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40-499: According to company spokespeople, the aircraft would combine the best features of a blimp and a helicopter, and would be capable of carrying a 40 ton load up to 200 miles (320 km) without refueling. At 302 feet (92 m) long, it would classify as the largest helicopter in the world, and would be capable of flying up to 800 miles (1,300 km) without a load. The craft would use helium to provide enough lift to carry its own weight , and would use four helicopter rotors to lift

80-469: A long assay ton is approximately 32.67 g (1.152 oz). These amounts bear the same ratio to a milligram as a short or long ton bears to a troy ounce . Therefore, the number of milligrams of a particular metal found in a sample weighing one assay ton gives the number of troy ounces of metal contained in a ton of ore. In documents that predate 1960 the word ton is sometimes spelled tonne , but in more recent documents tonne refers exclusively to

120-566: A helicopter and will not require building big roads for construction equipment. The JHL-40, or Jess Heavy Lifter, is named after Pete Jess, the President and Chief operating officer of SkyHook International, the company that owns the patent for the aircraft. The planned aircraft has yet to be certified by Transport Canada and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration . Currently the aircraft's overall performance and layout have been established. The next major program milestone, never reached,

160-424: A long history and has acquired several meanings and uses. As a unit of mass , ton can mean: Its original use as a unit of volume has continued in the capacity of cargo ships and in units such as the freight ton and a number of other units, ranging from 35 to 100 cubic feet (0.99 to 2.83  m ) in size. Recent specialized uses include the ton as a means of truck classification . It can also be used as

200-440: A proprietary, high-performance capillary electrophoresis system to determine baculovirus titer . The Trofile assay is used to determine HIV tropism . The viral plaque assay is to calculate the number of viruses present in a sample. In this technique the number of viral plaques formed by a viral inoculum is counted, from which the actual virus concentration can be determined. A wide range of cellular secretions (say,

240-572: A specific antibody or cytokine ) can be detected using the ELISA technique. The number of cells which secrete those particular substances can be determined using a related technique, the ELISPOT assay. When multiple assays measure the same target their results and utility may or may not be comparable depending on the natures of the assay and their methodology, reliability etc. Such comparisons are possible through study of general quality attributes of

280-695: A standard, etc.). If the assay involves exogenous reactants (the reagents ), then their quantities are kept fixed (or in excess) so that the quantity and quality of the target are the only limiting factors. The difference in the assay outcome is used to deduce the unknown quality or quantity of the target in question. Some assays (e.g., biochemical assays) may be similar to chemical analysis and titration . However, assays typically involve biological material or phenomena that are intrinsically more complex in composition or behavior, or both. Thus, reading of an assay may be noisy and involve greater difficulties in interpretation than an accurate chemical titration. On

320-433: A ton." The ton is derived from the tun , the term applied to a cask of the largest capacity. This could contain a volume between 175 and 213 imperial gallons (210 and 256  US gal ; 800 and 970  L ), which could weigh around 2,000 pounds (910  kg ) and occupy some 60 cubic feet (1.7  m ) of space. There are several similar units of mass or volume called the ton : The difference between

360-432: A unit of energy , or in refrigeration as a unit of power , sometimes called a ton of refrigeration . Because the ton (of any system of measuring weight) is usually the heaviest unit named in colloquial speech, its name also has figurative uses, singular and plural, informally meaning a large amount or quantity, or to a great degree, as in "There's a ton of bees in this hive," "We have tons of homework," and "I love you

400-411: Is a conventional value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of coal. Plural name is tonnes of coal equivalent . The unit ton is used in refrigeration and air conditioning to measure the rate of heat absorption. Prior to the introduction of mechanical refrigeration, cooling was accomplished by delivering ice. Installing one ton of mechanical refrigeration capacity replaced

440-555: Is a conventional value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. The unit is used, for example, by the International Energy Agency (IEA), for the reported world energy consumption as TPES in millions of toe (Mtoe). Other sources convert 1 toe into 1.28 tonne of coal equivalent (tce). 1 toe is also standardized as 7.33 barrel of oil equivalent (boe). A tonne of coal equivalent ( tce ), sometimes ton of coal equivalent ,

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480-515: Is defined as 224 imperial gallons (35.96 cu ft; 1.018 m ), the volume occupied by 1 long ton (2,240 lb; 1,016 kg) of water under the conditions that define the imperial gallon . These are small calories (cal). The large or dietary calorie (Cal) is equal to one kilocalorie (kcal), and is gradually being replaced by the latter correct term. Early values for the explosive energy released by trinitrotoluene (TNT) ranged from 900 to 1100 calories per gram. In order to standardise

520-477: Is equal to 40 cubic feet (1.133 m ), but historically it has had several different definitions. It is used to determine the amount of money to be charged in loading, unloading, or carrying different sorts of cargo. In general if a cargo is heavier than salt water, the actual weight is used. If it is lighter than salt water, e.g. feathers, freight is calculated in measurement tons of 40 cubic feet. Gross tonnage and net tonnage are volumetric measures of

560-552: Is equivalent to 20 hundredweight; however, they are long 51 kilograms (112 lb) or short hundredweight 45 kilograms (100 lb), respectively. Before the 20th century there were several definitions. Prior to the 15th century in England, the ton was 20 hundredweight, each of 108 lb, giving a ton of 2,160 pounds (980 kg). In the 19th century in different parts of Britain, definitions of 2,240, or 2,352, or 2,400 lb were used, with 2,000 lb for explosives;

600-410: Is from the late 14th century. For assay of currency coins this literally meant analysis of the purity of the gold or silver (or whatever the precious component) that represented the true value of the coin. This might have translated later (possibly after the 14th century) into a broader usage of "analysis", e.g., in pharmacology, analysis for an important component of a target inside a mixture—such as

640-577: Is measured by different physical methods (light transmission, electric current change). But other methods use biochemical probing cell structure or physiology (stains). Another application is to monitor cell culture ( assays of cell proliferation or cytotoxicity ). A cytotoxicity assay measures how toxic a chemical compound is to cells. Many cell assays have been developed to assess specific parameters or response of cells ( biomarkers , cell physiology). Techniques used to study cells include : Metastasis Assay The HPCE-based viral titer assay uses

680-446: Is often called the analyte , the measurand , or the target of the assay. The analyte can be a drug , biochemical substance , chemical element or compound , or cell in an organism or organic sample . An assay usually aims to measure an analyte's intensive property and express it in the relevant measurement unit (e.g. molarity , density , functional activity in enzyme international units, degree of effect in comparison to

720-568: Is pronounced / t ɒ n / . In Ireland and most members of the Commonwealth of Nations, a ton is defined as 2,240 pounds (1,016.04691 kg). In the United States and Canada, a ton is defined as 2,000 pounds (907.18474 kg). Assay ton (abbreviation 'AT') is not a unit of measurement but a standard quantity used in assaying ores of precious metals. A short assay ton is approximately 29.17 g (1.029 oz) and

760-415: The active ingredient of a drug inside the inert excipients in a formulation that previously was measured only grossly by its observable action on an organism (e.g., a lethal dose or inhibitory dose). An assay (analysis) is never an isolated process, as it must be accompanied with pre- and post-analytic procedures. Both the communication order (the request to perform an assay plus related information) and

800-473: The industrial , curbside, or field levels. Assays in high commercial demand have been well investigated in research and development sectors of professional industries. They have also undergone generations of development and sophistication. In some cases, they are protected by intellectual property regulations such as patents granted for inventions. Such industrial-scale assays are often performed in well-equipped laboratories and with automated organization of

840-421: The metric ton . In nuclear power plants tHM and MTHM mean tonnes of heavy metals , and MTU means tonnes of uranium . In the steel industry, the abbreviation THM means 'tons/tonnes hot metal', which refers to the amount of liquid iron or steel that is produced, particularly in the context of blast furnace production or specific consumption. A dry ton or dry tonne has the same mass value, but

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880-431: The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. The first SkyHook HLV aircraft was scheduled to fly in 2014. On September 13, 2010 however, Financial Times Deutschland revealed that development was halted until an infusion of 100 million dollar in public funding would be available. Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Ton Ton is any of several units of measure of mass, volume or force . It has

920-454: The assay itself but also those occurring in the pre-analytic and post-analytic procedures. While the analytic steps of the assay itself get much attention, it is those that get less attention of the chain of users—the pre-analytic and post-analytic procedures—that typically accumulate the most errors; e.g., pre-analytic steps in medical laboratory assays may contribute 32–75% of all lab errors. Assays can be very diverse, but generally involve

960-399: The assays e.g. principles of measurement (including identification, amplification and detection), dynamic range of detection (usually the range of linearity of the standard curve ), analytic sensitivity , functional sensitivity , analytic specificity , positive , negative predictive values , turn around time i.e. time taken to finish a whole cycle from the preanalytic steps till the end of

1000-479: The cargo-carrying capacity of a ship. The Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) is based on net tonnage , modified for Panama Canal billing purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical formula to calculate a vessel's total volume; a PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet of capacity. The water ton is used chiefly in Great Britain, in statistics dealing with petroleum products, and

1040-404: The daily delivery of one ton of ice. The refrigeration ton is commonly abbreviated as RT . Assay An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine , mining , pharmacology , environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity. The measured entity

1080-400: The following general steps: Depending on whether an assay just looks at a single time point or timed readings taken at multiple time points, an assay may be: Depending on how many targets or analytes are being measured: Depending on the quality of the result produced, assays may be classified into: Depending on the general substrate on which the assay principle is applied: Depending on

1120-435: The handling of the specimen itself (the collecting, documenting, transporting, and processing done before beginning the assay) are pre-analytic steps. Similarly, after the assay is completed the results must be documented, verified and communicated—the post-analytic steps. As with any multi-step information handling and transmission system, the variation and errors in reporting final results entail not only those intrinsic to

1160-606: The last post analytic step (report dispatch/transmission), throughput i.e. number of assays done per unit time (usually expressed as per hour) etc. Organizations or laboratories that perform Assays for professional purposes e.g. medical diagnosis and prognostics, environmental analysis, forensic proceeding, pharmaceutical research and development must undergo well regulated quality assurance procedures including method validation , regular calibration , analytical quality control , proficiency testing , test accreditation , test licensing and must document appropriate certifications from

1200-469: The legal ton was usually 2,240 lb. In the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other areas that had used the imperial system, the tonne is the form of ton legal in trade. The displacement , essentially the weight, of a ship is traditionally expressed in long tons . To simplify measurement it is determined by measuring the volume , rather than weight, of water displaced, and calculating

1240-491: The load and to propel the aircraft. By using both helium and helicopter rotors, the aircraft can avoid having to jettison helium after unloading. In comparison, the CH-47 Chinook helicopter can carry a load the same distance, but can only lift a maximum of 10 tons. SkyHook claimed that the aircraft will provide environmental benefits over traditional methods of delivering heavy loads, as it would require less fuel than

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1280-450: The material ( sludge , slurries, compost , and similar mixtures in which solid material is soaked with or suspended in water ) has been dried to a relatively low, consistent moisture level ( dry weight ). If the material is in its natural, wet state, it is called a wet ton or wet tonne . Both the UK definition of long ton and US definition of short ton have similar underlying bases. Each

1320-518: The nature of the signal amplification system assays may be of numerous types, to name a few: Depending on the nature of the Detection system assays can be based on: Assays for studying interactions of proteins with DNA include: A cell-counting assay may determine the number of living cells, the number of dead cells, or the ratio of one cell type to another, such as enumerating and typing red versus different types of white blood cells. This

1360-428: The other hand, older generation qualitative assays, especially bioassays , may be much more gross and less quantitative (e.g., counting death or dysfunction of an organism or cells in a population, or some descriptive change in some body part of a group of animals). Assays have become a routine part of modern medical , environmental , pharmaceutical , and forensic technology . Other businesses may also employ them at

1400-431: The procedure, from ordering an assay to pre-analytic sample processing (sample collection, necessary manipulations e.g. spinning for separation , aliquoting if necessary, storage, retrieval, pipetting , aspiration , etc.). Analytes are generally tested in high- throughput autoanalyzers , and the results are verified and automatically returned to ordering service providers and end-users . These are made possible through

1440-483: The short ton and the other common forms ("long" and "metric") is about 10%, while the metric and long tons differ by less than 2%. The metric tonne is usually distinguished by its spelling when written, but in the United States and United Kingdom, it is pronounced the same as ton, hence is often spoken as "metric ton" when it is necessary to make the distinction. In the United Kingdom the final "e" of "tonne" can also be pronounced ( / ˈ t ʌ n i / ). In Australia, it

1480-543: The use of an advanced laboratory informatics system that interfaces with multiple computer terminals with end-users, central servers , the physical autoanalyzer instruments, and other automata. According to Etymology Online, the verb assay means "to try, endeavor, strive, test the quality of"; from Anglo-French assaier , from assai (noun), from Old French essai , "trial". Thus the noun assay means "trial, test of quality, test of character" (from mid-14th century), from Anglo-French assai ; and its meaning "analysis"

1520-658: The use of the term TNT as a unit of energy, an arbitrary value was assigned based on 1,000 calories (1 kcal or 4.184  kJ ) per gram. Thus there is no longer a direct connection to the chemical TNT itself. It is now merely a unit of energy that happens to be expressed using words normally associated with mass (e.g., kilogram, tonne, pound). The definition applies for both spellings: ton of TNT and tonne of TNT . Measurements in tons of TNT have been used primarily to express nuclear weapon yields , though they have also been used since in seismology as well. A tonne of oil equivalent (toe), sometimes ton of oil equivalent ,

1560-417: The weight from the volume and density. For practical purposes the displacement ton (DT) is a unit of volume, 35 cubic feet (0.9911 m ), the approximate volume occupied by one ton of seawater (the actual volume varies with salinity and temperature). It is slightly less than the 224 imperial gallons (1.018 m ) of the water ton (based on distilled water ). One measurement ton or freight ton

1600-480: Was to be Detailed Design in 2011, which would have centered on the design, analysis and specification of all hardware, software and related aircraft and ground support systems interfaces. Boeing planned to design and fabricate a production SkyHook HLV prototype at its Rotorcraft Systems facility in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. The new aircraft will enter commercial service after it is certified by Transport Canada and

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