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52-641: Called by historians the "battle of the captains vs the generals," referring to the young Bulgarian army, whose highest rank went up to a captain, the Battle of Slivnitsa was a decisive factor in the victory of the Bulgarian Army over the Serbs between 17 and 19 November 1885. It solidified the unification between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia . A small mountain named Viskyar stands out to

104-709: A contract with the British armaments company Vickers and Son Ltd. (formerly Vickers Maxim) to supply Vickers-constructed Maxim machine guns. Conversely, from 1902 Krupp was contracted by Vickers to supply its patented fuses to Vickers bullets. It is known that wounded and deceased German soldiers were found to have spent Vickers bullets with the German inscription "Krupps patent zünder [fuses]" lying around their bodies. Krupp received its first order for 135 Panzer I tanks in 1933, and during World War II made tanks , artillery, naval guns, armor plate, munitions and other armaments for

156-510: A problem for Ford Motor Company in 1964 when they desired to export their car of the same name to Germany, especially since American military personnel stationed there wanted the new car. Although Krupp offered to sell the Mustang name to Ford for a reasonable price, Ford declined and as a result, badged all Mustangs destined for Germany "T-5." By 1978 Krupp's rights to the Mustang name expired and all Mustangs exported to Germany henceforth retained

208-438: A well prepared defensive position manned by 9 battalions, plus some 2,000 volunteers and 32 guns, commanded by Major Guchev. The position consisted of nearly 4 km of trenches and artillery redoubts either side of the main road on a ridge in front of Slivnitsa village. To the right was steep mountainous terrain whilst the left wing had the easier Visker Hills towards Breznik . The three Serbian centre divisions also arrived on

260-656: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Slivnitsa Bulgarian victory The Battle of Slivnitsa ( Bulgarian : Битка при Сливница , Serbian : Битка на Сливници ) was a victory of the Bulgarian army over the Serbians on 17–19 November 1885 in the Serbo-Bulgarian War . It solidified the unification between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia . The conclusion of

312-588: Is the memorial church, built to the southeast of the Gurgulyat village. Slivnitsa is the seat of Slivnitsa municipality (part of Sofia Province), which also includes the following 12 villages: Slivnitsa's Community Website (in Bulgarian-Cyrillic) including the Football Team, Slivnishki Geroii (Сливнишки герой ) Сливнишки герой This Sofia Province , Bulgaria location article

364-754: The Great Venezuela Railway from 1888 to 1894 raised Venezuelan national debt. Venezuela's suspension of debt payments in 1901 led to gunboat diplomacy of the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 . Russia and the Ottoman Empire both bought large quantities of Krupp guns. By 1887, Russia had bought 3,096 Krupp guns, while the Ottomans bought 2,773 Krupp guns. By the start of the Balkan wars the largest export market for Krupp worldwide

416-672: The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin 1878 left Bulgaria divided into two sections. The area north of the Balkan Mountains and Sofia became an autonomous principality. Eastern Rumelia between the Balkan and Rhodope mountains gained semi-autonomous status with an Ottoman appointed Christian governor. The Bulgarian Assembly chose Prince Alexander Battenberg as their ruler and continued to press for

468-467: The u is usually treated as short in both languages, corresponding logically (in either language's regular orthography) with the doubled consonant that follows. A British documentary on the Krupp family and firm included footage of German-speakers of the 1930s who would have had speaking contact with the family, which attests the long [uː] , thus [kʁuːp] or [kɾuːp] , rather than what would be

520-523: The 16th and halted to recover after the fierce Bulgarian delaying action in the Dragoman Pass. The Morava division was at Tran some distance from its objective Bresnik to the south. The northern advance was bogged down along the Danube. The morning of the 17th came with rain and mist but not the expected Serbian attack. By 10am Alexander ordered three battalions to advance on the right. They surprised

572-593: The 1914 420 mm Big Bertha , the 1916 Langer Max , and the seven Paris Guns in 1917 and 1918. In addition, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built German warships and submarines in Kiel. During the war, Krupp also modified the design of an existing Langer Max gun, which they built in Koekelare . The gun called Batterie Pommern was the largest gun in the world in 1917 and was able to shoot shells of ±750 kg from Koekelare to Dunkirk . Before World War I Krupp had

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624-565: The 20th century the company was headed by Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1870–1950), who assumed the surname of Krupp when he married the Krupp heiress, Bertha Krupp . After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, the Krupp works became the center for German rearmament. In 1943, by a special order from Hitler, the company reverted to a sole-proprietorship, with Gustav and Bertha's eldest son Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1907–67) as proprietor. After Germany's defeat, Gustav

676-587: The 28th the Austrians intervened and a ceasefire was agreed. Serbian casualties totalled 6,800 compared to 2,300 Bulgarians. Serbian sources state that the casualties in this battle totalled 3,000 for the Serbs vs 2,500 for the Bulgarians, and 7,000 for the Serbs vs 5,000 for the Bulgarians in the whole war. The Treaty of Bucharest 1886 effectively confirmed the unification of Bulgaria. Unfortunately for Prince Alexander, Russia continued to oppose his reign and he

728-585: The Danube division who eventually rallied and pushed them back. The main Serbian attack began on the centre largely unsupported by artillery which had insufficient range. The weight of Bulgarian fire forced them back with some 1,200 casualties. A relief column led by Captain Benderev recaptured the heights on the right and forced the Danube division back to the road. At daybreak on the 18th the Serbians attacked

780-475: The German boy of the future must be slim and slender, as fast as a greyhound, tough as leather and hard as Krupp steel" ( "... der deutsche Junge der Zukunft muß schlank und rank sein, flink wie Windhunde, zäh wie Leder und hart wie Kruppstahl." ) During the war Germany's industry was heavily bombed. The Germans built large-scale night-time decoys like the Krupp decoy site (German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage) which

832-575: The German military. Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard launched the cruiser Prinz Eugen , as well as many of Germany's U-boats (130 between 1934 and 1945) using preassembled parts supplied by other Krupp factories in a process similar to the construction of the US liberty ships . In the 1930s, Krupp developed two 800 mm railway guns , the Schwerer Gustav and the Dora . These guns were

884-607: The Great", invested heavily in new technology to become a significant manufacturer of steel rollers (used to make eating utensils) and railway tyres. He also invested in fluidized hotbed technologies (notably the Bessemer process ) and acquired many mines in Germany and France . Initially, Krupp failed to gain profit from the Bessemer process due to the high phosphorus content of German iron ores. His chemists, however, later learned of

936-714: The Morava division. However, three battalions of Bulgarian troops led by Captain Popov from Sofia had held the Morava division in the Visker Hills and the flanking move failed. Alexander now ordered a counterattack which pushed the Serbians back on both flanks although nightfall prevented a complete collapse. Slivnitsa was the decisive battle of the war. The Serbians fought only limited rearguard actions as they retreated and by 24 November they were back in Serbia. The Timok division in

988-628: The Mustang name. Krupp Steel Works of Essen, Germany, manufactured the spherical pressure chamber of the dive vessel Trieste , the first vessel to take humans to the deepest known point in the oceans, accomplished in 1960. This was a heavy duty replacement for the original pressure sphere (made in Italy by Acciaierie Terni) and was manufactured in three finely machined sections: an equatorial ring and two hemispherical caps. The sphere weighed 13 tonnes in air (eight tonnes in water) with walls that were 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in) thick. Krupp Steel Works

1040-646: The Nazi war effort . Despite being sentenced to imprisonment for twelve years, he served just three and was pardoned (but not acquitted) by John J. McCloy . As a result of this pardon, all of Krupp's holdings were restored. In the years following the Third Reich's collapse, Krupp rose once again to become one of the wealthiest companies in Europe. However, this growth did not last indefinitely. In 1967, an economic recession resulted in significant financial losses for

1092-852: The Russians recalled all their officers which left the Bulgarian army virtually leaderless above the rank of captain. The Bulgarian army concentrated their limited forces in Eastern Rumelia, expecting an Ottoman attack that never materialised. The actual threat came from the west in the shape of King Milan's Serbia. Bulgarian unification upset the balance of power in the Balkans and Milan demanded compensation. The Bulgarian field army in 1885 consisted of just under 30,000 men organised into 8 three-battalion infantry regiments (700 men each), 9 squadrons of cavalry and 12 eight-gun batteries. In addition,

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1144-624: The United States and to cap the Chrysler Building . After the Nazis seized power in Germany , Krupp supported the regime and was one of many German businesses that profited from slave labor during World War II . Upon the war's end, the head of the company, Alfried Krupp , was tried and convicted as a war criminal for employing prisoners of war, foreign civilians and concentration camp inmates under inhumane conditions in support of

1196-407: The bid was abandoned after resistance from Thyssen management and protests by its workers. Nevertheless, Thyssen agreed to merge the two firms' flat steel operations, and Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG was created in 1997 as a jointly owned subsidiary (60% by Thyssen and 40% by Krupp). About 6,300 workers were laid off. Later that year, Krupp and Thyssen announced a full merger, which was completed in 1999 with

1248-476: The biggest artillery pieces ever fielded by an army during wartime, and weighed almost 1,344 tons. They could fire a 7-ton shell over a distance of 37 kilometers. More crucial to the operations of the German military was Krupp's development of the famed 88 mm anti-aircraft cannon which found use as a notoriously effective anti-tank gun. In an address to the Hitler Youth , Adolf Hitler stated "In our eyes,

1300-446: The business. In 1992, the company went public for the first time upon merging with Hoesch AG . In 1999, it merged with Thyssen AG to form the industrial conglomerate ThyssenKrupp AG . Controversy has not eluded the Krupp company. Being a major weapons supplier to multiple sides throughout various conflicts, it was sometimes blamed for the wars themselves or the degree of carnage that ensued. Friedrich Krupp (1787–1826) launched

1352-419: The company had a steelmaking capacity of around eight million metric tons and sales of about 28 billion DM (US$ 18.9 billion). The new Krupp had six divisions: steel, engineering, plant construction, automotive supplies, trade, and services. After two years of heavy losses, a modest net profit of 40 million DM (US$ 29.2 million) followed in 1994. In 1997 Krupp attempted a hostile takeover of the larger Thyssen, but

1404-416: The entire floors of these lavatories. The Tatars and Kirghiz suffered most; they collapsed like flies [from] bad housing, the poor quality and insufficient quantity of food, overwork and insufficient rest...Countless fleas, bugs and other vermin tortured the inhabitants of these camps..." The survivors finally returned home in the summer of 1945 after their liberation by the allied armies. Krupp industries

1456-595: The family's metal-based activities, building a pioneering steel foundry in Essen in 1811. After his death, his sons Alfred and an unidentified brother operated the business in partnership with their mother. An account cited that, on his deathbed, the elder Krupp confided to Alfred, who was then 14 years old, the secret of steel casting. In 1848, Alfred became the sole owner of the foundry. This next generation Krupp (1812–87), known as "the Cannon King" or as "Alfred

1508-552: The firm. In 1968, the company became an Aktiengesellschaft and ownership was transferred to the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation . In 1999, the Krupp Group merged with its largest competitor, Thyssen AG ; the combined company— ThyssenKrupp , became Germany's fifth-largest firm and one of the largest steel producers in the world. In the early 1980s, the company spun off all its operating activities and

1560-489: The first line of the Eastern Rumelia militia had been mobilised consisting of 12 infantry battalions, 2 squadrons of cavalry, and 4 guns. During the war the second ban of the Eastern Rumelia militia was mobilised (12 battalions) along with the Bulgarian second ban (8 battalions) and as many as 20 volunteer battalions, 3 Macedonian battalions, and some 6,000 Muslim volunteers. The army was short of senior officers. Confident of an easy victory and to some extent recognising that

1612-439: The formation of ThyssenKrupp AG. Cromme and Ekkehard Schulz were named co-chief executives of the new company, operating worldwide in three main business areas: steel, capital goods (elevators and industrial equipment), and services (specialty materials, environmental services, mechanical engineering, and scaffolding services). The unexpected victory of Prussia over France (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) demonstrated

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1664-648: The giant Krupp steel works in Essen . Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings, and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasantness of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. In an affidavit provided at the Nuremberg Trials following the war, Dr. Wilhelm Jaeger, the senior doctor for the Krupp slaves, wrote: Sanitary conditions were atrocious. At Kramerplatz only ten children's toilets were available for 1200 inhabitants...Excretion contaminated

1716-495: The late 1880s the manufacture of armaments represented around 50% of Krupp's total output. When Alfred Krupp started with the firm, it had five employees. At his death twenty thousand people worked for Krupp—making it the world's largest industrial company and the largest private company in the German empire . Krupp's had a Great Krupp Building with an exhibition of guns at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. In

1768-483: The majority of rail to the new continental railway system. "Nearly all railroads were using Krupp rails, the New York Central , Illinois Central , Delaware and Hudson , Maine Central , Lake Shore and Michigan Southern , Bangor and Aroostook , Great Northern , Boston and Albany , Florida and East Coast , Texas and Pacific , Southern Pacific , and Mexican National ." In 1893, a mechanical engineer by

1820-456: The name of Rudolf Diesel approached Gustav with a patent for a "new kind of internal combustion engine employing autoignition of the fuel". He also included his text " Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors ". Four years later, the first 3- horsepower diesel engine was produced. The common English pronunciations are / k r ʊ p / or / k r ʌ p / . The common German pronunciations are [kʁʊp] or [kɾʊp] . Thus

1872-447: The north continued the siege of Vidin until 29 November. The main Bulgarian army crossed the border in two strong divisions (Guchev and Nikolaev) supported by flanking columns and converged on Pirot . The Serbian army dug in on the heights west of the town. On 27 November the Bulgarian army flanked the right of the Serbian position with Prince Alexander personally leading the final attack. The Serbians were defeated and fled to Niš. On

1924-404: The one limited railway line. One infantry regiment marched 95 km in 32 hours. The light Bulgarian forces on the Serbian border succeeded in slowing the Serbian advance in mountainous terrain which favoured the defence. Gradually reinforcements arrived at the previously prepared defensive position at Slivnitsa, 30 km north-west of Sofia. Alexander arrived on the evening of the 16th to find

1976-479: The problem and constructed a Bessemer plant called C&T Steel. Unusual for the era, he provided social services for his workers, including subsidized housing and health and retirement benefits. The company began to make steel cannons in the 1840s—especially for the Russian, Turkish, and Prussian armies. Low non-military demand and government subsidies meant that the company specialized more and more in weapons: by

2028-523: The reunification of their country. Political changes in 1883 caused a cooling in relations between Bulgaria and their protector Russia, who now opposed reunification. In September 1885 a rebellion broke out in Eastern Rumelia . Alexander was placed in a difficult position. Russian opposition if he supported the revolt, or the loss of his throne unless he retained leadership of the Bulgarian national movement. He decided to keep his throne. In response

2080-467: The south and the southwest of Slivnitsa. The mountain's highest peak is named Mechi Kamak (Мечи камък, "Bear's Stone") and is 1,077 m high. Viskyar is rich in archeological and historical remains. Important strategic and commercial roads, connecting the southern end of the Balkan peninsula with the Danube River and Western Europe , have passed through these lands since Antiquity. An interesting sight

2132-469: The superiority of breech-loaded steel cannon over muzzle-loaded brass. Krupp artillery was a significant factor at the battles of Wissembourg and Gravelotte , and was used during the siege of Paris. Krupp's anti-balloon guns were the first anti-aircraft guns. Prussia fortified the major North German ports with batteries that could hit French ships from a distance of 4,000 yd (3.7 km; 2.3 mi), inhibiting invasion. Krupp's construction of

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2184-494: The thousands, as detailed in the book The Arms of Krupp . Nazi Germany kept two million French POWs captured in 1940 as forced laborers throughout the war. They added compulsory (and volunteer) workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government of France to deport workers to Germany, where they constituted 15% of the labor force by August 1944. The largest number worked in

2236-407: The war was not popular in Serbia, Milan only mobilised the active (first ban) army. This gave a field army of 5 divisions consisting of 80 battalions (700 men each), 21 cavalry squadrons and 46 batteries: a total of 70,000 men and 264 guns. In fact, only 49 battalions and 23 batteries were ready for the invasion, the rest, along with elements of the second ban, only became available in the last stage of

2288-607: The war. A key weakness was the limited number of modern Krupp and du Bange guns. Serbia declared war on 13 November 1885 and crossed the lightly defended north-western border in three columns. The main army advanced in the centre (Šumadija, Danube and Drina divisions). To the south went the Morava division and to the north the Timok division. The plan was to break through the Bulgarian defences and concentrate four divisions before Sofia. In response Alexander had to move his army from Eastern Rumelia to Sofia by all means available including

2340-498: The weaker left flank of the Bulgarian line. Just in time two battalions of the Preslav Regiment arrived to shore up the position. Further attacks in the centre were repulsed with heavy Serbian casualties and Benderev captured two further positions in the mountains. On the 19th the Serbians concentrated two divisions for an attack on the Bulgarian left near Karnul (today Delyan, Sofia Province ) in an attempt to join up with

2392-464: Was prosecuted after the end of war for its support to the Nazi regime and use of forced labour. Krupp's trucks were once again produced after the war, but so as to minimize the negative wartime connotations of the Krupp name they were sold as " Südwerke " trucks from 1946 until 1954, when the Krupp name was considered rehabilitated. Krupp also used the name "Mustang" for some of their products, causing

2444-471: Was Turkey, which purchased 3,943 Krupp guns of various types between 1854 and 1912. The second-largest customer in the Balkans was Romania, which purchased 1,450 guns in the same period, while Bulgaria purchased 517 pieces, Greece 356, Austria-Hungary 298, Montenegro 25, and Serbia just 6 guns. Krupp produced most of the artillery of the Imperial German Army, including its heavy siege guns:

2496-410: Was a German decoy-site of the Krupp steel works in Essen . During World War II, it was designed to divert Allied airstrikes from the actual production site of the arms factory. Krupp Industries employed workers conscripted by the Nazi regime from across Europe. These workers were initially paid, but as Nazi fortunes declined they were kept as slave workers . They were abused, beaten, and starved by

2548-476: Was also contracted in the mid-1960s to construct the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope , which, from 1972 to 2000 was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. Krupp was the first company to patent a seamless, reliable and strong enough railway tyre for rail freight. Krupp received original contracts in the United States and enjoyed a period of technological superiority while also contributing

2600-899: Was deposed by the Russophile officers in August 1886. This article plus maps was also published in The Foreign Correspondent, the journal of the Continental Wars Society. Krupp Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp (formerly Fried. Krupp AG and Friedrich Krupp GmbH ) trading as Krupp , was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century as well as Germany 's premier weapons manufacturer during both world wars . It produced battleships , U-boats , tanks , howitzers , guns , utilities, and hundreds of other commodities. The company also produced steel used to build railroads in

2652-449: Was restructured as a holding company. VDM Nickel-Technologie was bought in 1989, for high-performance materials, mechanical engineering and electronics. That year, Gerhard Cromme became chairman and chief executive of Krupp. After its hostile takeover of rival steelmaker Hoesch AG in 1990–1991, the companies were merged in 1992 as "Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch Krupp," under Cromme. After closing one main steel plant and laying off 20,000 employees,

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2704-620: Was senile and incapable of standing trial, and the Nuremberg Military Tribunal convicted Alfried as a war criminal in the Krupp Trial for "plunder" and for his company's use of slave labor . It sentenced him to 12 years in prison and ordered him to sell 75% of his holdings. In 1951, as the Cold War developed and no buyer came forward, the U.S. occupation authorities released him, and in 1953 he resumed control of

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