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109-757: Sleeping Giants is a social media activism organization aiming to pressure companies into removing advertisements from several conservative news outlets by publicly accusing them of malpractices such as misinformation and hate speech . The campaign started in November 2016, shortly after Donald Trump 's victory in the 2016 United States presidential election , with the launch of a Twitter account aiming to boycott Breitbart News . The campaign has sections in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France and Germany. The American campaign operated anonymously until The Daily Caller identified freelance copywriter Matt Rivitz as

218-406: A Change.org petition calling for an investigation and prosecution of George Zimmerman. Social media users, including many celebrities retweeted, shared, and created new petitions, eventually raising over 2.1 million signatures combined by March 26, 2012. By April 11, 2012, Zimmerman was charged with the second-degree murder of Trayvon Martin. After George Zimmerman was acquitted on July 13, 2013,

327-486: A Gabonese scholar and activist living New Jersey , created a website called Bongo Doit Partir (Bongo Must Go) to encourage a revolution against the regime of Omar Bongo in Gabon. In July 2003, Amnesty International reported the arrest of five Gabonese known to be members of Bongo Doit Partir . The members were detained for three months. Another well-known example of early Internet activism took place in 1998, when

436-480: A boycott website. Corporate methods of information dissemination is labelled " astroturfing ", as opposed to "grassroots activism", due to the funding for such movements being largely private. More recent examples include the right-wing FreedomWorks .org which organized the "Taxpayer March on Washington" on September 12, 2009, and the Coalition to Protect Patients' Rights, which opposes universal health care in

545-515: A forged picture on social media that purportedly showed a "foreign student" card from Columbia University with Barack Obama's name on it, as well as a different forged hoax that showed a Kenya birth certificate with Obama's name on it. On the evening of the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021, Carvalho was interviewed about the incident by Jovem Pan , Brazil's largest conservative radio station, and repeated falsehoods that had led to

654-481: A "letter to Black folks" was posted to Facebook by Alicia Garza . Garza ended her letter with the statement "Black lives matter", which her friend turned into a hashtag below. From here, #BlackLivesMatter or simply "BLM" became the movement against police brutality and killings of unarmed African Americans, as well as hate crimes and racially motivated crimes. #BlackLivesMatter's impact does not end online. The formation of Black Lives Matter allowed for activists across

763-568: A Facebook account. As of February 2017, 820 companies had joined the campaign and stopped advertising on Breitbart News , according to statistics provided by the organization. By May 2017, thousands of advertisers had stopped advertising with Breitbart . The list of advertisers includes Allstate , AT&T , Autodesk , BMW , Deutsche Telekom , HP Inc. , Kellogg's , Lenovo , Lyft , Visa , Vimeo , Nest , and Warby Parker . The Canadian government also stopped advertising on Breitbart News after declaring that its content "did not align with

872-555: A New Perspective: Introduction to the Theory of the Four Discourses"). Victor Bruno described Olavo's reading of Aristotle as "idiosyncratic". In Aristotle in a New Perspective: Introduction to the Theory of the Four Discourses , Olavo de Carvalho outlines a theoretical model representing four ways human discourse can shape another individual's mind. Olavo uses these categories to map out an escalating scale of credibility in

981-488: A Roman Catholic priest and received the last rites before his death. At his death he left his widow, eight children, and eighteen grandchildren. He is buried at St. Joseph's Cemetery in Petersburg, Virginia . Carvalho spread fake news and false information on various topics. Carvalho helped spread the hoax of Pepsi using cells from aborted fetuses to sweeten soft drinks. Carvalho claimed that global warming

1090-436: A campaign to boycott Kellogg's products. Sleeping Giants was involved in the campaign pressuring advertisers to drop The O'Reilly Factor after the discovery of five sexual harassment settlements by host Bill O'Reilly and Fox News , which resulted in the show's cancellation. The group also participated in organizing the boycott of The Ingraham Angle and pressured social networks to drop Alex Jones . Since May 2017,

1199-488: A day after Milano's tweet, the #MeToo hashtag had been reused over 500,000 times on that same media, as well as 4.7 million times on Facebook. The phrase was first used to demonstrate the amount of sexual assault that happens to young actresses and actors in Hollywood, and it was largely due to the early involvement of several well known individuals from the entertainment industry, who used the hashtag in their own posts, that

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1308-650: A decline of modern politics and culture. He wrote that this mentality had begun to take shape in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and became more pronounced with the rise of Communist movements in the 20th century. He saw himself as taking the counter-revolutionary, or conservative, stance. Carvalho argued that the mentality is supported and propagated by powerful entities including international organizations, wealthy families, and businessmen. He referred to these as "the Syndicate", and alleged that it

1417-441: A four-year longitudinal process model that explains how online activism started, generated societal outcomes, and changed over time. The model suggests that online activism helped organize collective actions and amplify the conditions for revolutionary movements to form. Yet, it provoked elites' reactions such as Internet filtering and surveillance, which do not only promote self-censorship and generate digital divide, but contribute to

1526-405: A grassroots organization, and the ensuing contest, is an example of agenda setting that scholars have been studying ever since social media and digital content began influencing presidential politics. Studies delving into the 2008 presidential campaign examined inequality online of various ideologies deriving from various socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Scholars concluded the 2008 race, and

1635-441: A lawsuit against her citing that in her letter she "distances herself from any contact with reality by spreading outrageous lies and vile insults". Olavo de Carvalho's family announced his death on social media, on 24 January 2022, eight days after he tested positive for COVID-19 . His family's statement did not specify his cause of death, but his daughter Heloísa said that it was from coronavirus. His personal doctor denied it

1744-443: A lot more attention than what #RefusePeriodShame did, and up until 15 March 2020, it accumulated over 89,200,000 views. Other notable instances in which marginalized groups have used hashtags as organizing tools for social justice include responses to racial violence and police profiling, as in the case of #BlackLivesMatter and #JusticeForTrayvon , along with misogyny and gendered violence, such as #MeToo and #YesAllWomen . One of

1853-483: A philosopher, and had theories about the definition of philosophy , Aristotle , and epistemology . Carvalho defined philosophy as "the search for the unity of knowledge in the unity of consciousness and vice-versa". In The Political Science Reviewer , Victor Bruno highlighted Carvalho's conceptualization of philosophy as an adventurous search, akin to an individual's struggle for illumination, and contrasted it with Gnostic thought. Martim Vasques da Cunha cited

1962-455: A revolutionary one, undermining religion and common sense, he said. Carvalho's interpretation of the traditionalist school is unique in that it is only its criticism of science but rejects its belief in cyclical history and in his debate with Aleksandr Dugin , he warned against supporting Russia because in the writings of René Guénon , he posited a theory that there are seven towers of the devil where "counter-initiation" can be initiated and of

2071-593: A worldwide network of Internet activist sites, under the umbrella name of Indymedia , was created to provide coverage of the 1999 Seattle WTO protests . Dorothy Kidd quotes Sheri Herndon in a July 2001 telephone interview about the role of the Internet in the anti-WTO protests: "The timing was right, there was a space, the platform was created, the Internet was being used, we could bypass the corporate media, we were using open publishing , we were using multimedia platforms. So those hadn't been available, and then there

2180-420: A youthful female, gave rise to #JiangshanjiaoDoYouGetYourPeriod. The hashtag initially sparked from a post on Weibo where a user sarcastically wrote that exact question, to point out the absurdness in the societal denial of women's biological functions and needs. #JiangshanjiaoDoYouGetYourPeriod, while, like the previous hashtag mentioned, being censored and taken down by the government, had time to spread and catch

2289-479: Is "tailor-made for a populist, insurgent movement," says Joe Trippi , who managed the Howard Dean campaign . In his campaign memoir, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised, Trippi notes that: [The Internet's] roots in the open-source ARPAnet , its hacker culture , and its decentralized, scattered architecture make it difficult for big, establishment candidates, companies and media to gain control of it. And

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2398-544: Is a hoax produced by a conspiracy. In a 2016 Twitter post, Carvalho claimed that "vaccines either kill you or drive you crazy. Never vaccinate your children." He spread a conspiracy theory that AIDS does not pose a risk to heterosexuals. On 22 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, he asserted in a livestream on YouTube that there was no confirmed case of death from

2507-414: Is a myth spread by Protestants. Carvalho had various criticisms of science and scientists, often controversial. His daughter described him as "anti-science". He claimed in a lecture that Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity was plagiarized from earlier theorists such as Poincaré and Lorentz , and argued in a book against Georg Cantor 's proof that the set of natural numbers has

2616-416: Is eternal, it makes no sense to speak of a 'present state' except in reference to a living observer endowed with a sense of temporality." Carvalho went on to claim that the idea of eternal motion, besides contradicting the law of inertia, also contradicted itself. Elsewhere, Carvalho also argued that Newton's law of gravity cannot serve as a causal explanation of phenomena. Carvalho considered himself

2725-582: Is for the most part a positive thing, it can also be dangerous. For example, people can read up on the latest news events relatively easily and quickly; however, there is danger in the fact that apathy or fatigue can quickly arise when people are inundated with so many messages, or that the loudest voice on a subject can often be the most extreme one, distorting public perception on the issue. Olavo de Carvalho Olavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho GCRB ( Brazilian Portuguese: [oˈlavu luˈis pimẽˈtɛw dʒi kaʁˈvaʎu] ; 29 April 1947 – 24 January 2022)

2834-509: Is hoped that they will begin signing petitions online and graduating to offline contact as long as the organization provides the citizen with escalating steps of involvement (Vitak et al., 2011). The issue of the mass media's centrality has been highly contested, with some people arguing that it promoted the voices of marginalized groups while others believe it sends forth the messages of the majority alone, leaving minority groups to have their voices robbed. One early instance of online activism

2943-465: Is often led on the internet, where individuals may feel comfortable talking about uncomfortable topics. One such movements is the #NotGuilty movement. This movement began in April 2015 when Ione Wells, an Oxford University student shared a "letter to her attacker" in her college paper. The letter described how she was sexually assaulted and how she chose to respond and build from that point in her life. At

3052-739: The 1964 regime under a democratic aspect. They're ruling and using Bolsonaro as a condom. I'm not saying that it is the reality, but it is what they want. Mourão said that they would return to power democratically. If it is not a coup, it is a coup mentality." In 2020, Sleeping Giants started a campaign to reduce his influence on Brazilian politics and convinced advertisers to remove their media buying from his online newspaper and YouTube channel. This led to PayPal deciding to cancel their contract with Carvalho, and remove their services from his online seminars, citing violation of terms of use. Carvalho became critical of Bolsonaro in his final months and accused him of failing to repel communism. Carvalho

3161-583: The Mexican rebel group EZLN used decentralized communications, such as cell phones, to network with developed world activists and help create the anti-globalization group Peoples Global Action (PGA) to protest the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva . The PGA continued to call for "global days of action" and rally support of other anti-globalization groups in this way. Later,

3270-664: The New World Order ". In 2020, Carvalho was ordered to pay 2.8 million Brazilian reais in libel charges after accusing musician Caetano Veloso of sexual crimes against children. Defunct Carvalho became one of the most influential individuals during the administration of Jair Bolsonaro . According to one account, Bolsonaro got interested in Carvalho's ideas in 2013. In 2014, Bolsonaro and Carvalho started transmitting their live video chats through politically conservative YouTube channels. In 2017, Carvalho

3379-460: The murder of George Floyd by then-police officer Derek Chauvin . Protests took place in all 50 states, as well as in many countries around the world. After the Parkland high school shooting on February 14, 2018, #MarchForOurLives was born. Students came together to create this hashtag to fight for gun control in the U.S. This hashtag turned into an entire movement of over 800 protests across

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3488-410: The possible , to the plausible , to the probable , and ultimately, to the certain or true. Each category demonstrates a degree of gradation rather than a difference in nature. The four modalities are thus integral to each other, reflecting distinct human attitudes towards discourse and the motivations for engaging in it. Carvalho, taking inspiration from "the symbol of old cameras", coined

3597-405: The probability of a belief or thesis. This modality does not merely conform to common beliefs but rather assesses them based on the criteria of rationality and accurate information. Finally, logical or analytical discourse starts from universally accepted premises and seeks apodictic certainty through syllogistic reasoning. Thus, a progression in credibility can be observed, moving from

3706-594: The 1980s – they were masterpieces of nostalgia promising a return to America's past glory and prosperity. The Internet, on the other hand, is a forward-thinking and forward-moving medium, embracing change and pushing the envelope of technology and communication. The Internet is a key resource for independent activists, particularly those whose message may run counter to the mainstream. Listservs like Freedom News Group or BurmaNet assist in spreading news that would otherwise be inaccessible in these countries. Internet activists also organize petitions to be sent to

3815-628: The 20th century, such as Eric Voegelin . In addition to newspaper articles and many blog and social media posts, he authored a number of books, many of them collections of previously published texts. A list of his books published by one of his students in 2018 included 32 books. Carvalho founded the Inter-American Institute for Philosophy, Government, and Social Thought in 2009, and served as its president. He collaborated with Ted Baehr , Paul Gottfried , Judith Reisman , Alejandro Peña Esclusa , and Stephen Baskerville through

3924-613: The Argentine psychologist Juan Alfredo César Müller . In 1979, he founded the "Revista de Astrologia Júpiter" ("Jupiter: Astrology Review"); around this time, he introduced himself in his business card as the "scientific director of the Brazilian Astrocharacterology Society", headquartered at his home. "Astrocharacterology" ( astrocaracterologia ) is Olavo's own pseudoscience , "whose task is to separate poetic language from symbolic language, showing

4033-757: The Canadian section has used the same methods to persuade advertisers to remove ads from Rebel News , a Canadian far-right media website. The French section also campaigns in a similar manner with regard to the French far-right website Boulevard Voltaire  [ fr ] . An Australian section named Sleeping Giants Oz was established in August 2017. In August 2018, Sleeping Giants Oz called on advertisers to boycott Sky News Australia after it broadcast an interview with Blair Cottrell , an Australian far-right extremist. A Brazilian section, Sleeping Giants Brasil,

4142-516: The Government's Code of Value and Ethics". Sleeping Giants' strategy combines traditional approaches to pressure advertisers with direct online activism, aiming to recruit and mobilize a large population of social media users. According to Slate , Sleeping Giants' strategy is similar to the one adopted in 2014 by the Gamergate movement against Gawker Media . Breitbart News responded with

4251-567: The Inter-American Institute. The institute closed down in 2018, possibly due to complaints made by Carvalho's former students to the institute's board that, among other complaints, he never concluded the secondary education, and was not, as his profile in the Institute claimed, a former senior lecturer in the Catholic University of Paraná . In 2011, Carvalho had a written debate online with Aleksandr Dugin in 2011 on "The US and

4360-553: The Internet is interactive and requires an affirmative action on the part of the users, as opposed to a passive response from TV users, it is not surprising that the candidate has to be someone people want to touch and interact with." A more decentralized approach to campaigning arose, in contrast to a top-down, message-focused approach usually conducted in the mainstream. "The mantra has always been, 'Keep your message consistent. Keep your message consistent,'" said John Hlinko, who has participated in Internet campaigns for MoveOn.org and

4469-751: The Internet may have considerable potential to reach and engage opinion leaders who influence the thinking and behavior of others. According to the Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet, what they call "Online Political Citizens" (OPCs) are "seven times more likely than average citizens to serve as opinion leaders among their friends, relatives and colleagues… Normally, 10% of Americans qualify as Influentials. Our study found that 69% of Online Political Citizens are Influentials." Information communication technologies (ICTs) make communication and information readily available and efficient. There are millions of Facebook accounts, Twitter users and websites, and one can educate oneself on nearly any subject. While this

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4578-493: The Prince's greatest allies, would have been among the first to die if the plan were put into action." He also wrote that Descartes 's interpretation of his "Olympian dreams" was an example. Olavo gave two other examples: " Kant 's theory of the unknowability of the ' thing-in-itself '", and Karl Marx 's claim "that only the proletariat can grasp the real movement of history, because the classes that precede it are trapped in

4687-529: The U.S. Cybersectarianism is a new organizational form which involves: "highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts, and often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance, and share information on

4796-612: The United States to organize in-person protests and rallies together, no matter where they may be located. U.S. politicians—such as Ilhan Omar and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez—have endorsed Black Lives Matter, aligning themselves with a push for racial justice. The most recent display of how the Black Lives Matter movement has been used as a platform for offline activism is the 2020 BLM protests that occurred after 17-year old Darnella Frazier live-streamed on Facebook

4905-464: The United States with the main protest taking place in Washington, D.C. There was an estimated 200,000 people in attendance at the Washington, D.C. protest, alone. TikTok 's platform has been increasingly used for raising up social issues through creative short videos, especially after an allegedly make-up tutorial turned into a call to action on China's treatment of Muslim Uighurs. The tutorial

5014-665: The Web combined with tech companies' belief in the Internet as "raceless" motivate white nationalists to continue to exploit algorithms and influence digital spaces such as Twitter. As algorithms work in a self-reinforcing manner, they worsen the psychological effects of confirmation bias . They provide search results that confirm one's beliefs and biases and, further, connect one to communities of like-minded people. This works in favor of white nationalists; for example, search engines' autocomplete features suggest racist notions, and make White supremacist sites readily accessible to users. One of

5123-498: The activist Tarana Burke created the phrase back in 2006 to "empower women through empathy", but first over a decade later, the actress Alyssa Milano gave birth to the usage of the saying that would lead to the eventual spread of it, after using it in a post on Twitter, in which she acknowledged several accusations of sexual assault against film producer Harvey Weinstein . It would from there on not be long until it stretched and attached on various online platforms, and in no more than

5232-513: The age of 30 have an SNS, and during the 2008 election, half of them used an SNS site for candidate information (Hirzalla, 2010). MoveOn.org endorsed then-Senator Barack Obama in 2008, and used this endorsement as an opportunity to encourage grassroots advertising. MoveOn hosted a competition that requested submissions from ordinary citizens with the criteria the digital ads were positive towards Obama. The contest drew 1,000 entries of 30-second ads for Obama that streamed on YouTube. This endorsement by

5341-530: The attack. In the interview he made the false claim that election fraud had taken place in the 2020 American presidential election , saying, "Everything in this election has been fraudulent", and also falsely asserted that Joe Biden had Parkinson's disease and that Biden and Kamala Harris were working for the Chinese government. Carvalho advocated a revisionist view of the Inquisition , claiming it

5450-818: The catalyst for protests such as Occupy Wall Street and the Arab Spring as those involved have increasingly relied on social media to organize and stay connected. In Myanmar , online news paper Freedom News Group has leaked some government corruption and fuel to protests. In 2017, the Sleeping Giants cyberactivist group, among others, launched a boycott campaign against controversial, conservative webpage Breitbart News , getting more than 2,000 organizations to remove it from ad buys. Corporations are also using Internet activist techniques to increase support for their causes. According to Christopher Palmeri with BusinessWeek Online, companies launch sites with

5559-805: The concept is difficult to exactly pinpoint, the phrase " hacktivism " summarizes the act of somehow utilizing hacking capabilities as a means to achieve some type of political goal, and the expression is occasionally also referred to as a variation of "cyberterrorism". The varieties of different routes groups of hacktivists choose to approach the organization, website or forum that they are taking on, can be categorized into different tactics. Some examples of those tactics or strategies are " DDoS attacks ", " Doxing ", and " Webdefacement ", all of which are slightly different ways of reaching an often similar end goal. For additional understanding and explanation, as well as for more specific examples of these types of subversive actions, see hacktivism . According to some observers,

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5668-568: The conservatorship alongside a number of conspiracy theories of varying accuracy. When discussing the 2004 U.S. presidential election candidates, Carol Darr, director of the Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. , said of the candidates which benefited from use of the Internet to attract supporters: "They are all charismatic, outspoken mavericks and insurgents. Given that

5777-423: The country can access by just buying the discs. It seems to me (and to a lot of other people, too) that this will be a little too much like big brother , and it seems like a good idea to get out while there is still time." Over 30,000 people contacted Lotus and asked for their names to be removed from the database . On January 23, 1991, Lotus announced that it had cancelled MarketPlace. In 1998 Dr. Daniel Mengara,

5886-444: The data would be distributed on CD-ROM and could not be changed until a new edition was released. In response, a mass e-mail and E-bulletin-board campaign was started, which included information on contacting Lotus and form letters . Larry Seiler, a New England –based computer professional, posted a message that was widely reposted on newsgroups and via e-mail: "It will contain a LOT of personal information about YOU, which anyone in

5995-469: The days following the video's release. It was included among the top international events of 2012 by PBS and called the most viral video ever by TIME . Internet activism has had the effect of causing increased collective action among people, as found by Postmes and Brunsting (2002), who discovered a tendency among internet users to rely on internalized group memberships and social identities in order to achieve social involvement online. The Internet

6104-520: The definition as representing an "interior struggle" that "would be translated, both in concepts and actions, into the 'philosopheme', 'the ideal system of intuitions and thoughts that is hidden behind texts, a system that texts reflect irregularly and unevenly, sometimes with missing parts, and that can only be contemplated by those who reconstruct it'". Cunha, who was otherwise critical of Carvalho, cited Olavo de Carvalho's works "Nova Era e Revolução Cultural" and "A dialética simbólica" in relationship with

6213-471: The definition. Carvalho believed that, according to Aristotle , "human discourse is a single power, which actualizes itself in four different ways: poetics, rhetoric, dialectic, and analytic (logic)". This would be in contrast to views which would see poetics and rhetoric as sharply divided from analytical logic. His writings about this view were collected in his book "Aristóteles em nova perspectiva: Introdução à teoria dos quatro discursos" ("Aristotle in

6322-516: The degree of reliance on the Internet versus offline mobilization. Thus, Internet sleuthing or hacking could be viewed as purely online forms of activism, whereas the Occupy Wall Street movement was mainly conducted offline, and only partially online. Exploring the dynamics of online activism for expressing resistance to a powerful organization, a study developed a critical mass approach to online activism. The results were integrated in

6431-415: The digital landscape again. Digital media scholars note that the hopes of developing digital literacy post 2008 turned into a fomenting distrust of traditional news media. People of all ages and political inclinations gravitated towards social media sources that acted as echo chambers, and online personalities and organizations were held in higher esteem than traditional news sources. The Internet has become

6540-565: The earliest books on activism was Don Rittner 's Ecolinking: Everyone's Guide to Online Environmental Information , published by Peachpit Press in 1992. Rittner, an environmental activist from upstate New York, spent more than 20 years researching and saving the Albany Pine Barrens. He was a beta tester for America Online and ran their Environmental Forum for the company from 1988 to when it launched in 1990. He took his early environmental knowledge and computer savvy and wrote what

6649-418: The electoral primary campaign of Wesley Clark . "That was all well and good in the past. Now it's a recipe for disaster. You can choose to have a Stalinist structure that's really doctrinaire and that's really opposed to grassroots. Or you can say, 'Go forth. Do what you're going to do.' As long as we're running in the same direction, it's much better to give some freedom." Two-thirds of Internet users under

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6758-405: The end of the letter she urged readers to send a letter back describing their own sexual assault experience with the hashtag #notguilty. She received so many letters from locals that she decided to create a website called "notGuiltyCampaign.co.uk". This caused global attention and inspired many to share their stories. The Me Too movement is a similar movement that started in Hollywood. Initially,

6867-423: The establishment loathes what it can't control. This independence is by design, and the Internet community values above almost anything the distance it has from the slow, homogeneous stream of American commerce and culture. Progressive candidates and companies with forward-looking vision have an advantage on the Internet, too. Television is, by its nature, a nostalgic medium. Look at Ronald Reagan's campaign ads in

6976-469: The false information that a book written by Fernando Haddad , the opponent of Jair Bolsonaro during the 2018 Brazilian general election , promoted incest. In his first live speech on Facebook after being elected, Bolsonaro was pictured next to one of the books written by Carvalho, in what was interpreted as a sign of his influence over the newly elected president. Journalists writing for El País and Folha , respectively, claimed that Carvalho influenced

7085-495: The founder, a story confirmed by Rivitz. Shortly afterward, a New York Times profile of Rivitz and freelance copywriter and marketing consultant Nandini Jammi said the two ran the campaign's Twitter account "along with other still anonymous contributors". Other reports identified Jammi as "co-founder". Jammi later left Sleeping Giants, saying that Rivitz "gaslighted me out of the movement we built together". The organization primarily operates from its Twitter account, and also has

7194-407: The government as well as interest groups and organizations to protest or argue for change. Many non-profits and charities use these methods, emailing petitions to those on their email list and asking people to pass them on. The Internet also enables organizations such as NGOs to communicate with individuals in an inexpensive and timely manner. Indeed, many non-profit and advocacy organizations rely on

7303-473: The hashtag #KaunsiBadiBaatHai and features short videos with positive and negative examples of men interacting with women. In July 2020, the TikTok platform played a major role in the #FreeBritney movement surrounding Britney Spears and her conservatorship dispute . Though such activism led to a significant increase in public awareness of the case, it was criticized for spreading misinformation regarding

7412-503: The history of revolutionary movements, the Traditionalist School and comparative religion. His views were rejected by some philosophers. From 2005 until his death, he lived near Richmond, Virginia , in the United States. He died in 2022 several days after reportedly testing positive for COVID-19 . Olavo de Carvalho's father was a lawyer and his mother worked in the printing industry. They divorced while he

7521-451: The influence of online politicking, did not see an empowerment of new voices. The idea that digital literacy become a concept taught in school, with educators incorporating blogging, commenting, and creating content as part of their curriculum, has been bandied about among social and political scientists in an effort to turn online enthusiasm from young people into demonstrable results at the ballot box. The 2016 presidential election changed

7630-484: The intent to positively influence their own public image, to provide negative pressure on competitors, to influence opinion within select groups, and to push for policy changes. The clothing manufacturer, American Apparel is an example: The company hosts a website called Legalize LA that advocates immigration reform via blog, online advertising, links to news stories and educational materials. Protest groups have responded by posting YouTube videos and establishing

7739-482: The internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in collective study via email, on-line chat rooms and web-based message boards." The Internet is widely accessible by everyone. Thus, it has, since its beginning, increasingly become a place where various opinions are expressed, and not seldom are those opinions ones from some very far end of

7848-457: The internet to launch campaigns with socially conscious messages to maintain a constant stream of revenue. Hashtag activism is the use of hashtags for fighting or supporting a cause through the usage of social media outlets. The term "hashtag activism" first started circulating within journalism in 2011. Since then, its use has been associated with movements such as #MeToo , #BlackLivesMatter , #SayHerName , and many more. One example of

7957-495: The late 2010s, he rose to prominence in the Brazilian public debate, being dubbed the "intellectual father of the new right" and the ideologue of Jair Bolsonaro , a label which he rejected. His books and articles spread conspiracy theories and false information, and he was accused of fomenting hate speech and anti-intellectualism. He positioned himself as a critic of modernity. His interests included historical philosophy,

8066-599: The medical workers is made up of females, were not given access to. Amongst others, hashtags such as #RefusePeriodShame, circulated in protest to the ongoing situation and the Wuhan hospital authorities, who were considered responsible for it. Soon to follow on the same thread, one of the VTubers of the Chinese Communist Youth Party League (CYL), known as Jiangshanjiao, an avatar displayed as

8175-511: The most prominent uses of hashtag activism is #BlackLivesMatter , a social justice movement that first began after George Zimmerman was acquitted for the shooting and killing of Trayvon Martin , an African American teenage boy. The movement started as a hashtag and now it has been at the forefront of the fight against police brutality and racial profiling across the world. After the killing of Martin on February 26, 2012, several people wanted justice. The hashtag started to grow in popularity, with

8284-773: The movement achieved the spread that it did. It soon expanded to apply to all forms of sexual assault, especially in the work place, and with time it also came to move from concerning mainly white heterosexual women, to eventually being used by both men and women with different sexualities and ethnicity. These movements were intended to create an outlet for men and women to share their experiences with those with similar views without blame or guilt. They brought widespread attention to sexual assault and caused much controversy about changes that should be made accordingly. Criticism around movements such as these centers on concerns about whether or not participants are being dishonest for their own gain or are misinterpreting acts of kindness. However,

8393-443: The news media. He was the host of the show True Outspeak on BlogTalkRadio , which aired from 2006 to 2013. As of 2019, he wrote a weekly column for the Brazilian newspaper Diário do Comércio and taught philosophy in an online course to over 2,000 students. In his online classes, he often wore a cowboy hat or smoked a pipe. He is said to have introduced to Portuguese-speaking readers works of important conservative philosophers of

8502-503: The nomination of two prominent Ministers by Bolsonaro: Ricardo Vélez Rodríguez (Education) and Ernesto Araújo (Foreign Affairs). Leonardo Sakamoto, writing for the website UOL ( Universo Online ), also made these claims, but emphasized Bolsonaro's responsibility for these ministers. In November 2018, after the Brazilian presidential election , Carvalho declared that, if nominated by President-elect Jair Bolsonaro , he would accept

8611-531: The notions of crony capitalism and corporativist capitalism ; the journalist João Pedro Sabino Guimarães, writing for O Globo , saw it as a conspiracy theory . Carvalho said Western globalism was driven by the revolutionary mentality. Drawing from the work of Antonio Gramsci , Carvalho argued that cultural agents can impose the mentality on a society by overturning its traditional culture. These agents, who Carvalho called " organic intellectuals ", work to change people's traditional modes of thought into

8720-532: The objectivity of astrological language". From the 1970s to the 2000s, he wrote for several Brazilian magazines and newspapers, such as Bravo! , Primeira Leitura , Claudia , O Globo , Folha de S.Paulo (starting in February 1977 with an article about The Magic Flute in the "Folhetim" literary supplement ), Época and Zero Hora . In 2002, Carvalho founded the website Maskless Media ( Mídia Sem Máscara ). It presents itself as an observatory of

8829-456: The potential of the Internet as a platform to effectively disseminate their message to a mass audience. This exploitation of technological innovations is not a novel concept for this group. In the early 20th century, with the emergence of film technology, the KKK created their own film companies and produced films like The Toll of Justice (1923) to spread their message. Then, a century later, with

8938-444: The powerful rise of hashtag activism can be seen in the black feminist movement's use of hashtags to convey their cause. The famous hashtag "IamJada" was an internet backlash to the mocking "#Jadapose" that went viral, ensuing after sixteen-year-old girl Jada Smith was photographed following her gang rape In this instance, a hashtag was employed to convey a powerful anti-rape message. Yet another instance of where this type of activism

9047-627: The realm of discourse: First, poetic discourse primarily deals with the possible , targeting the imagination and engaging with the realm of presumption. Second, rhetorical discourse seeks to establish plausibility ( verossimilhança ), aiming to invoke a strong belief and the consent of the will, going beyond mere imaginative presumption. This level of discourse serves to instigate decision-making based on commonly accepted beliefs. Third, dialectical discourse focuses on scrutinizing beliefs through objections, employing back-and-forth thought processes to distinguish truths from errors, thereby gauging

9156-409: The rise of digital technologies, the KKK adapted to the changing media landscape to become a digital movement. They not only adapted to the digital age, but also found vulnerabilities through which they could most quickly and efficiently insert their ideologies. Examples of this included strategic domain names and hidden propaganda content. Today, white nationalists' efforts to push their principles on

9265-685: The role of Brazilian ambassador to the United States. However, in February 2019, Carvalho clashed with some key figures of the Bolsonaro administration, including the vice-president, Hamilton Mourão , whom he accused of being a "traitor" and an "idiot" who is "pro-abortion, pro-disarmament and pro- Nicolás Maduro ". Mourão dismissed the criticisms. On 17 March 2019, Carvalho criticised the presence of military personnel in Bolsonaro's administration , stating: "He didn't choose two hundred generals. Two hundred generals chose him. Those people want to restore

9374-552: The same cardinality as the set of even numbers . He claimed in a 2006 essay that Isaac Newton introduced a self-contradictory thesis into the Western mind, which was responsible for spreading a virus of "formidable stupidity". The thesis in question referred to "eternal motion" and the law of inertia : the latter would claim that "the force of its own inertia perpetually maintains each body in its present state, whether at rest or in uniform rectilinear motion", but "if motion

9483-470: The same Me Too movement, which also reached Egypt showed the adverse side of the activism where witness detention in one of the high-profile rape cases highlighted the prioritisation of traditional social morality by the government over women's rights in the country. Denial-of-Service attacks , the taking over and vandalizing of a website, uploading Trojan horses , and sending out e-mail bombs (mass e-mailings) are also examples of Internet activism. While

9592-556: The spectrum. Extremists of different sorts have come to heavily rely on the Internet to the point where it is no longer just a means amongst others to achieve a certain objective, but more often than not, it is where the main part of a movement takes place. Activities such as the conveyance of perceivably extreme, bureaucratic ideas, or even the outlining of strategic acts of violence or destruction, are ones nowadays likely to occur online. In other words, this type of "online extremism" could, though difficult to precisely define, be described as

9701-521: The strike, it has from the moment it started until today, reached and affected leading governments of the world by raising environmental awareness. In 2020 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the National Trust began the # BlossomWatch campaign, which encouraged people to share the first signs of Spring with one another, in particular images of blossom . Activism against sexual assault

9810-426: The subcategory of Internet activism that is brought forward by, or connected with, individuals or groups that possess what are generally viewed to be extreme opinions. In 1998, former KKK Grand Wizard David Duke wrote on his website, “I believe that the internet will begin a chain reaction of racial enlightenment that will shake the world by the speed of its intellectual conquest.” White nationalists quickly saw

9919-419: The subjective fantasy of their respective class ideologies". As described by an obituary, Carvalho's political views were summed up in one of his tweets: "Capitalism is the godfather and protector of communism. The war is not between capitalism and communism, it is between CHRISTIANITY and communism." Carvalho philosophized that a "revolutionary mentality" ( mentalidade revolucionária ) had contributed to

10028-452: The technology enablers of social activism also enable its filtering and repression, and thus, more extreme states of information asymmetry may result in which powerful elites preserve their status and impose a greater digital divide. In one study, a discussion of a developmental model of political mobilization is discussed. By citizens joining groups and creating discussion, they are beginning their first stage of involvement. Progressively, it

10137-413: The term "cognitive parallax" to "designate the structural displacement between the axis of a thinker's actual experience and the axis of their theoretical construction". He wrote that Machiavelli was an example of cognitive parallax because "he taught the Prince to rise to power with the help of allies and then kill them, whereas obviously, he himself, as the author of the plan and therefore one of

10246-619: The time and influenced by the creation of #MarchForOurLives , giving her opinion on the ongoing climate change, by displaying a large sign in front of the Swedish Riksdag (parliament) in protest. This act would start the " School Strike for Climate " (SSC) (Swedish: Skolstrejk för klimatet ), a movement that would eventually spread, largely through attention in media, across the globe and develop into something that came to be internationally named " Fridays for Future " (FFF). Through having children miss classes on Fridays to participate in

10355-424: The ultimate decline of activism over time. The process model suggests a complex interplay among stakeholders' interests, opportunities for activism, costs, and outcomes that are neither foreseen nor entirely predictable. The authors challenge universal access to the Internet as a convenient and cost-free forum for practicing social activism by organizational stakeholders (customers, employees, outside parties). In fact,

10464-709: The virus in the world and that the pandemic would be "an invention" and "the most extensive manipulation of public opinion that has ever happened in human history". At that date, according to the World Health Organization , there were more than 294,000 cases of the disease and 12,784 deaths from it. He often trivialized the pandemic as the "moronoavirus", even after it killed more than 200,000 Brazilians. His daughter Heloísa blamed such statements for influencing Brazil's delay in buying COVID-19 vaccines . Carvalho alleged that Barack Obama's documents such as his birth certificate were not genuine . He shared

10573-458: Was COVID-19 and stated officially that his death was caused by respiratory stress associated with emphysema, heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and a generalised infection. Carvalho was known for his vaccine hesitancy and often questioned the severity of COVID-19 pandemic , spreading COVID-19 misinformation on his social media. According to his family, he died at a hospital outside of Richmond, Virginia . He reportedly confessed his sins to

10682-513: Was a Brazilian self-proclaimed philosopher, political pundit, former astrologer , journalist, and far-right conspiracy theorist . While publishing about politics, literature and philosophy since the 1980s, he made himself known to wider Brazilian audiences from the 1990s onwards, mainly writing columns for some of Brazil's major media outlets, such as the newspaper O Globo . In the 2000s, he began to use personal blogs and social media to convey his conservative and anti-communist ideas. In

10791-577: Was a child. His first name, which he claimed meant "survivor" in Norwegian , was chosen by his grandmother. He told an interviewer that he was born sick and spent seven years bedridden. He had heart problems and Lyme disease . He was in school up to the fourth grade of "gymnasium" ( ginásio ), which was the name of elementary school in Brazil at the time. Carvalho acted as an astrologer from 1979 to 1982, having learned it from, among others,

10900-528: Was a member of the tariqa headed by Frithjof Schuon . Although it was officially a tariqa , that is, an esoteric Sufi Islamic order, it was headed by Frithjof Schuon, the Perennialist author of " The Transcendent Unity of Religions ", and therefore syncretically incorporated various elements from other traditions. His eldest daughter, Heloisa de Carvalho Martins Arriba, accused her father of occasional maltreatment of his children. All content

11009-469: Was banned for 50 minutes on November 26, 2019. Eric Han, the heads of TikTok's US content-moderation team, claimed the banning was due to a “human moderation error”. The Chinese owners declared the app does not remove content based on sensitivities to China. TikTok also partnered up with UN Women in a campaign fighting women violence in India which kicked off on November 25, 2019. The campaign can be found under

11118-468: Was called the bible of the online environmental community. It showed new Net users how to get online, find environmental information, connect to environmentalists around the world, and how to use those resources to save the planet. In August 2018, a movement of environmental activism was initiated in Sweden, by now widely known climate activist Greta Thunberg . It all started with Greta, 15 years of age at

11227-518: Was dedicated to establishing a global socialist dictatorship. Such a characterization contrasts with traditional economic liberalism, which posits that businessmen and capitalists are naturally opposed to socialism. In Carvalho's view, the revolutionary mentality led to the emergence of "metacapitalism", which he described as a "shadow capitalism" working in tandem with government power, especially under communist regimes. The anti-capitalist organization Nova Resistência saw this notion as similar to

11336-518: Was depicted as the "ideologue" of Bolsonaro, a title he refused. Carvalho believed that the Foro de São Paulo "is the largest political organization that has ever existed in Latin America and undoubtedly one of the largest in the world". Partido dos Trabalhadores , the party of Bolsonaro's opponent Fernando Haddad , is a member of Foro de São Paulo. Shortly before the election, Olavo shared

11445-1158: Was established in May 2020. Sleeping Giants Brasil gained traction against Jornal da Cidade On-line, Conexão Política and Brasil Sem Medo, right-wing and conservative outlets which support Jair Bolsonaro . They also tried to defund Olavo de Carvalho 's YouTube channel and online courses. Consequently PayPal decided to remove their services from Carvalho's online seminars upon violations of their terms and conditions of use due to his inflammatory rhetoric, polemic remarks and hate speech. Social media activism Within online activism Sandor Vegh distinguished three principal categories: active/reactive, organization/mobilization, and awareness/advocacy based. Active/reactive refers to either being proactive in efforts to bring about change or reacting to issues after they happen. Organization/mobilization refers to gathering people and information together for online or offline activism. Awareness/advocacy refers to sharing information to make others aware of an issue or advocating for issues and campaigns. There are other ways of classifying Internet activism, such as by

11554-439: Was opposition to the release of Lotus Marketplace . On April 10, 1990, Lotus announced a direct-mail marketing database product that was to contain name, address, demographic, and spending habit information on 120 million individual U.S. citizens. While much of the same data was already available elsewhere, privacy advocates worried about the availability of this data collected within one easily searchable database. Furthermore,

11663-458: Was the beginning of the anti-globalization movement in the United States." Kony 2012 , a short film released on March 5, 2012, was intended to promote the charity's "Stop Kony" movement to Ugandan militant Joseph Kony globally known the hopes of having him arrested by the campaign's scheduled expiration at the end of 2012 The film spread virally . A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard about Kony 2012 in

11772-463: Was utilized for the matter of feminism and women's right, occurred in China in relation to the outbreak of COVID-19 . While the rule of the country put efforts into trying to hide and downplay the start of what would develop into the pandemic , pressured hospitals were in need of supplies in form of menstrual protection and related products. Supplies which they, despite the fact that the vast majority of

11881-409: Was wrapped in a letter that was later shared on Facebook. According to the letter, Olavo had even pointed a gun to the head of one of his children. She made other accusations, such as that, during the time in which Olavo had been a member of a tariqa , he kept a polygamous relationship, living with three wives simultaneously. The accusations were denied by her siblings and by Olavo himself, who initiated

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