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43-414: During the construction parts of six villages were demolished and subsequently flooded. The village of Karlovec was completely flooded and ceased to exist. Today only Church of Saint John of Nepomuk and several other abandoned buildings remain at the reservoir's shore. Villages of Dlouhá Stráň , Nová Pláň , Razová , Roudno and Leskovec nad Moravicí were also partially flooded and are today located on

86-436: A Czech building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Moravian-Silesian Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . John of Nepomuk John of Nepomuk (or John Nepomucene ) ( Czech : Jan Nepomucký ; German : Johannes Nepomuk ; Latin : Ioannes Nepomucenus ) ( c. 1345 – 20 March 1393) was a saint of Bohemia ( Czech Republic ) who

129-495: A Czech martyr to imperial interference. Most historians present him as a victim of a late version of the inveterate investiture controversy between secular rulers and the Catholic hierarchy. The connection of John of Nepomuk with the inviolability of the confessional is part of the transformation of a historical figure into a legend, which can be traced through successive stages. The archbishop , who hastened to Rome soon after

172-492: A chronicle of the Teutonic Order compiled by John of Posilge , who died in 1405. In the above accusation, Jan of Jenštejn already calls John of Nepomuk a "holy martyr". The biography of the bishop (written by his chaplain ) describes John of Nepomuk as " gloriosum Christi martyrem miraculisque coruscum " (English: "a glorious martyr of Christ and sparkling with miracles"). Thus, the priest put to death for defending

215-464: A more famous Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk was founded in 1719. Meanwhile, in spite of the objection of the Jesuits, the process was inaugurated which ended with his canonisation . On 31 May 1721, he was beatified, and on 19 March 1729, he was canonised under Pope Benedict XIII . The acts of the process, comprising 500 pages, distinguish two Johns of Nepomuk and sanction the cult of

258-513: A vacant benefice but the expectation of one; and when an expectation had been sold, if another offered a larger sum for it, the pope voided the first sale. The unsympathetic observer Dietrich von Nieheim reports that he saw the same benefice sold several times in one week, and that the Pope talked business with his secretaries during Mass. There was resistance in England, the staunchest supporter of

301-460: A wide success, they influenced all subsequent historians for two centuries, up to the Latin edition, critically annotated by the translator, which considerably reduced Hajek's credit as a reliable historian. Further and less reliable details about John of Nepomuk come from the annalists of the 17th and 18th centuries. Boleslaus Balbinus , S.J., in his Vita beati Joannis Nepomuceni martyris gives

344-409: Is reflected the religious history of Bohemia. A coincidental drought in the region a year later helped the legend along; the church convinced the peasants that the drought represented God's punishment for the killing of Jan Nepomucký. Building on that success, they attempted to paint the king as even blacker, with certain clerical circles spreading reports of John's courage, saying that as confessor to

387-462: Is the accusation of the king, presented to Pope Boniface IX on 23 April 1393, by Archbishop Jan of Jenštejn, who immediately went to Rome together with the new Abbot of Kladruby. A few years later, Abbott Ladolf of Sagan listed John of Nepomuk in the catalog of Sagan abbots, completed in 1398, as well as in the treatise " De longævo schismate ", lib. VII, c. xix. A further document is the " Chronik des Deutschordens "/ Chronik des Landes Preussen ,

430-492: The Annales Bohemorum of Wenceslaus Hajek of Liboczan (Václav Hájek z Libočan), the "Bohemian Livy". He suggested that two Jan di Nepomuks may have existed and have both been killed by King Wenceslaus. The first one is the queen's confessor, who died in 1383; the other the vicar of the archbishop, who disagreed with the king on the election of the abbot of Kladruby and was drowned in 1393. As Hajek's annals enjoyed

473-647: The Catholic Encyclopedia reports. In England, the anti-papal preaching of John Wyclif supported the opposition of the king and the higher clergy to Boniface IX's habit of granting English benefices as they fell vacant to favorites in the Roman Curia. Boniface IX introduced a revenue known as annates perpetuæ , withholding half the first year's income of every benefice granted in the Roman Court. The pope's agents also now sold not simply

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516-579: The Albigenses had been exterminated less than a century before. Their numbers spread to Spain and northern Italy. These evoked uneasy memories of the mass processions of wandering flagellants of the Black Death period, 1348–1349. They went in procession from city to city, clad in white garments, with faces hooded, and wearing on their backs a red cross, following a leader who carried a large cross. Rumors of imminent divine judgement and visions of

559-831: The Habsburg family. Statues of St. John of Nepomuk, churches consecrated to him and settlements bearing his name can be found not only in Central Europe (where there are most common), but also in many other European countries and further beyond in the Americas and in India. Worldwide, statues of John of Nepomuk number in tens of thousands, making John of Nepomuk the most represented Czech person in visual art. In Czechia alone, there are around 6000 statues. Similar numbers are in Austria and Germany, and smaller numbers in other parts of

602-643: The Jan who was burned in 1415. The resemblances are certainly striking, extending to the manner of celebrating their commemorations. But when the Jesuits came to Prague , the Nepomuk veneration had long been widespread; and the idea of canonization originated in opposition not to the Hussites , but to Protestantism , as a weapon of the Counter-Reformation . In the image of the saint which gradually arose

645-457: The University of Padua from 1383 to 1387. In 1393, he was made vicar-general of Saint Giles Cathedral by Jan of Jenštejn , Archbishop of Prague . At issue was the appointment of a new abbot for the rich and powerful Benedictine Abbey of Kladruby in 1393; its abbot was a territorial magnate whose resources would be crucial to Wenceslaus in his struggles with nobles. Wenceslaus

688-527: The prince-electors met at Rhense on 20 August 1400 to depose Wenceslaus as King of Germany and chose in his place Rupert , Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1403 Boniface IX recognized Rupert as king. In 1398 and 1399, Boniface IX appealed to Christian Europe in favor of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus , threatened at Constantinople by Sultan Bayezid I , but there

731-515: The French cardinals quickly elected a successor on 28 September: Cardinal Pedro de Luna, who took the name Benedict XIII . Over the next few years, Boniface IX was entreated to abdicate, even by his strongest supporters: King Richard II of England (in 1396), the Diet of Frankfurt (in 1397), and King Wenceslaus of Germany (at Reims, 1398). He refused. Pressure for an ecumenical council also grew as

774-572: The Queen he had refused to reveal her secrets, and that was why he had been murdered. Belief in John's supernatural powers culminated with the discovery of his supposed tongue when three centuries later his tomb was opened and a piece of reddened tissue fell out of his skull. The cult of St. John of Nepomuk grew in the 17th century and spread during 17th and 18th centuries from Bohemia into many Catholic countries, especially to those ruled by or having ties to

817-740: The Roman papacy during the Schism : the English Parliament confirmed and extended the statutes of Provisors and Praemunire of Edward III , giving the king veto power over papal appointments in England. Boniface IX was defeated in the face of a unified front, and the long controversy was finally settled to the English king's satisfaction. Nevertheless, at the Synod of London (1396), the English bishops convened to condemn Wyclif . In Germany,

860-672: The Virgin Mary abounded. They sang the newly popular hymn Stabat Mater during their processions. For a while, as the White Penitents approached Rome, gaining adherents along the way, Boniface IX and the Curia supported their penitential enthusiasm, but when they reached Rome, Boniface IX had their leader burnt at the stake, and they soon dispersed. "Boniface IX gradually discountenanced these wandering crowds, an easy prey of agitators and conspirators, and finally dissolved them", as

903-540: The bridges also, and for long seasons he was forced to live in more peaceful surroundings at Assisi or Perugia . He also took over the port of Ostia from its Cardinal Bishop . In the Papal States , Boniface IX gradually regained control of the chief castles and cities, and he re-founded the States as they would appear during the fifteenth century. The antipope Clement VII died at Avignon on 16 September 1394, but

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946-523: The city itself. Boniface IX saw to it that Ladislaus was crowned King of Naples at Gaeta on 29 May 1390 and worked with him for the next decade to expel the Angevin forces from southern Italy. During his reign, Boniface IX finally extinguished the troublesome independence of the commune of Rome and established temporal control, though it required fortifying not only the Castel Sant'Angelo , but

989-422: The costs of modern warfare rose and supporters needed to be encouraged by gifts, for fourteenth-century government depended upon such personal support as a temporal ruler could gather and retain. All the princes of the late 14th century were accused of avaricious money-grubbing by contemporary critics, but among them contemporaries ranked Boniface IX as exceptional. Traffic in benefices, the sale of dispensations, and

1032-415: The crime, in his charge against Wenceslaus, called the victim a martyr; in the vita written a few years later miracles are already recorded, by which the drowned man was discovered. About the middle of the 15th century the statement appears for the first time that the refusal to violate the seal of confession was the cause of John's death. Two decades later (1471), the dean of Prague, Paul Zidek, makes John

1075-549: The former Habsburg Empire . Individual statues or other monuments can be found in almost every country with a significant Catholic tradition. Most of those statues are located on bridges (due to John of Nepomuk being a patron saint of bridges and against drowning) and are modelled according to the famous John of Nepomuk statue on the Charles Bridge in Prague. He is usually portrayed with a halo with five stars, alluding to

1118-452: The fourteen cardinals who remained faithful to the papacy at Rome, Clement VII at Avignon had just crowned a French prince, Louis II of Anjou , as king of Naples. The youthful Ladislaus was the son of King Charles III of Naples , assassinated in 1386, and Margaret of Durazzo , scion of a line that had traditionally supported the popes in their struggles in Rome with the anti-papal party in

1161-542: The jubilee", as indulgences were called, but the preaching of indulgences led to abuses and scandal. The jubilee of 1400 drew to Rome great crowds of pilgrims , particularly from France, in spite of a disastrous plague. Pope Boniface IX remained in the city nonetheless. In the latter part of 1399 there arose bands of flagellants , known as the Bianchi , or Albati (" White Penitents "), especially in Provence , where

1204-566: The laws and autonomy of the Catholic Church became revered as a saint directly after his death. Much additional biographical information comes from Bohemian annalists who wrote 60 or more years after the events they recount. Although they may have taken advantage of sources not available today, their contribution is considered legendary by many historians, particularly by the Protestant ones. The mistake of John of Krumlov crept into

1247-546: The legend about stars that hovered over his dead body when it was found on the bank of the Vltava river. His tomb, a Baroque monument cast in silver and silver-gilt that was designed by Josef Emanuel Fischer of Erlach , stands in St Vitus Cathedral , Prague. Pope Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX ( Latin : Bonifatius IX ; Italian : Bonifacio IX ; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli )

1290-419: The like, did not cover the loss of local sources of revenue in the long absence of the papacy from Rome, foreign revenue diminished by the schism, expenses for the pacification and fortification of Rome, the constant wars made necessary by French ambition and the piecemeal reconquest of the Papal States . Boniface IX certainly provided generously for his mother, his brothers Andrea and Giovanni, and his nephews in

1333-558: The most rich account. Although the theory of Hajek of Liboczan has no credit today, some historians believe the vicar's refusal to betray the seal of the confessional might have been the secret reason why Wenceslaus took vengeance on John of Nepomuk as soon as a credible excuse provided the opportunity. Catholics see John of Nepomuk as a martyr to the cause of defending the Seal of the Confessional . Romantic nationalists regard him as

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1376-448: The one who was drowned in 1383 as a martyr of the sacrament of penance. According to some Protestant sources, the figure of John Nepomuk is a legend due to Jesuits and that its historical kernel is really Jan Hus , who was metamorphosed from a Bohemian Reformer into a Roman Catholic saint: the Nepomuk story would be based on Wenceslaus Hajek's blending of the Jan who was drowned in 1393 and

1419-471: The only way to breach the Western Schism , but the conciliar movement made no headway during Boniface's papacy. During the reign of Boniface IX two jubilees were celebrated at Rome. The first, in 1390, had been declared by his predecessor, Urban VI , and was largely frequented by people from Germany, Hungary, Poland , Bohemia , and England. Several cities of Germany obtained the "privileges of

1462-456: The queen's confessor. The chronicler Wenceslaus Hajek speaks in 1541 (perhaps due to an incorrect reading of his sources) of two Johns of Nepomuk being drowned; the first as confessor, the second for his confirmation of the abbot. The legend is especially indebted for its growth to the Jesuit historiographer Boleslaus Balbinus the "Bohemian Pliny", whose Vita beati Joannis Nepomuceni martyris

1505-587: The saddest chapters in the history of the Church. Neither pope had the magnanimity to put an end to the terrible state of affairs" by resigning. After his election at the papal conclave of 1389, Germany , England , Hungary , Poland , and the greater part of Italy accepted him as pope. The remainder of Europe recognized the Avignon Pope Clement VII . He and Boniface mutually excommunicated each other. The day before Tomacelli's election by

1548-642: The shore of the reservoir. The main use of the reservoir is to supply enough water in case of unfavorable conditions to the Kružberk reservoir, which supplies drinking water for the Ostrava agglomeration, and is located downstream on the Moravice River. It is also used to supply process water to the nearby towns and villages, generate electricity and subdue floods on the Moravice. This article about

1591-574: The small market town of Pomuk (later renamed Nepomuk ) in Bohemia , now in the Czech Republic , which belonged to the nearby Cistercian abbey. Born in the 1340s, his father was called Velflín, while his mother is unknown. His father's name was probably derived from the German name Wolfgang . Jan first studied at the University of Prague , then furthered his studies in canon law at

1634-708: Was a descendant of Tamaso Cybo, who belonged to an influential noble family from Genoa and settled in Casarano in the Kingdom of Naples . An unsympathetic German contemporary source, Dietrich of Nieheim , asserted that he was illiterate ( nesciens scribere etiam male cantabat ). Neither a trained theologian nor skilled in the business of the Curia , he was tactful and prudent in a difficult era, but Ludwig Pastor , who passes swiftly over his pontificate , says, "The numerous endeavours for unity made during this period form one of

1677-763: Was backing the Avignon pope Clement VII , whereas the archbishop followed his rival, the Pope in Rome , Boniface IX . Contrary to the wishes of Wenceslaus, John confirmed the archbishop's candidate for Abbot of Kladruby. On 20 March 1393, he was tortured and thrown into the River Vltava from the Charles Bridge in Prague by order of King Wenceslaus IV. This account is based on four contemporary documents. The first

1720-512: Was drowned in the Vltava river at the behest of King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia . Later accounts state that he was the confessor of the queen of Bohemia and refused to divulge the secrets of the confessional. On the basis of this account, John of Nepomuk is considered the first martyr of the Seal of the Confessional , a patron against calumnies and, because of the manner of his death, a protector from floods and drowning. Jan z Pomuku came from

1763-753: Was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death, in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope during the Western Schism . In this time, the Avignon claimants, Clement VII and Benedict XIII , maintained the Roman Curia in Avignon , under the protection of the French monarchy. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Boniface". Boniface IX was born c. 1350 in Naples . Piero (also Perino, Pietro) Cybo Tomacelli

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1806-473: Was little enthusiasm for a new crusade at such a time. Saint Bridget of Sweden was canonized by Pope Boniface IX on 7 October 1391. The universities of Ferrara (1391) and Fermo (1398) owe him their origin, and that of Erfurt (in Germany), its confirmation (1392). Boniface IX died in 1404 after a brief illness. Boniface IX was a frank politician, strapped for cash like the other princes of Europe, as

1849-426: Was published in Prague, 1670. Although the Prague metropolitan chapter did not accept the biography dedicated to it, "as being frequently destitute of historical foundation and erroneous, a bungling work of mythological rhetoric", Balbinus stuck to it. In 1683 the Charles Bridge was adorned with a statue of the saint, which has had numerous successors; in 1708 the first church was dedicated to him at Hradec Králové ;

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