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104-641: The precursor of Skyactiv, which featured a Mazda Sky-G 2.3-liter direct injection petrol engine, a Mazda Sky-D 2.2-liter diesel engine, a Sky-Drive automatic transmission, a Mazda Kiyora with Sky-G 1.3 engine and Sky-Drive automatic transmission, was unveiled at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in 2008. The Skyactiv concept features a revised suspension geometry, improved automatic and manual transmission, and various improvements to Mazda's L- engine such as direct injection, upgraded exhaust manifold, increased compression ratio for cleaner burn and higher thermal efficiency , among other improvements. Mazda's previous chassis for

208-449: A bore X stroke of 83.5 mm × 91.2 mm (3.29 in × 3.59 in). The U.S. version has a compression ratio of 13.0:1 producing 116 kW; 157 PS (155 bhp) at 6000 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 4600 rpm. In some markets, a variant with Flexifuel E85 is available, producing 121 kW; 164 PS (162 bhp) and 210 N⋅m (155 lbf⋅ft) of torque. According to Mazda, it

312-468: A Bosch mechanical GDI system in the 1950s, however usage of the technology remained rare until an electronic GDI system was introduced in 1996 by Mitsubishi for mass-produced cars. GDI has seen rapid adoption by the automotive industry in recent years, increasing in the United States from 2.3% of production for model year 2008 vehicles to approximately 50% for model year 2016. The 'charge mode' of

416-562: A FS5A-EL five-speed automatic in the following year. Power was directed to the front wheels in most markets, although full-time all-wheel-drive models were available in Japan, Europe, and Australia. Not all configurations were available in all areas – for example, the Mazda 6 as released in Australia was available in 2.3L four-cylinder guise only, when the 626 it replaced had been available with

520-522: A VisitFlorida.com sponsored car using the number #00, driven by Tristan Nunez, Spencer Pigot, and Tristan Vautier, and Yojiro Terada, and the third car was driven under the #25, being driven by Andrew Carbonell, Tom Long, Rhett O’Doski, and Derek Whitis. The car was successful, albeit in a class with few other cars. The class they were driven in was the GX class, intended for cars using alternative fuels or alternative technologies. The class folded after one year, and

624-732: A choice of four- or six-cylinder engines. The MZI V6 engine was only fitted to vehicles manufactured at Mazda's Flat Rock Assembly Plant and destined for the U.S. and Canadian domestic markets. Mazda's Hofu Plant in Yamaguchi Prefecture produced the Mazda6 for international markets from February 2002 to August 2007. In North America, Mazda6 production was handled at the AutoAlliance International plant in Flat Rock, Michigan . The first Mazda6 rolled off

728-441: A defect that could lead to diesel engine failure. Although most problems were fixed later on, the 2.2 suffered from bad carbon build up that would block the intake manifold. Other faults include a turbo diversion valve failure that required replacement of the complete twin turbo unit. Mazda recalled the 2012 to 2018 model year diesel Mazda 3, Mazda 6 and CX-5 because of a build-up of carbon deposits. The Skyactiv-Hybrid technology

832-442: A direct-injected engine refers to how the fuel is distributed throughout the combustion chamber: In the homogeneous charge mode , the engine operates on a homogeneous air/fuel mixture ( λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} ), meaning, that there is an (almost) perfect mixture of fuel and air in the cylinder. The fuel is injected at the very beginning of the intake stroke in order to give injected fuel

936-700: A five-door wagon , marketed in North America as the "Sport Sedan", "5-Door" and "Sport Wagon", respectively. In Australia, the lineup was first available in Limited trim, as a sedan; in Classic trim as sedan, hatch or wagon and in Luxury trim as a sedan and liftback — and Luxury Sports trim, as a liftback. In New Zealand, the lineup consisted of 2.0L GLX (sedan only), 2.3L GSX (sedan, liftback, and wagon), and 2.3L Limited (sedan and liftback). The first generation

1040-509: A high compression ratio of 13.0:1 (14.0:1 in some markets). It greatly improves dynamic performance and fuel economy over the MZR 1.5 engine of the previous model. Applications: The Skyactiv-G 2.0 (PE-VPS) was the first engine in the Skyactiv-G family to be produced. This naturally aspirated engine features an engine displacement of 1,998 cc (2.0 L; 121.9 cu in), with

1144-638: A major cause of pollution for the region. Mazda6 The Mazda6 (known as the Mazda Atenza in Japan, derived from the Italian attenzione ) is a mid-size sedan produced by Mazda since 2002, replacing the long-produced Capella/626 . The Mazda6 was marketed as the first example of the company's "Stylish, Insightful and Spirited" design philosophy, followed by the Mazda2 in December 2002,

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1248-457: A revised front fascia with a raised hood, a 6-speed manual transmission, and all-wheel drive . The all-wheel-drive system uses Mazda's Active Torque Split computer-based control, which can route between a 100/0 to 50/50 front/rear torque split depending on driving conditions. Power is sent to the rear wheels through a limited-slip differential . Originally scheduled to be launched in June 2005,

1352-418: A richer air-fuel ratio at higher loads. In theory, a stratified charge mode can further improve fuel efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions, however, in practice, the stratified charge concept has not proved to have significant efficiency advantages over a conventional homogeneous charge concept, but due to its inherent lean burn, more nitrogen oxides are formed, which sometimes require a NOx adsorber in

1456-492: A sequential-automatic option, dubbed the "5-Speed Sport AT"). European and Australian versions also feature a four-cylinder turbodiesel that comes with a six-speed manual transmission and produces significantly more torque than the V6, with much improved fuel economy. In North America, the 5-speed automatic optional on the V6 models were replaced by an Aisin 6-speed automatic for the 2005 model year. The four-cylinder model received

1560-409: A spark plug featuring Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) technology. A small Roots-type supercharger further expands the compression ignition operating window by feeding more air into the engine, leaning out the mixture sufficiently for compression ignition even at higher speeds. SPCCI works by drawing in a lean, homogeneous air-fuel mixture, it then compresses the mixture until it approaches

1664-421: A spark-plug (due to a lack of fuel), the charge needs to be stratified (e. g. a small zone of fuel/air mixture around the spark plug needs to be created). To achieve such a charge, a stratified charge engine injects the fuel during the latter stages of the compression stroke. A "swirl cavity" in the top of the piston is often used to direct the fuel into the zone surrounding the spark plug . This technique enables

1768-512: A special swirl or tumble movement in order to direct the fuel towards the spark plug. This swirl or tumble movement must be retained for a relatively long period of time, so that all of the fuel is getting pushed towards the spark plug. This however reduces the engine's charging efficiency and thus power output. In practice, a combination of air-guided and wall-guided injection is used. There exists only one engine that only relies on air-guided injection. In engines with spray-guided direct injection,

1872-565: A study published in January 2020 in the journal Environmental Science and Technology , a team of researchers at the University of Georgia (USA) predicted that the increase in black carbon emissions from GDI-powered vehicles will increase climate warming in urban areas of the U.S. by an amount that significantly exceeds the cooling associated with a reduction in CO 2 . The researchers also believe

1976-491: A super-high compression ratio and achieving fuel efficiency of 30 km per litre (under Japan's 10-15 cycle)". The engine was first used in the Mazda Demio 1.3-Skyactiv, being the only Skyactiv engine to be paired with a CVT . It is rated at 62 kW (84 PS; 83 hp) and 113 N⋅m (83 lbf⋅ft). Applications: The Skyactiv-G 1.5, or (PR-VP RS) for RWD applications and (P5 VPS F-P5) for FWD applications,

2080-438: A very high air ratio at its edges. The fuel can only be ignited in between these two "zones". Ignition takes place almost immediately after injection to increase engine efficiency. The spark plug must be placed in such a way, that it is exactly in the zone where the mixture is ignitable. This means that the production tolerances need to be very low, because only very little misalignment can result in drastic combustion decline. Also,

2184-481: Is 120 kPa (17.4 psi). A specially-designed set of passages and butterfly valves act at low engine RPMs to force exhaust gases through smaller orifices, spooling the turbo more quickly and minimizing turbo lag . Additionally, the engine has a unique 4-3-1 exhaust manifold to improve exhaust scavenging and a cooled exhaust gas recirculation system, both designed to reduce combustion chamber temperatures and allow for increased boost with better fuel economy. On

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2288-425: Is a naturally aspirated variant with 1,298 cc (79.2 cu in) engine displacement and features a 71 mm (2.8 in) bore and an 82 mm (3.2 in) stroke. The engine was unveiled at the 2011 Automotive Engineering Exposition. Five Mazda engineers were awarded the 2011 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Medal on April 20, 2012 specifically for the "development of a petrol engine (1.3 L) with

2392-530: Is a 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in) naturally aspirated engine with a 74.5 mm (2.93 in) bore and an 85.8 mm (3.38 in) stroke. This 4 cylinder engine was introduced in the 14MY Mazda3 for the Asian and European markets. It develops 85 kW (114 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 111 lb⋅ft (150 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm (Asian markets). This petrol engine in the Skyactiv line-up achieves

2496-422: Is a 1,497 cc (91.4 cu in) engine first introduced in the fourth generation Mazda Demio/Mazda2 . It features a compression ratio of 14:1. Applications: The Skyactiv-D 1.8 (S8-DPTS/S8-DPTR) is a 1,759 cc (107.3 cu in) that was introduced in the 2018 facelifted Mazda CX-3 . Applications: The Skyactiv-D 2.2 (SH-VPTS/SH-VPTR) is a 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) engine that

2600-524: Is a high-performance version of the first generation Mazda6. Its mission statement was written with the help of Peter Birtwhistle, chief of Mazda's advanced design studio in Germany at the time. It was initially unveiled as a concept at the 2002 Paris Motor Show . It features a turbocharged version of the 2.3 L MZR inline-four which produces 272 PS (200 kW), although the European version

2704-464: Is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3,287 cc (200.6 cu in) engine that was introduced in the Mazda CX-60 in 2022. Applications: The Skyactiv-D is the first low compression diesel in a production car, having a significantly lower compression in the first generation of 14:1 rather than typical compression ratios of 16:1 and beyond. Numerous university studies have investigated

2808-529: Is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3.3-litre turbocharged petrol engine and features a 86.0 mm (3.39 in) bore and an 94.2 mm (3.71 in) stroke. It was introduced in the Mazda CX-90 in 2023 and comes in two outputs. It produces 209–253.5 kW (280–340 hp; 284–345 PS) and 450–500 N⋅m (332–369 lb⋅ft). Skyactiv-X is the first commercial petrol engine to use homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), in which

2912-410: Is achieved in two-stroke GDI engines by injecting oil into the crankcase, resulting in a lower oil consumption than the older method of injecting oil mixed with fuel into the crankcase. Two types of GDI are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high-pressure. The low-pressure systems—as used on the 1992 Aprilia SR50 motor scooter—uses a crankshaft-driven air compressor to inject air into

3016-476: Is an electric hybrid engine technology using Skyactiv-G engine with technology from Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive , originally licensed for use with the Sky engine for vehicles sold in 2013. Petrol direct injection Gasoline direct injection ( GDI ), also known as petrol direct injection ( PDI ), is a mixture formation system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol), where fuel

3120-569: Is an improved version of the Ficht system, which was released in 2003 and won an EPA Clean Air Excellence Award in 2004. Envirofit International , an American non-profit organisation, has developed direct injection retrofit kits for two-stroke motorcycles (using technology developed by Orbital Corporation Limited ) in a project to reduce air pollution in Southeast Asia. The 100-million two-stroke taxis and motorcycles in Southeast Asia are

3224-402: Is injected into the combustion chamber . This is distinct from manifold injection systems, which inject fuel into the intake manifold (inlet manifold). The use of GDI can help increase engine efficiency and specific power output as well as reduce exhaust emissions. The first GDI engine to reach production was introduced in 1925 for a low-compression truck engine. Several German cars used

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3328-423: Is more fuel efficient than the engine it replaces. Versus the engine in the 2011 Mazda3 (with an automatic transmission ), fuel economy improved from 10.2 L/100 km (23 mpg ‑US ) to 8.4 L/100 km (28 mpg ‑US ) in city driving, and from 7.1 L/100 km (33 mpg ‑US ) to 5.8 L/100 km (41 mpg ‑US ) in highway driving, as compared to

3432-406: Is more limited for GDI, since there is a shorter period of time available to inject the required quantity of fuel. In manifold injection (as well as carburetors and throttle-body fuel injection), fuel can be added to the intake air mixture at any time. However a GDI engine is limited to injecting fuel during the intake and compression phases. This becomes a restriction at high engine speeds (RPM), when

3536-710: Is optional on the Grand Touring trim. The Mazdaspeed6 was released to generally positive reviews, and was noted for impressive power and handling. The second-generation Mazda6 made its premiere at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show in September. It is based on the modified first-generation Mazda6 chassis which Ford also utilized as their CD3 platform. Mazda continued to provide three body styles, including 4-door saloon (sedan), 5-door hatchback and wagon. A number of journalists have already praised its electrically assisted steering for being considerably improved compared to

3640-533: Is shortened by intensifying air flow, increasing injection pressure, and using multi-hole injectors. It features an all-aluminum construction with chain-driven dual overhead camshafts with VVT and gasoline direct injection ; with direct ignition , it meets ULEV emission standards. Skyactiv-G engines for the U.S. market have a lower compression ratio of 13:1, allowing them to operate on standard instead of premium fuel with an approximate 3-5 percent reduction in torque and fuel economy. The Skyactiv-G 1.3 (P3-VPS)

3744-559: Is still sportier than rivaling Honda Accords, Toyota Camrys, or Chevrolet Malibus. Early reviews have been favorable. On March 3, 2011, around 50,000 Mazda6 vehicles from the 2009–10 model years were recalled in the United States, with another 15,000 in Canada, Mexico and Puerto Rico after it was found that Yellow Sac Spiders were building nests in the fuel line of the vehicles. The Mazda6 has two pipes coming from its gas tank, an extremely rare configuration. The amount of gasoline vapor in

3848-504: The Mazda MZR engine in configurations of 1.8 L ( L8-DE ), 2.0 L ( LF-VE ) and 2.3 L ( L3-VE ), initially with a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmission (with a sequential-automatic option, dubbed the "Four-Speed Sport AT"). In the US domestic market a 3.0 L Duratec 30 V6 engine was also available with a five-speed manual or five-speed automatic (with

3952-451: The Mazda3 and Mazda6 were carried over to the new vehicles. The Skyactiv-G is a family of direct injection petrol engines. The engine compression ratio is increased to 14.0:1. To reduce the risk of engine knock at high compression, residual gas is reduced by using 4-2-1 engine exhaust systems , implementing a piston cavity, and optimizing fuel injection. In addition, combustion duration

4056-893: The RX-8 in August 2003, the Mazda3 in January 2004, the Mazda5 in the summer of 2005, the MX-5 in October 2005, and the CX-7 in November 2006. The 2003 Mazda6 is essentially the seventh-generation Mazda 626, part of the 'G' model code family. The first-generation Mazda6 was launched in Japan as the Mazda Atenza in May 2002. The model lineup consisted of a four-door sedan , a four-door hatchback and

4160-575: The Volkswagen emissions scandal , the Japanese government performed testing of all diesel engines produced in Japan to ensure Japanese manufacturers were not falsifying emissions as had been done by Volkswagen. It was determined that the Skyactiv-D engine was the only engine which tested at or near the standard. At the 2019 New York Motor show, Mazda announced that it would commence pre-sales of

4264-470: The 1970s, the United States manufacturers American Motors Corporation and Ford developed prototype mechanical GDI systems called Straticharge and Programmed Combustion (PROCO) respectively. Neither of these systems reached production. The 1996 Japanese-market Mitsubishi Galant was the first mass-produced car to use a GDI engine, when a GDI version of the Mitsubishi 4G93 inline-four engine

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4368-466: The 20 year joint-venture between Mazda and Ford. Mazda moved production of the Mazda6 back to the Hofu factory in Japan. In China, over 680,000 Mazdas, including Mazda6 made between September 2008 and January 2016, were recalled due to faulty airbags. An earlier recall involved 280,000 Mazda6 models made between 2003 and 2008 for a similar issue. In 2007, Mazda won its first manufacturers championship in

4472-439: The 2011 model. The MX-5's 2019 "ND2" revision received an updated engine producing 135 kW; 184 PS (181 bhp) with maximum RPM raised from 6800 to 7500 rpm and includes a larger intake manifold, increased injection pressure and a new exhaust system that scavenges the cylinders more quickly. Applications: The Skyactiv-G 2.5 (PY-VPS) is a 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) naturally aspirated engine first used in

4576-401: The 2013 Mazda 6 and features an 89.0 mm (3.50 in) bore and a 100.0 mm (3.94 in) stroke. The U.S. version with a 13.0:1 compression ratio produces 139 kW; 190 PS (187 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 252 N⋅m (186 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm. In 2023, the engine's power output was increased to 142 kW; 194 PS (191 hp), although the torque remained

4680-580: The 2019 CX-5 with the Skyactiv-D 2.2L engine. Changes required to achieve the US EPA emissions standards, however, resulted in significant performance and economy penalties when compared with the Euro 5 compliant engine, as illustrated below. The Euro stage V compliant Australian Skyactiv-D 2.2L has the following specifications: The US EPA compliant US Skyactiv-D 2.2l has the following specifications: In September 2016, Mazda recalled 130,000 vehicles in Japan over

4784-532: The AAI assembly line on October 1, 2002, one month after 626 production ended. There are also satellite plants building Mazda6 models in China and Thailand for local markets. In September 2005, the Mazda6 received a facelift which introduced 5-speed auto and 6-speed manual transmissions, standard 16- or 17-inch alloy wheels, and minor bodywork upgrades. In China, the Mazda6 was introduced by FAW Mazda in 2003. Despite

4888-687: The CX-9 and CX-5, the engine is equipped with an air-to-air intercooler, while on the Mazda3 and CX-30, an air-to-liquid intercooler is instead integrated into the intake manifold to save space. For the CX-60, the engine is paired with a plug-in hybrid system which includes a 100 kW; 136 PS (134 hp) electric motor and a 17.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. Combined outputs are 241 kW; 327 PS (323 hp) and 500 N⋅m (51.0 kg⋅m; 369 lb⋅ft) of torque. Applications: The Skyactiv-G 3.3

4992-531: The Carsales Peoples Choice award for its class in Australia. The Mazda6 also won "Best Family Sedan" in MotorWeek 's 2009 Driver's Choice Awards. The Mazda6 was praised for its edgy handsome design, communicative steering, and tight suspension. However, as it was designed as a world car in order to fit the needs of Europe and Japan, it was smaller than its North American contemporaries in

5096-505: The March 2022 edition of Autocar magazine Mazda Europe's Development & Engineering Senior Manager Joachim Kunz stated that there were no plans for a Mazda rear drive sedan, since Mazda was prioritizing SUV sales. Applications: Applications: Skyactiv-D is a family of turbocharged diesel engines, designed to comply with global emissions regulations. To eliminate the need of NOx and particulate treatment in contemporary diesel engines,

5200-654: The Mazda CX-9. Motor Trend recorded a 0–60 mph acceleration time of 6.1 seconds for the Mazda 6 V6. In America, only a sedan model was available (In the Middle East, USDM Mazda6 known as Mazda6 Ultra is sold alongside the JDM Mazda6). A Mazdaspeed6 variant was not offered. Despite the North American version's increase in dimensions, Mazda maintains that the 6 retains the overall driving experience

5304-633: The Mazda6 won the 2003 Semperit Irish Car of the Year . The Mazda6 won the 'Best Mid-size Car (over $ 28,000)' title in Australia's Best Cars in 2002 and 2003. It came second in 2004, behind the Subaru Liberty , and fifth in 2005 (the Honda Accord Euro was first in 2005). Wheels magazine also awarded the Mazda6 winner of its Active Safety Program in July 2005. In December 2007 the Mazda6 won

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5408-628: The Mazdaspeed Atenza was delayed until November. In North America, the Mazdaspeed6 comes in two trim levels; the "Sport" trim with cloth interior and standard key entry and ignition; and the "Grand Touring" trim with leather interior, keyless entry/ignition, and optional DVD navigation. Automatic climate control is standard, as is a 200 W Bose stereo system featuring seven speakers and a 9-inch subwoofer in addition to an in-dash six-disc CD changer . A sunroof with moonroof feature

5512-718: The Touring Car class. In 2009 , they finished 2nd in the manufacturer's championship with 65 points, behind Acura . The Mazda6 has also been used in the KONI Challenge Series Sport Touring class. It was last used in 2008 by the Baglieracing team with Dennis Baglier, Chris Gleason, and Marty Luffy as drivers. The Mazda6 also gives its name to a stock car in the NASCAR Corona Series . The third generation Mazda6 sedan

5616-566: The air, as would be the case in a conventional Otto cycle engine, but is instead injected during the compression stroke a little in advance of the spark. Hesselman engines could use a wide variety of fuels, including gasoline, but generally ran on conventional diesel fuels. During World War II, most of the German aircraft engines used GDI, such as the BMW 801 radial engine, the German inverted V12 Daimler-Benz DB 601 , DB 603 and DB 605 engines, and

5720-621: The benefits of low compression diesel for decades, with the major benefit, noted in single cylinder university tests, being a drastic reduction in NOx emissions while also reducing particulate matter and combustion noise. These studies all concluded that while there were noticeable reductions in emissions, this came at the expense of difficult cold starts. Mazda resolved this in the Skyactiv-D by using piezoelectric fuel injectors with multiple nozzles that change their pattern depending on operating conditions. Furthermore, exhaust valves are left slightly open as

5824-545: The cylinder compression ratio is reduced to 14.0:1. Cold engine start is achieved via multi-hole piezo injectors with 3 programmable injection patterns, and adoption of ceramic glow plugs. Engine misfiring is prevented via variable valve lift at exhaust, which opens exhaust valves during the intake stroke, which in turn increases engine air temperature. The Skyactiv-D also uses a two-stage turbocharger, in which one small and one large turbo are selectively operated, according to driving conditions. The Skyactiv-D 1.5 (S5-DPTS/S5-DPTR)

5928-472: The cylinder head. A low-pressure injector then sprays fuel into the combustion chamber, where it vaporizes as it mixes with the compressed air. A high-pressure GDI system was developed by German company Ficht GmbH in the 1990s and introduced for marine engines by Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) in 1997, in order to meet stricter emissions regulations. However, the engines had reliability problems and OMC declared bankruptcy in December 2000. The Evinrude E-Tec

6032-444: The cylinder, which can force the ignitable parts of the mixture so far away from the spark plug, that it cannot ignite the air/fuel mixture anymore. Other devices which are used to complement GDI in creating a stratified charge include variable valve timing , variable valve lift , and variable length intake manifold . Also, exhaust gas recirculation can be used to reduce the high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions that can result from

6136-400: The desired distribution of fuel throughout the combustion chamber are either spray-guided , air-guided , or wall-guided injection. The trend in recent years is towards spray-guided injection, since it currently results in a higher fuel efficiency. In engines with wall-guided injection, the distance between spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively high. In order to get the fuel close to

6240-413: The distance between spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively high. However, unlike in wall-guided injection engines, the fuel does not get in contact with (relatively) cold engine parts such as cylinder wall and piston. Instead of spraying the fuel against a swirl cavity, in air-guided injection engines the fuel is guided towards the spark plug solely by the intake air. The intake air must therefore have

6344-425: The distance between spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively low. Both the injection nozzle and spark plug are located in between the cylinder's valves. The fuel is injected during the latter stages of the compression stroke, causing very quick (and inhomogeneous) mixture formation. This results in large fuel stratification gradients, meaning that there is a cloud of fuel with a very low air ratio in its centre, and

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6448-458: The duration of each combustion cycle is shorter. To overcome this limitation, some GDI engines (such as the Toyota 2GR-FSE V6 and Volkswagen EA888 I4 engines) also have a set of manifold fuel injectors to provide additional fuel at high RPM. These manifold fuel injectors also assist in cleaning carbon deposits from the intake system. Gasoline does not provide the same level of lubrication for

6552-405: The engine starts, causing exhaust gases to be sucked into the cylinders and help the engine warm up quickly. The CX-5 with Skyactiv-D engines were reported to have oil levels rising earlier than expected upon release, which required owners to check the vehicle's engine oil every 1000 kilometres or every month and return to the dealer if the oil appeared over the level of the dipstick. This procedure

6656-418: The engine, therefore Junkers developed a GDI system to prevent this issue. A demonstration of this prototype engine to aviation officials was performed shortly before development ceased due to the end of World War I. The Hesselman engine is a hybrid engine design which was in production by various manufacturers from 1925 to 1951. In a Hesselman engine fuel is not injected during the suction stroke along with

6760-513: The exhaust system to meet emissions regulations. The use of NOx adsorbers can require low sulphur fuels, since sulphur prevents NOx adsorbers from functioning properly. GDI engines with stratified fuel injection can also produce higher quantities of particulate matter than manifold injected engines, sometimes requiring particulate filters in the exhaust (similar to a diesel particulate filter ) in order to meet vehicle emissions regulations. Therefore several European car manufacturers have abandoned

6864-469: The first successful prototype in 1894. An early prototype of a GDI engine was built in Germany in 1916 for the Junkers airplane. The engine was initially designed as a diesel engine, however it switched to being designed for gasoline when the German ministry of war decreed that aircraft engines must run on either gasoline or benzene. Being a crankcase-compression two-stroke design, a misfire could destroy

6968-465: The following years. The Mitsubishi GDI technology was also licensed by Peugeot, Citroën, Hyundai, Volvo and Volkswagen. The 2005 Toyota 2GR-FSE V6 engine was the first to combine both direct and indirect injection. The system (called "D-4S") uses two fuel injectors per cylinder: a traditional manifold fuel injector (low pressure) and a direct fuel injector (high-pressure) and is used in most Toyota engines. In Formula One racing, direct injection

7072-443: The fuel cools down the spark plug, immediately before it is exposed to combustion heat. Thus, the spark plug needs to be able to withstand thermal shocks very well. At low piston (and engine) speeds, the relative air/fuel velocity is low, which can cause fuel to not vaporise properly, resulting in a very rich mixture. Rich mixtures do not combust properly, and cause carbon build-up. At high piston speeds, fuel gets spread further within

7176-611: The fuel line is just strong enough to draw the spider in but not strong enough to kill it. On April 5, 2014, Mazda reissued the same recall for spiders against all 2010–2013 Mazda6 vehicles with 2.5 liter engines. Production for North American market would be transferred to Hofu , Japan, when Mazda ceased production at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant . The last Mazda6 rolled off the line at Mazda's Flat Rock Assembly Plant on Friday, August 24, 2012, with Mazda discontinuing production on American soil, effectively ending

7280-494: The fuel on the relatively cold piston cool down so much, that they cannot combust properly. When switching from low engine load to medium engine load (and thus advancing the injection timing), some parts of the fuel can end up getting injected behind the swirl cavity, also resulting in incomplete combustion. Engines with wall-guided direct injection can therefore suffer from high hydrocarbon emissions. Like in engines with wall-guided injection, in engines with air-guided injection,

7384-519: The fuel-air mixture ignites spontaneously when compressed by a smaller, separately ignited charge of fuel. This allows it to reach a compression ratio of 16:1, an improvement over the 14.0:1 ratio of the Skyactiv-G. The engine can operate much leaner than a conventional spark ignition engine, reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This engine targets 20-30% greater fuel efficiency by utilising HCCI technology. In order to handle ignition problems caused by compression ignition, each cylinder also incorporates

7488-401: The gasoline fuel separately pressurised to 1000psi and admitted into the cylinder 'at the moment of highest compression' by a small rotary valve, with simultaneous ignition by a spark plug and trembler coil allowing sparking to continue throughout the combustion phase. The fuel being injected was described as being in vapour phase having been heated by the engine cylinder. The pressure of the fuel

7592-597: The homogeneous charge mode. The stratified charge mode creates a small zone of fuel/air mixture around the spark plug, which is surrounded by air in the rest of the cylinder. This results in less fuel being injected into the cylinder, leading to very high overall air-fuel ratios of λ > 8 {\displaystyle \lambda >8} , with mean air-fuel ratios of λ = 3...5 {\displaystyle \lambda =3...5} at medium load, and λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} at full load. Ideally,

7696-574: The injector components as diesel, which sometimes becomes a limiting factor in the injection pressures used by GDI engines. The injection pressure of a GDI engine is typically limited to approximately 20 MPa (2.9 ksi), to prevent excessive wear on the injectors. While this technology is credited with boosting fuel efficiency and reducing CO 2 emissions, GDI engines produce more black carbon aerosols than traditional port fuel injection engines. A strong absorber of solar radiation, black carbon possesses significant climate-warming properties. In

7800-443: The intake and exhaust ports open during the exhaust stroke, in order to improve the flushing of exhaust gases from the cylinder. This results in some of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder and then exiting the cylinder, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air (and usually some oil) comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed. Crankcase lubrication

7904-406: The midsize segment, being criticized for its reduced passenger space. Its acceleration, particularly the V6 engine models, lagged behind that of its rivals as well. The hatchback's liftback /notchback styling was considered a clever design to disguise it as a four-door saloon, as North Americans generally considered trunks more elegant than hatches. The estate had an early demise, but the hatchback

8008-506: The misleading title of Forced Induction Engine whereas it was only the admission of the fuel that was forced. He revealed details of his prototype engine early in 1912, and the design was further developed by the large scale engine builder F. E. Baker Ltd during 1912 and the results displayed on their stand at the Olympia Motor Cycle show in November 1912. The engine was a high compression four-stroke motorcycle engine, with

8112-439: The most time to mix with the air, so that a homogeneous air/fuel mixture is formed. This mode allows using a conventional three-way catalyst for exhaust gas treatment. Compared with manifold injection, the fuel efficiency is only very slightly increased, but the specific power output is better, which is why the homogeneous mode is useful for so-called engine downsizing . Most direct-injected passenger car petrol engines use

8216-478: The output is 132 kW (177 hp) and 224 N⋅m (165 lbf⋅ft). Mazda is developing an inline-six variant of the Skyactiv-X, with displacements of 3.0 and 3.3 liters and a rear-wheel-drive layout. It was believed that production of the new engine would begin in 2022 with the Mazda CX-60 and possibly a fourth generation rear-wheel drive Mazda6 . However, according to Road & Track magazine, in

8320-496: The point at which it would spontaneously detonate. A second injector then adds a secondary charge of fuel directly on the spark plug. This secondary charge is ignited by the spark plug, causing the cylinder pressure to very quickly rise to a point where the rest of the fuel undergoes compression ignition. The presence of the spark plug allows the engine to also operate as a spark-ignition engine under some operating conditions, such as high-speed high-load situations. Revealed June 5, 2019,

8424-432: The previous generation, providing more feedback to the driver. The hatchback model even has a trunk space which beats the larger rival Ford Mondeo and Opel/Vauxhall Insignia (hatchback) by 200 liters with rear seats folded down. This model of the Mazda6 was awarded 2010 Family Car of the Year by What Car? magazine. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show , Mazda announced their new 2011 Mazda6. The North American version

8528-589: The release of its successors, the first generation car, known locally as the Maliu (马六, "Horse 6"), continues to be manufactured at FAW's Changchun plant, having sold over 770,000 units as of 2014. This model is also used as the base for the FAW Benteng , also known as Besturn B70 or Hongqi C301. The 2006 Mazdaspeed6 (known as Mazdaspeed Atenza in Japan and Mazda6 MPS in Europe, South Africa and Australia)

8632-675: The same. Skyactiv-G 2.5 engines manufactured from 2018 onwards feature cylinder deactivation to improve fuel efficiency. In July 2019, approximately 262,000 Mazda vehicles using the engine were recalled for a faulty powertrain control module that may cause a misfire or a loss in power. The turbocharged version (PY-VPTS) operates with a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and produces 190 kW; 250 PS (250 hp) at 5,000 rpm and 430 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) at 2,500 rpm on 93 AKI octane (98 RON) gasoline, and 169 kW; 230 PS (227 hp) at 5,000 rpm and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm on 87 AKI octane (91 RON). Maximum boost pressure

8736-415: The shift from traditional port fuel injection (PFI) engines to the use of GDI technology will nearly double the premature mortality rate associated with vehicle emissions, from 855 deaths annually in the United States to 1,599. They estimate the annual social cost of these premature deaths at $ 5.95 billion. One of the early inventors trying gasoline direct injection was Dr Archibald Low who gave his engine

8840-566: The similar-layout Junkers Jumo 210 G, Jumo 211 and Jumo 213 inverted V12 engines. Allied aircraft engines that used GDI fuel injection systems were the Soviet Union Shvetsov ASh-82 FNV radial engine and the American 54.9 litre displacement Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone 18-cylinder radial engine. The German company Bosch had been developing a mechanical GDI system for cars since the 1930s and in 1952 it

8944-516: The spark plug, it is sprayed against a swirl cavity on top of the piston (as seen in the picture of the Ford EcoBoost engine on the right), which guides the fuel towards the spark plug. Special swirl or tumble air intake ports aid this process. The injection timing depends upon the piston speed, therefore, at higher piston speeds, the injection timing, and ignition timing need to be advanced very precisely. At low engine temperatures, some parts of

9048-476: The stratified charge concept or never used it in the first place, such as the 2000 Renault 2.0 IDE petrol engine ( F5R ), which never came with a stratified charge mode, or the 2009 BMW N55 and 2017 Mercedes-Benz M256 engines dropping the stratified charge mode used by their predecessors. The Volkswagen Group had used fuel stratified injection in naturally aspirated engines labelled FSI , however, these engines have received an engine control unit update to disable

9152-434: The stratified charge mode. Turbocharged Volkswagen engines labelled TFSI and TSI have always used the homogeneous mode. Like the latter VW engines, newer direct injected petrol engines (from 2017 onwards) usually also use the more conventional homogeneous charge mode, in conjunction with variable valve timing, to obtain good efficiency. Stratified charge concepts have mostly been abandoned. Common techniques for creating

9256-434: The throttle valve remains open as much as possible to avoid throttling losses. The torque is then set solely by means of quality torque controlling, meaning that only the amount of injected fuel, but not the amount of intake air is manipulated in order to set the engine's torque. Stratified charge mode also keeps the flame away from the cylinder walls, reducing the thermal losses. Since mixtures too lean cannot be ignited with

9360-617: The ultra lean combustion. Gasoline direct injection does not have the valve cleaning action that is provided when fuel is introduced to the engine upstream of the cylinder. In non-GDI engines, the gasoline traveling through the intake port acts as a cleaning agent for contamination, such as atomized oil. The lack of a cleaning action can cause increased carbon deposits in GDI engines. Third party manufacturers sell oil catch tanks which are supposed to prevent or reduce those carbon deposits. The ability to produce peak power at high engine speeds (RPM)

9464-515: The use of ultra-lean mixtures that would be impossible with carburetors or conventional manifold fuel injection. The stratified charge mode (also called "ultra lean-burn" mode) is used at low loads, in order to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. However, the stratified charge mode is disabled for higher loads, with the engine switching to the homogeneous mode with a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} for moderate loads and

9568-716: Was a finalist in the "2013 World Design of the Year". The Mazda6 was second place in the 2003 European Car of the Year awards and made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 2003. The Sport Wagon won the Canadian Car of the Year Best New Station Wagon award, while the Sport sedan won the Canadian Car of the Year Best New Family Car award for 2005. The 6 Estate also won What Car?'s Best Estate award in 2004. Also

9672-426: Was automatically added to the fuel mixture, obviating the need for owners to mix their own two-stroke fuel blend. The 1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL also used an early Bosch mechanical GDI system, therefore becoming the first four-stroke engine to use GDI. Up until the mid-2010s, most fuel-injected cars used manifold injection, making it quite unusual that these early cars used an arguably more advanced GDI system. During

9776-421: Was detuned to 260 PS (191 kW) as a result of stricter emissions standards. The North American version originally produced 274 hp (204 kW), which was revised to 270 hp (201 kW) for 2007. All models have 280 lb⋅ft (380 N⋅m) of torque. The 2.3 L DISI turbocharged engine features direct fuel injection and conforms to the new Euro 5 emissions standards. All markets received

9880-414: Was initiated by Mazda worldwide as a precaution. Mazda resolved the issue in the first few months of the engine's availability via a software revision and a new dipstick with a corrected level. At launch in 2012, Mazda claimed the Skyactiv-D engine would only comply with Euro 5 emission standards (NOx of 0.18 g/km), and further work was required to achieve stricter emission standards. In the aftermath of

9984-481: Was introduced on the two-stroke engines in the Goliath GP700 and Gutbrod Superior. This system was basically a high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump with an intake throttle valve set up. These engines gave good performance and had up to 30% less fuel consumption over the carburetor version, primarily under low engine loads. An added benefit of the system was having a separate tank for the engine oil which

10088-518: Was introduced. It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the Carisma . It also developed the first six-cylinder GDI engine, the Mitsubishi 6G74 V6 engine, in 1997. Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001. Although in use for many years, on 11 September 2001 MMC claimed a trademark for the acronym 'GDI'. Several other Japanese and European manufacturers introduced GDI engines in

10192-437: Was made compulsory for the 2014 season , with regulation 5.10.2 stating: "There may only be one direct injector per cylinder and no injectors are permitted upstream of the intake valves or downstream of the exhaust valves." There are additional benefits of GDI for two-stroke engines , relating to scavenging of the exhaust gases and lubrication of the crankcase. The scavenging aspect is that most two-stroke engines have both

10296-493: Was marketed as a 2003 model in the United States and as a 2004 model in Canada. In Europe, the luxury sports model was available as a 120 hp (89 kW) direct injection turbodiesel ("DITD") estate up until 2007. As of 2008, the European Mazda catalog listed only the "Sport" version of the 146 hp (109 kW) turbodiesel estate, while the "Luxury Sport" version had been dropped. Drivetrain combinations included

10400-399: Was redesigned for the 2009 model year, with the wagon and hatchback versions being dropped there. It is a widened and lengthened version of the model sold elsewhere, with larger engines. Reviewers have noted its coupe-like roofline and sportier style. North American engine choices include a new 2.5-liter 4-cylinder and North American versions get the 3.7-liter V6 which is also available in

10504-399: Was regulated at the fuel pump, and the amount of fuel admitted was controlled by mechanical means at the rotary admission valve. It seems this radical design wasn't taken further by F. E. Baker. Although direct injection has only become commonly used in gasoline engines since 2000, diesel engines have used fuel directly injected into the combustion chamber (or a pre-combustion chamber) since

10608-511: Was somewhat successful in Canada, especially in Québec, though it would not have a 2009 refresh, as both models were unpopular in the US. For the 2013 Rolex Sports Car Series the Mazda6 was involved in the short lived Grand-Am GX series. Three cars were used, one racing under the number #70, being driven by Jonathan Bomarito, Marino Franchitti, Tom Long, Sylvain Tremblay, and James Hinchcliff,

10712-595: Was the first Skyactiv-D engine used in production vehicles. It was first used in the Mazda CX-5 . In the Mazda6, it produces 129 kW (173 hp) and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft). An upgraded version of the Skyactiv-D was run in the 2013 Rolex Sports Car Series season and helped Mazda win the GX manufacturer's championship. The engine is slated to be used again in two Lola LMP2s in the United SportsCar Series . Applications: The Skyactiv-D 3.3

10816-515: Was unveiled during Moscow International Automobile Salon on 29 August 2012, and the station wagon version followed during the 2012 Paris Motor Show in the following month. This generation is available in a 4-door sedan or 5-door station wagon styles only. The design was previewed by both the Takeri concept , unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show , and the Shinari concept from 2010. The design

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