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53-636: The waterways of the area which link to the Kattegat Strait , the North Sea and the Atlantic , which historically formed Gothenburg into a significant shipping centre as Sweden’s principal seaport . The historical boom-arms dating from the 1600s which protected the important trading routes of the area, are tied into the name Lilla Bommen , (Little Boom in English), are all aspects that tied into

106-489: A building is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. From the engineering perspective, the façade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency . For historical façades, many local zoning regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid their alteration. The word is a loanword from the French façade , which in turn comes from

159-516: A cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals. At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', lit.   ' cat's strait ' . An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat

212-690: A great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic Sea . These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km (114 cu mi) seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year. During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the Great Belt , so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for

265-643: A largely traditional architectural identity. As Meel discusses in The European Office , amongst many European countries, Sweden similarly follows its “historical urban context”, with general attitudes towards skyscrapers being largely negative and connoted with being unrelated to the general design principles of Swedish cityscapes . This was also emphasised within Arkitektur , a prominent architectural magazine in Sweden, which Meel also discusses, where

318-477: A rather shallow sea and can be very difficult and dangerous to navigate because of the many sandy and stony reefs and tricky currents, which often shift. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged by either sand pumping or boulder clearance, and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to safeguard the very heavy international traffic on this small sea. There are several large cities and major ports on

371-489: A salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong halocline at around 15 m (49 ft) – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water , but still

424-452: A thriving but threatened biodiversity . Protected areas includes: Denmark Sweden Fa%C3%A7ade A façade or facade ( / f ə ˈ s ɑː d / ; ) is generally the front part or exterior of a building . It is a loanword from the French façade ( pronounced [fasad] ), which means " frontage " or " face ". In architecture , the façade of

477-444: Is actually encasing and concealing the older Portico of Glory . In modern high-rise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls. The façade can at times be required to have a fire-resistance rating , for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spreading from one building to another. In general,

530-592: Is also composed of a pre-stressed reinforced concrete plate squares. These covers implemented in the Lilla Bommen designed to be two metres thick and claimed to have used concrete in volume sufficient to have filled four Olympic sized swimming pools according to Skanska . The concrete covers both act as the stable surface for which construction can be based on, as well as also serving to protect piles beneath from corrosion and weathering damage. However, concrete covers built on top of piles are generally constructed with

583-587: Is the infill construction that restored the large area of which the Lillla Bommen building presides today. The prior highway interchange that predominated the large area that new infrastructure at the waterfront of the Göta Canal was remodelled to accommodate the reclamation of unused “Lost space” as referred to by Transik. The area named the Järntorget (Worker’s Square), composed largely of roadwork

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636-487: Is typically reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Fire stops for such building joints can be qualified, too. Putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. The extended use of new materials, like polymers , resulted in an increase of high-rise building façade fires over the past few years, since they are more flammable than traditional materials. Some building codes also limit

689-500: The Göta River directly at the waterfront. The direct area around the Lilla Bommen building site historically formed a key central district of Gothenburg. The construction of multi-laned thoroughfare is still present in the urban-planning of Gothenburg, with a major infrastructural focal point upon an enclosed ring road around the city square. At the centre point of this city square was the statue Poseidon by Carl Milles , which

742-505: The Baltic Sea to the south and the provinces of Bohuslän , Västergötland , Halland and Scania in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean , but in traditional Scandinavian usage, this is not the case. The Kattegat is

795-727: The Italian facciata , from faccia meaning 'face', ultimately from post-classical Latin facia . The earliest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is 1656. It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new façade. For example, in the city of Bath , The Bunch of Grapes in Westgate Street appears to be a Georgian building, but

848-510: The Middle Ages , the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the Sound dues , a toll charged for passage through the Øresund , while Copenhagen provided shelter, trade, and repair opportunities and protection from piracy . The dues were eventually lifted in 1857. In the Kattegat, the salinity has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has

901-541: The sealife here. Cold seeps , locally known as bubbling reefs ( Danish : boblerev ), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between 0 and 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface. The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather

954-633: The 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge ) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg . The International Hydrographic Organization defines

1007-551: The Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%. Several larger areas of the Kattegat are designated as Natura 2000 and under various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention . The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and they support

1060-466: The Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg , Aarhus , Aalborg , Halmstad , Varberg and Frederikshavn . According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland, while

1113-684: The South : The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound: According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Nudansk Ordbog  [ da ] , the name derives from the Dutch words katte 'cat's' and gat 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even

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1166-477: The Swedish disdain for multi-storey buildings is mentioned. This has become a large motivating factor for which Swedish linear offices became popularised, which disincentivise the construction of large multi-storey office complexes, bringing rise to the ground-scrapers that have shaped Swedish cityscapes. The construction of the Lilla Bommen brought rise to these negative pre-existing social attitudes towards

1219-658: The Swedish-British designer Ralph Erskine ’s desire to embody the history and “improve human relations” to the area through his design of the Läppstiftet. The design of the Lilla Bommen faced early negative response by the Swedish public, contributed in large part by traditional European architectural styles that generally disincentivised multi-storey office building designs and tall skyscrapers in European cityscapes. Furthermore, additional difficulties arose in

1272-578: The appearance is only skin deep and some of the interior rooms still have Jacobean plasterwork ceilings. This new construction has happened also in other places: in Santiago de Compostela the three-metre-deep Casa do Cabido was built to match the architectural order of the square, and the main Churrigueresque façade of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , facing the Plaza del Obradoiro ,

1325-400: The architects and investors. One of the main criticisms against the implementation of large high-rising designs has been the naturally low population densities within European countries. In Sweden, a large emphasis on outward development away from inner-cities has been one of the main results of this lower population density, and served to catalyse a large proportion of negative attitudes towards

1378-489: The bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface. Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, and support a rich biodiversity . Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180) by the European Union (EU). The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia ,

1431-430: The construction of taller buildings. Further discussed by Meel, is the influence of “democratically orientated” town planning in Swedish culture, that has enabled a greater voice of the people in the formation of Swedish towns. The difficulties for architects arise due to these new considerations that must be made when proposing designs, that factor not only the “interests of investors” and “architectural aesthetics” but also

1484-492: The construction of taller office buildings such as the Lilla Bommen . Skanska, the construction group responsible for the Lilla Bommen, described the construction process as both unusual and challenging. The primary peculiarity that distinguished the construction of the Lilla Bommen , was that design and construction work were at times performed simultaneously which became problematic for the construction group in terms of logistics surrounding labour and material allocation. This

1537-464: The construction which are all prominent aspects in the distinctive design of the Lilla Bommen building. The traditional designs of Swedish office spaces are characterised by their narrow floor plans. This design is usually composed of single-corridor plans attached to workspaces that outlook the facades of each side of the construction. As discussed within Juriaan van Meel’s The European Office,

1590-414: The design and construction process due to the unstable foundation and location of the structure placed alongside waterways. The use of piling construction was a prominent feature of the new project that was used to support the heavy loads to overcome the issues regarding inundation and ground settlement of the waterfront location. The Lilla Bommen building is located in central Gothenburg and overlooks

1643-472: The façade systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs will be made from aluminum (powder coated or anodized) or stainless steel . In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, but due to their cost and susceptibility to panel edge staining these have not been popular. Whether rated or not, fire protection is always a design consideration. The melting point of aluminum, 660 °C (1,220 °F),

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1696-492: The first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives. The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet. Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements,

1749-407: The foundations. Piles are used commonly in applications such as at the Lilla Bommen , near waterfronts or in aquatic locations where groundwork does not offer sufficient stability, and as such piles must be used to accommodate all lateral and vertical loading from both the weight of construction, and movement of the soft ground (ground settlement) over time. The ground upon which the Lilla Bommen

1802-482: The increasing voice of the people in building design. This voice can be clearly emphasised by the Lilla Bommen’s ground-scraper design, being far smaller in footprint compared to other international designs. Considering this factor in the design of the Lilla Bommen, designers still faced large amounts negative press and public response to the new construction which resulted in delays to the design procedure for both

1855-461: The lack of space constraints of the areas. The project was a joint initiative between the Skanska Group and principal architect Ralph Erskine . Th e Skanska Group which assumed responsibility over the construction of the project, that began construction processes in 1986, also took management responsibility in renovating pre-existing infrastructure in the area, as well as financing

1908-616: The latter two are, due to their relatively dry climate, perceived as belonging to "the Danish desert belt". A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, Sweden, which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore , the town of Mölle , which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark. Since

1961-434: The limitations of Sweden’s characteristic linear office spaces, is within the inefficient ratio between building façade sizes compared to the functional office space inside the building. Erskine overcame cost limitations that pervaded the linear-office design, through a high functionality, flexible, low-maintenance design that enabled an increased floor space by over 20%. Another aspect of the Lilla Bommen’s distinct design

2014-453: The limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund , Great Belt , and Little Belt ) as follows: On the North : A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær ( 57°54′N 11°27′E  /  57.900°N 11.450°E  / 57.900; 11.450 ) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island . On

2067-469: The material supports. This article about a Swedish building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kattegat The Kattegat ( Danish: [ˈkʰætəkæt] ; Swedish : Kattegatt [ˈkâtːɛˌɡat] ) is a 30,000 km (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the Jutlandic peninsula in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and

2120-453: The minimum thickness possible to ensure prevention of weathering and corrosion damage, as spalling of steel-reinforced concrete begins to present a greater issue at larger thicknesses of concrete material. Spalling can be characterised as the formation of cracks and rust in steel-reinforced concrete, which results in severe cases, as concrete separating from the steel bar reinforcements within, as such posing major structural risks to any loads

2173-600: The percentage of window area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the perimeter slab edge becomes a junction where rated slabs are abutting an unrated wall. For rated walls, one may also choose rated windows and fire doors , to maintain that wall's rating. On a film set and within most themed attractions, many of the buildings are only façade, which are far cheaper than actual buildings, and not subject to building codes (within film sets). In film sets, they are simply held up with supports from behind, and sometimes have boxes for actors to step in and out of from

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2226-405: The purchase of the land for which the new structure could be built. Ralph Erskine , a Swedish-British architect, assumed the role of principal architect and was responsible for the distinctive design of the Läppstiftet . Erskine became recognised for his core focuses upon “user participation” and “environmental compatibility” with design principles based upon contrasts between different materials in

2279-448: The risks of foundational strength weakening. These factors prevalent to the water-front nature of the construction location of the Lilla Bommen , furthered the importance of the pile-loading construction methods used for the structure. The 95m piles used at the Lilla Bommen marked a Swedish record for maximum pile load at the time, for the construction method in clay settlement. The foundational structure created in piling construction

2332-522: The southern boundary towards Øresund is found at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania. Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg , together with the Lagan , Nissan , Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the river of Gudenå in Jutland , in Denmark. The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø , Læsø and Anholt ;

2385-434: The stability of a building with the proposed load imposed by the high-rise. The construction as such incorporated the use of pile engineering, with pile-lengths of 95 m that would sustain a maximum permitted load of up to 1,100 kN. The engineering process of implementing pile foundations involves the creation of boreholes into soft land and driven reinforced-concrete into the land that stabilise constructions placed on top of

2438-627: Was a part of a city initiative in the 1980s aimed at restoring the connection to the cities central waterfront, the Göta Canal. The city proposals sought to create a balanced central square that provided both functional areas for shops and offices, and open public places that created cohesion to the waterfronts of the city that had been lost by prior existing infrastructure. The Lilla Bommen building stands distinctive from Sweden’s ‘ groundscraper ’ traditional office buildings, which became popularised in urban and suburban areas of Sweden’s cities owing to

2491-587: Was constructed, composed of a clay sediment with a depth of 100m, was expected to shift at a rate 10-20 cm every 100 years. The process of ground settlement forms an inherent risk to the stability of any load from structures built on top of the area. As discussed within Mohd Jamaludin Md Noor’s Soil Settlement and the Concept of Effective Stress and Shear Strength Interaction , inundation inherent to coastal and water side locations furthers

2544-475: Was its asymmetrical structure that was implemented to achieve height pre-requisites of the construction. The building’s height was intended to improve harmonization with both the waterfront nature of the property, as well as existing skyscrapers in the area, including but not limited to the Gasklockan , and Hotell Gothia . Initial response The majority of Swedish office development and planning follows

2597-523: Was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world. Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like eutrophication , and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes since

2650-608: Was surrounded by major residential and commercial areas including museums, theatres and the Nord Stad Parking structure. The Nord Stad parking garage continued to link with multiple buildings containing further housing, retail, hotel, and arcade areas that further contribute to the infrastructure within the Lilla Bommen area. Further discussed within Robert Trancik’s case study in his text “Finding Lost Space”,

2703-527: Was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea ( Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf ). Its ancient Latin name was Sinus Codanus . Control of the Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region. Beginning in 1429 in

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2756-485: Was the result of infill and highway restructuring in the area, aimed at improving the waterfront aspect of the Lilla Bommen region. The historical redevelopment of the Järntorget region acted as the foundation for which the Lilla Bommen building was constructed allowing for the reinstatement of the inner-city to waterfront region as its prominent modern day commercial and residential district. The Lilla Bommen building

2809-429: Was the result of the unique and distinctive design of the Lilla Bommen that necessitated constant communication between the architects and engineers responsible for its construction to overcome the hurdles set by its complex design. Another construction challenge posed by the project was the location where construction was to occur. The pre-existing area composed largely of clay sediment would cause implications for

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