking

712-679: A prince. Azya reveals his plan—a treacherous one—to Bogush to supposedly bring the Lithuanian Tatars over to the hetman's cause to fight against the Turk but in fact to use these troops to attack the unsuspecting Poles. Basia resolves to reunite Eva and Azya and, speaking to the handsome Tartar, leaves him with the impression that it is she herself who is in love with him. Halim, an old Tartar, brings news to Azya who reveals his plan to kidnap Basia. Bogush travels swiftly from Hreptyoff to his hetman, Sobieski, to inform him of Azya's plan but it

801-525: A smile on his lips and calm serenity on his face. Cries of “Vivat Johannes victor!” ring out in the captured pagan camp of Hussein Pasha as a Thanksgiving Mass is celebrated by Sobieski and his victorious army. Pan Michael was adapted to the screen by Polish director Jerzy Hoffman in 1968, as Colonel Wolodyjowski . The film was also serialised on Polish television under the title The Adventures of Sir Michael (Polish: Przygody pana Michała ). The novel

890-465: Is Ketling for whom she feels affection, he falls into a rage and rushes off to kill him. Later, Ketling and Michael return having resolved their differences as old friends and Michael, encountering Basia once more, and she reveals her love for the worthy cavalier. Summer of 1671 finds Michael in Sokol, Basia's paternal villages, happily married and running the estate as efficiently as he does his troops. He

979-586: Is a city located in Vinnytsia Oblast ( province of central Ukraine ). The city is the administrative center of the Yampil Raion ( district ), housing the district's local administration buildings. Population: 10,679 (2022 estimate). In addition to the Ukrainian Ямпіль ( Yampil ), in other languages the name of the city is Romanian : Iampol and Russian : Ямполь . The city

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1068-650: Is a major railroad hub, located at the intersection of two important lines - west-east (from Lubliniec to Kielce ) and north–south (from Warsaw to Katowice ). Also, an additional northbound line stems from Częstochowa, which goes to Chorzew Siemkowice , where it joins the Polish Coal Trunk-Line . There are six railway stations in the city, the biggest ones being Częstochowa Osobowa and Częstochowa Stradom . The city has direct connections to many Polish cities as Warsaw , Kraków , Katowice , Wrocław and Szczecin , proteza koniecpolska makes some of

1157-688: Is also a place where various exhibitions take place. The Philharmonic annually organises Bronisław Huberman International Violin Festival, Reszek Vocal Competition, Festival of Traditional Jazz "Hot Jazz Spring". The Philharmonic also engages in organising the " Night of Culture ", the International Festival of Sacral Music "Gaude Mater" and the Bach Family Music Festival. Yampil, Vinnytsia Oblast Yampil ( Ukrainian : Ямпіль IPA: [ˈjɑmpilʲ] )

1246-562: Is commanded forward to build a stanitsa at Hreptyoff and Basia arrives with Zagłoba to a rousing welcome from the troops. In the evenings the officers discuss their experiences of the Turks and their periods of imprisonment. The time is spent crushing the independent detachments of robbers on both banks of the Dniester ravishing the Polish and Moldavian sides. A Cossack band, under Azba Bey,

1335-647: Is depicted in the Pulitzer Prize -winning graphic novel Maus , by Art Spiegelman , the son of a Jewish Częstochowa resident. Before the Holocaust , Częstochowa was considered a great Jewish centre in Poland. By the end of World War II, nearly all Jews had been killed or deported to extermination camps to be killed, making Częstochowa what Nazi Germany called judenfrei . There are known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and persecuted by

1424-659: Is for Kamenyets to go to the Sultan forever, who would turn it into the capital of his new province in Central Europe. As the Polish troops leave the castle, a mine explodes and kills Colonel Michael Wołodyjowski, the Hector of Kamenyets and first soldier of the Commonwealth. In the monastery of St. Stanislav, his body is interred in a lofty catafalque, with his lead and wooden coffins lying on top. Father Kaminski conducts

1513-639: Is in one of the hottest summer regions in Poland; although its winters are not the most rigorous, they are colder than the more moderate climates of the west and the Baltic Sea . On average, there are four hours a day with direct solar radiation . In the course of the year, the best insolation is observed in June, due to the greatest length of the day. There are few windless days in Częstochowa. Lull periods on an annual scale account for an average of 9.2%. Western winds prevail here - 18% and south-west - 18.2%. At

1602-603: Is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra , which is the home of the Black Madonna painting , a shrine to the Virgin Mary . Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city also was home to the Jewish Frankist movement in the late 18th and the 19th century. The city has undertaken excavation of an ancient site of Lusatian culture , and has

1691-536: Is located in the city centre on Wilson Street, in the building erected between 1955 and 1965 on foundations of New Synagogue, which had been burnt down on 25 December 1939. The Philharmonic has at its disposal two concert halls and one rehearsal hall. The large concert hall can accommodate 825 people, whilst the small hall has 156 seats. The concert hall of the Philharmonic of Częstochowa is a place where concerts of symphonic orchestra take place. The building itself

1780-892: Is located on the Dnister River , directly on the Ukrainian border with Moldova , near the commune of Cosăuți . It is located 7  mi (11  km ) away from the Moldovan settlement Soroca . Yampil was first founded in the early 1600s. It was a private town , administratively located in the Bracław Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1792, the Polish 6th and 8th National Cavalry Brigades were garrisoned in Jampol. It

1869-633: Is made between them. Michal leaves and Ketling of Elgin returns to his house from Courland and Krysia is immediately enchanted by his looks and manners. Zagłoba implements his stratagem to set Ketling at Krysia in order to save ‘his little haiduk’ Basia for Michael. Owing to her pact, Krysia resolves to enter a convent and Ketling vows to return to Scotland. The Diet continues and on their way back from Warsaw one evening, Zagłoba and Basia encounter Wołodyjowski and his brother-in-law Makovetski. Over time Michael realizes that Krysia no longer loves him and agrees to give her up. However, on learning from Basia that it

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1958-438: Is rejected outright. It is now Christmas and old Novoveski is at last reunited with a repentant Adam and the latter is also enchanted by the blue-eyed Zosia Boski. Adam leaves for Rashkoff after his betrothal to Zosia. Michael agrees to allow Basia to accompany Eva to Rashkoff under the protection of Azya and his Lithuanian Tartars. On the journey Azya commands Halim to occupy Roshkoff and attempts to seize Basia who strikes him in

2047-405: Is successful, except for the loss of Mushalski, the brave bowman, but he returns the next day dressed as a janissary. White flags are spotted from the old castle's battlements the next day and the town surrenders—a message is received that the troops must withdraw from the castle before evening and raise the white flag. The envoys—three commissioners—finally come and state that one of the conditions

2136-613: Is the Jasna Góra Monastery . The main representative artery in the city centre is the Najświętszej Maryi Panny Avenue (The Holy Virgin Mary Avenue). It was first built in the beginning of the 19th century, as a road linking Częstochowa with New Częstochowa, cities which were administratively merged in 1826. The most characteristic feature of the avenue is its layout, whereby the lanes are separated by

2225-685: Is the main city in the Częstochowa Industrial District, which is the third biggest in the Silesian Voivodship . Since the medieval times, the metal industry has been developing, thanks to the iron ore deposits. The main factories in the city include: Currently, the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the little Nuremberg because of the number of souvenir shops. It attracts millions (4.5 mln – 2005) of tourists and pilgrims every year. The Black Madonna of Częstochowa , housed at

2314-468: Is wiped out and Basia, who observes the conflict, is chased by some fleeing Cossacks and is helped by the young Lithuanian Tartar , Mellehovich, who falls under her spell. Mrs Boski arrives at Hreptyoff with her daughter, Zosia, journeying to the Khan to pay her husband's ransom and Michael offers to send letters to Pyotrovich to give to Rushchyts at Rashkoff. Mr Novoveski and his daughter, Eva, are also with

2403-515: Is younger than the history of symphonic concerts in Częstochowa, as the first concert took place in March 1945. The mixed choir has been functioning since the Philharmonic was set up. The choir was professionalized in September 2012 and it was named The Częstochowa Philharmonic Choir "Collegium Cantorum". The Philharmonic is also a co-organiser and a co-performer of operas, operettas and ballets. It

2492-641: The AB-Aktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles in March, June and August 1940, and also imprisoned 60 Poles from Radomsko and the Radomsko County in the local prison in March 1940. Arrested Poles were then either deported to the Sachsenhausen , Buchenwald and Ravensbrück concentration camps or massacred in the nearby forests of Olsztyn and Apolonka . Among the victims of

2581-585: The Battle of Mokra and other battles, Polish forces withdrew, and the Wehrmacht entered the city on Sunday 3 September 1939. Częstochowa was renamed by the Germans as Tschenstochau , and incorporated into the General Government . Monday 4 September 1939 became known as Bloody Monday or also Częstochowa massacre . The Germans killed 227 people (205 ethnic Poles and 22 Jews) in various places in

2670-621: The Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815 it came under Russian-controlled Congress Poland , in which it remained until World War I . Old Częstochowa remained the seat of a county in 1807–1830. In 1809, the monastery was unsuccessfully besieged by Austrians (see Polish–Austrian War ). On 2 April 1813 Jasna Góra was seized by the Russians (see War of the Sixth Coalition ), after a two-week siege, and the fortifications were razed that year. In 1821,

2759-655: The Great Northern War , Częstochowa was captured by the Swedish army on 11 August 1702. In February 1703 Swedes besieged the monastery, but failed to seize it. In April 1705 the Swedes returned, and appeared at the monastery again in September 1709. Unable to capture the fortified stronghold, they looted villages in the area, set Częstochowa on fire, and left towards Wieluń . At that time, a village of Częstochówka also existed next to Częstochowa. The village belonged to

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2848-474: The Jasna Góra Monastery , is a particularly popular attraction. Throughout the centuries, many buildings have been erected, most of them now have the status of tourist attractions and historical monuments since Częstochowa was established already in the Middle Ages. Among those attractions are old townhouses and the urban core of the city centre. The most popular with religious tourism as mentioned above

2937-573: The Royal Castle at Olsztyn . Częstochowa developed along a busy merchant road from Lesser Poland to Greater Poland . The village was ruled by a starosta , who stayed at the Olsztyn Castle. It is not known when Częstochowa was granted a town charter, as no documents have been preserved. It happened sometime between 1356 and 1377. In 1502, King Alexander Jagiellon granted a new charter, based on Magdeburg rights to Częstochowa. In 1382

3026-548: The 1680s there still were ruined houses in the town. At the same time, the Jasna Góra Monastery prospered. On 27 February 1670 the wedding of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki to Princess Eleonore of Austria took place here. In 1682 the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa brought thousands of pilgrims from both Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Silesia . The Jewish community in Częstochowa developed by about 1700. During

3115-464: The Chair of Peter. The Pope made another visit to Our Lady of Częstochowa in 1983 and again in 1987, 1991, 1997 and 1999. On 15 August 1991 John Paul II was named Honorary Citizen of Częstochowa. On 26 May 2006 the city was visited by Pope Benedict XVI . The climate is humid continental ( Köppen : Dfb ), but still with some oceanic characteristics ( Cfb ), especially in recent normals. Częstochowa

3204-782: The Częstochowa region is operated by the Częstochowa Bus Transport Ltd. (PKS Częstochowa) as well as other private operators The closest airport is the Katowice International Airport , which is located 60 km (37 mi) from Częstochowa, and a small Częstochowa - Rudniki airport in Kościelec, Rędziny . In Częstochowa on top of the Jasna Góra Monastery serving the museum and exhibition functions, other similar institutions include: The Bronisław Huberman Philharmonic of Częstochowa

3293-483: The Germans for rescuing and aiding Jews . These Poles were sentenced to death, prison or concentration camps , in which some died, some survived, while the fate of many remains unknown. Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also either sentenced to death by the local German court or incarcerated in the local prison. The Germans also tried to obscure the Catholic shrine and pilgrim devotion by renaming

3382-680: The Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one gendarme . Częstochowa entered the 20th century as one of the leading industrial centres of Russian Poland (together with Warsaw, Łódź , and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie ). The city was conveniently located on the Warta and other smaller rivers ( Kucelinka, Stradomka, Konopka ). Real estate and land prices were low, compared to Łódź. The monastery attracted numerous pilgrims, who also were customers of local businesses. In 1904, Częstochowa had 678 smaller workshops, which employed 2,000 workers. In 1902, rail connection to

3471-518: The Old , the future king of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At that time, Sigismund ruled the Duchy of Głogów , and frequently visited Częstochowa on his way to the Duchies of Silesia (1498, 1502, 1502, 1503, 1505, 1505, 1506). In 1504, Częstochowa was granted the right to collect tolls on the Warta river bridge. In 1508, Częstochowa was allowed to organise one fair a year; in 1564, the number of fairs

3560-533: The Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded by Vladislaus II of Opole – the Polish Piast prince of Upper Silesia . Two years later the monastery received its now-famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary; in subsequent years became a centre of pilgrimage , contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Częstochowa prospered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, due to efforts of Sigismund I

3649-514: The Polish government announced plans to liquidate Kielce Voivodeship , and create Sandomierz Voivodeship , based on Central Industrial Area . According to these plans, Częstochowa was to be transferred either to Łódź Voivodeship , or Silesian Voivodeship , together with Zagłębie Dąbrowskie . In the Polish Defensive War of 1939, Częstochowa was defended by the 7th Infantry Division , part of northern wing of Kraków Army . After

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3738-461: The Prussian border crossing at Herby Stare was opened, and in 1911, the line to Kielce was completed. The Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) began in Częstochowa as early as May 1904, when first patriotic rallies took place. On 25 December 1904 a man named Wincenty Makowski tried to blow up a monument of Tsar Alexander II , which stood in front of the monastery. In February 1905,

3827-739: The Radom District of the General Government. The Polish resistance movement was active in the city, and units of the Home Army and National Armed Forces ( NSZ ) operated in its area. A branch of the secret Polish University of the Western Lands was located in the city, and it secretly continued Polish education . The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in

3916-462: The army. Altogether, some 20,000 left for Upper Silesia and other provinces of the German Empire . On 2 February 1915 Częstochowa was visited by Charles I of Austria . Four days later Emperor Wilhelm II came to the city, and on 17 May 1915 Częstochowa hosted King of Saxony Frederick Augustus III . Unlike the city of Częstochowa, since 26 April 1915 the Jasna Góra Monastery had been under

4005-433: The artillery at Kamenyets—and Basia resolves to remain with Michael at Kamenyets as well. The Sultan is slowly gathering his army and Michael writes to the hetman to grant a pardon to all robbers if they join the infantry. Sobieski commands him to defend Kamenyets to the last. The Turks finally march from Adrianople and Adam, now a much broken man, joins his friends at Hreptyoff, and then leads an advance guard against

4094-511: The autumn 1944, Germans fortified the city, preparing for a lengthy defence. On January 16, 1945, however, the Wehrmacht retreated after just one day of fighting. The city was restored to Poland, however, with a Soviet -installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Due to the communist idea of fast industrialisation , the inefficient steel mill

4183-672: The city already had a desperate food situation and was obliged to house and feed the Ukrainians. In the Second Polish Republic , Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (Kieleckie), where from 1928 it constituted the City County of Częstochowa . In the 1920s, local industry still suffered from World War I losses, and having been cut off from Russian markets. Unemployment remained high, and thousands of workers left for France in search of work. The Great Depression

4272-477: The city centre, on the slope of Jasna Góra Hill. The parks were established in 1843. The total area of both parks is 11.8 ha. The parks are a popular leisure place and a spot for those enjoying short walks. In 1909, the Great Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry took place in the park, it was attended by 660 exhibitors and 500,000 visitors. In Staszic Park, one can find an astronomical observatory, which

4361-409: The city were accused of killing Germans, and as a punishment, a number of civilians were executed. During the German occupation (1914–1918), Częstochowa was cut off from its prior Russian markets, which resulted in widespread poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, German authorities closed down several factories, urging unemployed workers to migrate to Upper Silesia , where they replaced men drafted into

4450-419: The city with the rest of Europe. After 1870 iron ore started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the Huta Częstochowa steel mill built by Bernard Hantke, as well as several textile mills and paper factories. In 1900, the traveling cinema of brothers Władysław and Antoni Krzemiński came to the city for the first time, after it

4539-451: The city, including the town hall courtyard, town squares and at a local factory (some estimates of victims put the number at more than 1,000; 990 ethnic Poles and 110 Jews). From the beginning of the occupation, the Germans initiated a plan of cultural and physical extermination of the Polish nation (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation ). By a decision of 5 September 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland

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4628-422: The city. On 20 April 1943 a NZS unit attacked the local office of the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce . After the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising , Częstochowa was briefly the capital of the Polish Underground State . On 9 April 1941 the Nazis created a ghetto for Jews in the city. Approximately 45,000 of Częstochowa's Jews, almost the entire community, were killed by the Germans. Life in German-occupied Częstochowa

4717-447: The city. Frank had promised the Russians that he would convince Jews to convert to Orthodox Christianity . During the Second Partition of Poland , Częstochowa was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793, and incorporated into the newly formed province of South Prussia , Department of Kalisz . The Old Częstochowa became the seat of a county (see Districts of Prussia ). During the Napoleonic Wars , in 1807 Częstochowa became part of

4806-504: The connections more comfortable. The public transport is managed by the Częstochowa City Council of Roads and Transport. The public transport carriage is contracted to the City Public Transport Corporation (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne). The public transport in Częstochowa comprises 3 tram lines, 28 city bus lines and 4 suburban lines connecting Częstochowa with Poczesna , Olsztyn , Zawodzie and Nierada . The bus transport connecting Częstochowa with other towns and villages in

4895-423: The construction of Aleja Najświętszej Panny Marii —the Holy Virgin Mary Avenue , which is the main arterial road of the modern city. It connected Old Częstochowa with New Częstochowa. Finally, the two towns were officially merged on 19 August 1826. The new city quickly emerged as the fourth-largest urban centre of Congress Poland; surpassed only by the cities of Warsaw , Lublin , and Kalisz . On 8 September 1862

4984-511: The control and protection of Austria-Hungary , after the personal intervention of Emperor Franz Joseph I , who was a pious Roman Catholic. The monastery was manned by soldiers under Austrian Army Captain Josef Klettinger and remained under Austrian control until 4 November 1918. In October 1917 the City Council of Częstochowa demanded permission to destroy the monument to Tsar Alexander II, to which General Governor of Warsaw Hans Hartwig von Beseler agreed. Polish authorities established control over

5073-404: The courage required to defend the town. Vasilkovski's cavalry dragoons slaughter the leading janissaries at Jvanyets, the remnants fleeing back across the Dniester river. Individual skirmishes now take place outside Kamenyets and Michael, riding on his Wallachian bay, kills Hamdi, a renowned pagan warrior. The Vizir, Sultan and Khan all arrive on the field of battle and Michael is infuriated by

5162-437: The document. Both of them belonged to the basic territorial unit of Slavic Polish tribes ( opole ), with its capital at Mstów. Częstochówka was located on a hill, where the Jasna Góra Monastery was later built. In the late 13th century Częstochowa became the seat of a Roman Catholic parish church, which was under the Lelów deanery . The village was located in the northwestern corner of Kraków Land , Lesser Poland , near

5251-439: The economic development and investments is the Agency of Regional Development. In 2007, in areas surrounding the ISD Częstochowa Steelworks, the Częstochowa Industry Park was established. In 2011, three industry clusters were established – The Cluster of Polymers Manufacturing "Plastosfera", Częstochowa Communal Cluster "Aglomeracja" and the Regional Cluster of Building Industry and Infrastructure "Budosfera". Industry Częstochowa

5340-541: The enemy's chambuls, crossing the Danube and advancing as far as Pruth. Adam's dragoons assault Azya's chambul and, capturing him, give him an agonising death by drawing him on a sharpened stake. Basia and Zagłoba join Michalel at Kamenyets which is seething with preparations for its defence against the Turkish invasion . A Council of War is held, joined by Bishop Lantskoronski , Mikolai Pototski , starosta of Podolia , Lantskoronski, chamberlain of Podolia, Revuski , secretary of Podolia and officers and Michael gives them

5429-465: The entire city on 11 November 1918, the day of the re-establishment of Poland's independence. On 12 November 1918, three companies of the freshly created Polish Army marched along the Holy Virgin Mary Avenue. In 1919–1921, Częstochowa was one of the centres of support of Silesian Poles fighting in the Silesian Uprisings . On 4 December 1920 Symon Petliura arrived, together with app. 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers. Their arrival spurred widespread protests, as

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5518-414: The face with the ivory butt of her pistol. Fleeing back to Hreptyoff as the Lithuanian Tartars slaughter the unsuspecting inhabitants of Roshkoff by the bands of Krychinski and Adurovich. Azya slits Novoveski's throat, keeps Zosia Boski for himself and grants Eva to Adurovich. Zosia, her mother and Eva all are sold off to harems in Turkey and are never seen or heard of again. After a terrible journey through

5607-425: The fact that it was moved to Częstochowa confirms the growing importance of the town. In 1760, Jacob Frank , the leader of a Jewish sect mixing Kabbalah, Catholicism and Islam, was imprisoned for heresy in the monastery by the church. His followers settled near him, later establishing a cult of his daughter Eve Frank . In August 1772, Frank was released by the Russian general Aleksandr Bibikov , who had occupied

5696-403: The funeral service and Sobieski makes a grand entrance and kneels at the catafalque to pray for his soul. Sobieski makes camp at Hotin, with grand hetman, Pats, and field hetman Michael Kazimir Radzivill , who take up position on the heights connecting Hotin with Jvanyets. A huge battle takes place after a bitterly freezing night of rain, storm and darkness. The two sides are evenly matched until

5785-411: The government of Congress Poland carried out a census, according to which the population of New Częstochowa was 1,036, while the population of Old Częstochowa was 2,758. Furthermore, almost four hundred people lived in several settlements in the area (Zawodzie, Stradom , Kucelin). The idea of a merger of both towns was first brought up in 1815. In 1819, military architect Jan Bernhard planned and started

5874-460: The little knight's. He teaches her fencing and she is disconcerted and embarrassed by his adeptness with the sword for whom she develops a strong admiration. Adam Novoveski, a young cavalier, arrives on the scene and pays court to Basia but she has nothing of it and rejects his eventual marriage proposal. Michael meets with Sobieski and is sent with letters to Rushchyts in Russia and the Wilderness beyond. He says farewell to Krysia and an unspoken pact

5963-432: The massacres committed in Olsztyn were school principals, teachers, lawyers, policemen, merchants, craftsmen, pharmacists, engineers, students and local officials, and among the victims of the Apolonka massacres were 20 girl scouts. Further executions of local Poles were carried out by the Germans throughout the war. Under German occupation Częstochowa administratively was a city-county ( Stadkreis Tschenstochau ), part of

6052-467: The monastery and quickly developed. In 1717 it was granted town charter, and its name was changed into Nowa Częstochowa ( New Częstochowa ). The town was completely destroyed during the Bar Confederation . On 8 February 1769 the monastery was seized by rebels of the Bar Confederation, commanded by Kazimierz Pułaski . Soon the stronghold was besieged by Russians under German-born General Johann von Drewitz. The Russians gave up on 15 January 1771. In 1789,

6141-441: The nation's sake and stays at Ketling's house. They are visited by Sobieski , the hetman , and a feast takes place and Michael receives a present of a cream-coloured steed. Michael's sister, Mrs Makovetski, visits Warsaw and is invited to stay with Krystina Drohoyovski and Barbara Yezorkovski, of whom her husband is their guardian. Michael is immediately attracted by Krysia but Zagłoba intends that Basia, who delights him, should be

6230-463: The party going to Rashkoff to be reunited with Adam, who ran away from the family home to join the army. Eva immediately recognises Mellehovich and then Novoveski, who calls him Azya, and who raised him alongside his son. However, as the young Tartar is now an officer of the hetman and serving under Michael, his commandant, he is out of the old nobleman's clutches and an old officer, Nyenashinyets, now recognises him as Tugai Beyovich, Tugai Bey's son and so

6319-506: The pedestrianised boulevard. During the pilgrimage period, the Avenues are used by pilgrims heading for Jasna Góra Monastery . The avenues are 1.5 km long and 44 m wide; primarily they perform trade, service, financial and cultural functions. The housing consists mostly of classicist, late-classicist houses, rarely eclectic. More modern buildings can also be noticed. The most interesting townhouses include: Jasna Góra Parks are two city parks (Stanisław Staszic Park and 3 May Park) located in

6408-588: The population of Częstochowa (also called Stara Częstochowa , Old Częstochowa ) was app. 1,600, which was less than in the 15th century. After the Great Sejm passed the Constitution of 3 May 1791 , local Sejmiks were obliged to legitimize it. On 14–15 February 1792, a sejmik of the szlachta of northern part of Kraków Voivodeship (counties of Lelów and Książ Wielki ) took place in Częstochowa. Traditionally, local sejmiks were organized in Żarnowiec ;

6497-488: The region. The city expanded, with the first tram lines opened in 1959. On 1 January 1977 several villages and settlements were included within Częstochowa city limits. As a result, the area of the city expanded from 90 to 160 square kilometres (35 to 62 sq mi). Pope John Paul II , prayed before the Black Madonna during his historic visit to his Polish homeland in 1979, several months after his election to

6586-896: The road leading to the pilgrimage church after Hitler, though they did allow some pilgrimage activity to continue. From 1941 to 1944, the Germans operated the Stalag 367 prisoner-of-war camp for Italian and Soviet POWs in the city. During and after the Warsaw Uprising , in August–October 1944, the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Częstochowa. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. In late December 1944, there were 14,671 registered Poles, who were expelled from Warsaw. In

6675-578: The same time, they achieve the highest speeds from these directions - 2.2 m/s. The northern winds are least common - 7.7% and north-eastern winds - 7.4%. There are about 26,000 companies registered in Częstochowa. They are represented by the Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Częstochowa. The investment areas form part of the Katowice Special Economic Zone. The main initiator of activities pertaining to

6764-686: The thirteenth-largest city in Poland. It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship . However, Częstochowa is historically part of the Lesser Poland region, not of Silesia , and before 1795 , it belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship . Częstochowa is located in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland . It is the largest economic, cultural and administrative hub in the northern part of the Silesian Voivodeship . The city

6853-496: The weight of the battle is transferred to the centre. The grand hetman, assisted by the voevode of Rus , sends in his hussars and the Tartar janissaries—led by Hussein, the white-bearded Kiaya, "Lion of God"—are finally vanquished on the Polish lances, many of them dying in a rugged ravine at the opposite side of their camp. Two old valiant knights—Motovidlo and the bowman Mushalski—are killed, along with Adam Novoveski who dies with

6942-534: The wilderness, and losing her horses to wolves and an icy river, Basia makes it back to the fortalice. She collapses exhausted in a fever and Zagłoba sends for a doctor from Kamenyets who revives her from near death. Gorzenski, the commandant at Mohiloff, intercepts Azya's orders to his Tartars and kills the Mazovian infantry as well as sending a message to Yampol , thus saving it from destruction. The Ketlings arrive at Hreptyoff—Sobieski has appointed him commander of

7031-567: Was a separate municipality mentioned in the 14th century as the Old Częstochowa ( Antiquo Czanstochowa , 1382) and Częstochówka in 1470–80. The city was also known in German as Tschenstochau and in Russian as Ченстохов ( Chenstokhov ). A Lusatian culture cemetery from around 750 BC–550 BC is located in the present-day district of Raków and it is now an Archaeological Reserve,

7120-502: Was annexed by Imperial Russia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. In 1924, the settlement received the status of an urban-type settlement . Prior to World War II , the city had a large Jewish population. Particularly, in 1900, Yampil's Jewish population was 2,823. The city center consisted of a large number of Jewish-owned buildings and four synagogues . The city also had a castle and river port. In 1985, it

7209-546: Was established in the city. On 6 September 1939 the Einsatzgruppe II entered the city to commit atrocities against the population. On 14–15 September 1939 the Germans arrested around 200 inhabitants of the district of Stradom . In order to terrorize the Polish population, on 9–11 November 1939 the Germans carried out mass arrests of dozens of Poles, including the mayor, vice-mayor, teachers, students, activists and local officials, but they were soon released. During

7298-549: Was first translated to English by Jeremiah Curtin as Pan Michael in 1893. It was translated again in 1992 by W. S. Kuniczak as Fire in the Steppe . Cz%C4%99stochowa Częstochowa ( / ˌ tʃ ɛ n s t ə ˈ k oʊ v ə / CHEN -stə- KOH -və , Polish: [t͡ʂɛ̃stɔˈxɔva] , Silesian : Czynstochowy) is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 214,342 inhabitants, making it

7387-581: Was founded in Łódź in 1899 as the oldest Polish cinema. In 1909, they settled in Częstochowa and founded Kino Odeon, the first permanent cinema in the city. Up to the Second World War, like many other cities in Europe, Częstochowa had a significant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 45,130, Jews constituted 12,000 (so around 26% percent). An anti-Semitic pogrom occurred in 1902. A mob attacked

7476-505: Was increased to three annually, and in 1639 to six. In the year 1631, Częstochowa had 399 houses, but at the same time, several residents died in a plague , after which 78 houses were abandoned. In the first half of the 17th century, kings of the House of Vasa turned the Jasna Góra Monastery into a modern Dutch-style fortress. During the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, the monastery

7565-420: Was named the administrative center of the surrounding Yampil Raion , one of the historical raions of Vinnytsia Oblast. The Yampil raion was abolished and its territory was merged into Mohyliv-Podilskyi Raion on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Vinnytsia Oblast to six, and Yampil was no longer a raion-level administrative center after 1985. In

7654-476: Was one of the pockets of Polish resistance against the Swedish armies (for more information, see Siege of Jasna Góra ). The town of Częstochowa was almost completely destroyed by Swedish soldiers. It has been estimated that the town lost 50% of the population, and 60% of houses. But the town suffered less severe destruction than nearby towns like Przyrów , Olsztyn and Mstów . It took several years for Częstochowa to recover from these extensive losses. As late as in

7743-716: Was opened in 1909. The parks also accommodate the Iron Ore Museum. There are also several other parks in various parts of the city, including Park Lisiniec  [ pl ] , Las Aniołowski, Park Parkitka  [ pl ] . Main road connections from Częstochowa include a connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Katowice (to the south) via the European route E75 (Motorway [REDACTED] ). There are also three other national roads: [REDACTED] to Wieluń , [REDACTED] to Opole and [REDACTED] to Piotrków Trybunalski . Furthermore, Częstochowa

7832-480: Was particularly difficult, resulting in strikes and workers' street clashes with the police. In 1925, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Częstochowa was created. The city grew in size, when between 1928 and 1934, several local settlements and villages were incorporated into city limits. In 1939, the population of Częstochowa was 138,000, which made it the eighth-largest city of Poland. In 1938,

7921-560: Was significantly expanded and named after Bolesław Bierut . This, combined with the growing tourist movement, led to yet another period of fast city growth, concluded in 1975 with the creation of a separate Częstochowa Voivodeship . In the immediate post-war period, Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (1945–1950), and then the city was transferred to Katowice Voivodeship . In the Polish People's Republic , Częstochowa emerged not only as an industrial, but also academic centre of

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