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68-733: Since the unanimous acceptance of the Union of Uzhhorod on the territory that includes present day eastern Slovakia in 1646, the history of the Slovak Greek Catholic Church was intertwined with that of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church for a period of several centuries. At the end of World War I , most Greek Catholic Ruthenians and Slovaks were included within the territory of Czechoslovakia , including two eparchies , Prešov and Mukačevo . The eparchy of Prešov, created on September 22, 1818,

136-834: A distinct language (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian . In the English language , the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO . Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene ( UK : / r ʊ ˈ θ iː n / RUUTH -een , US : / r uː ˈ θ iː n / ROO -theen ), that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene. Within

204-663: A document had been signed, and even whether the Union of Uzhhorod had even transpired at all. While the Union was later approved in 1648 by the Synod in Tyrnov , the Vatican did not ratify these conditions at that time because Parfenii Petrovich was an Orthodox bishop. Only in 1655, when Rome made Parfenii its Bishop of Munkács ( Mukachevo ) did the Union extend to the East. The new church

272-418: A line along the towns and villages of Osadne , Hostovice , Parihuzovce , Čukalovce , Pcoline , Pichne , Nechvalova Polianka , Zubne , Nizna Jablonka , Vysna Jablonka , Svetlice , and Zbojne ). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide

340-442: A more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc. S. M. Pugh, The Rusyn Language, 2009 The Niagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758,

408-631: A second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language. Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize

476-494: A separate language altogether. In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ Slovak : východoslovenský , Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски , lit.   'East Slovak' ], ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])." The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from

544-427: A seven-case system of nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental , and vocative cases. One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types. While there are no suffixes specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates , the form of the accusative case copies that of

612-592: A structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive. Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka , a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet. In Poland, a standard Lemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary, Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego , 'Grammar of the Lemko Language'; ( Rusyn : Ґраматыка лемківского языка , romanized:  Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka ),

680-595: A union with the Catholich Church, though this never formally materialized. A second attempt in Hungary in the 1630s under also failed , though Tarasovych personally accepted union in May, 1642 at Laxenburg , Austria before Emperor Ferdinand II and Bishop György Lappay . Finally, in April 1646, Bishop Petro Parfenii was able to convene a meeting of 63 (out of a few hundred) priests who would pledge their allegiance to

748-615: Is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns . After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary (1918), the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at

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816-402: Is Ukrainian itself ... It was not recognized by ... the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment ... leading to a continued perception ... that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian ... Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars ... to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian ... The desire to see

884-571: Is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko , and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with

952-531: Is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe , and written in the Cyrillic script . The majority of speakers live in an area known as Carpathian Ruthenia that spans from Transcarpathia , westward into eastern Slovakia and south-east Poland. There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina , Serbia , as well as a Rusyn diaspora throughout

1020-423: Is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century. By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion". The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under

1088-427: Is only a single sheet of paper, front and back. The front of the page consists of a half-page of Latin text, detailing the terms of Union, and a half-page of signatures from various priests; the back of the page solely includes further signatures. — Union of Uzhhorod, 1646 As of 2016, it was unknown whether the document of the Union found was the only copy, or if there were originally multiple. As of 2016,

1156-556: Is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic furvor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around Uzhhorod , Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard. In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995 when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová. Its namesakes are both

1224-471: The Budapest University . By the end of 1919, the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters. In March 1939,

1292-635: The Drugeth family " sought to expand the reach of the Roman Catholic Church. These forces culminated in several attempts to implement church union. First, in 1614, 50 priests convened at the Krasny Brod Monastery with this intent, but a crowd of Orthodox protested and dispersed the group. Later that same year, Bishop Vasyl Tarasovych traveled to Munkacs (then within the neighboring Principality of Transylvania) to announce

1360-559: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011), Croatia (1997), Hungary (1998), Romania (2008), Poland (as Lemko, 2009), Serbia (2006), and Slovakia (2002). It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has assigned

1428-416: The ISO 639-3 code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn. On January 20, 2022, the ISO 639-3 identifier, rsk , and language names, Rusyn and Ruthenian , were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO . The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists (including Aleksandr Dulichenko ) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from Carpathian Rusyn and to issue it

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1496-530: The Prague Spring in 1968, the former Greek Catholic parishes were allowed to restore communion with Rome. Of the 292 parishes involved, 205 voted in favor. This was one of the few reforms by Dubček that survived the Soviet invasion the same year. However, most of their church buildings remained in the hands of Orthodox Church. After communism was overthrown in the 1989 Velvet Revolution , Church property

1564-530: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language. Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now

1632-633: The 16th century, when Hungary implemented proprietary serfdom, Orthodox clergy were enserfed along with peasants, while Catholic clergy were exempt. Even the Bishop of Mukachevo was at the mercy of the Hungarian lords. As Orthodox clergy, their status became that of vassals with requisite feudal duties. To improve their conditions, some Orthodox priests wished to form a new church under the Catholic church. Simultaneously, "Roman Catholic magnates lead by

1700-421: The 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, Myxajlo Lučkaj 's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena , of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on

1768-403: The 2007 Annuario Pontificio indicated that it had by then grown to having 177,704 faithful, 37 priests and 25 parishes. In Slovakia itself, Pope John Paul II created an Apostolic Exarchate of Košice in 1997. Pope Benedict XVI raised this to the level of an Eparchy on January 30, 2008 and at the same time erected the new Byzantine-rite Eparchy of Bratislava . He also raised Prešov to

1836-605: The Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language. These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia , enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of

1904-562: The Orthodox Eparchy of Munkács : the eastern counties within the Eparchy were subjects of the anti-Catholic, Calvinist Principality of Transylvania , and outside the reach of Habsburg control. Consequently, Bereg, Ugocsa, and Maramorosh counties would go on to practice Orthodox Christianity for almost a century. Some priests in the eastern counties of Bereg and Maramaros remained Orthodox until 1745. Thus, from 1646 until 1721, when

1972-596: The Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow. But in the late 1980s the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church was finally re-established in Transcarpathia, following the easing of Soviet religious persecution. An original copy of the Union was discovered in May 2016, a half page in length followed by a page and a half of signatures of the local priests seeking full communion with

2040-543: The Pope of Rome. On April 24, 1646, the 63 priests from Drugeth-owned estates convened at Uzhhorod Castle on invitation from Count György Drugeth himself. The half-page document (and page-and-a-half of signatures) produced that day in the presence of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Eger György Jakusics came to be known as the Union of Uzhhorod . Surprisingly, it did not discuss the actual conditions of

2108-443: The Rusyn community, the language is also referred to as руснацькый язык , rusnac'kyj jazyk , 'Rusnak language', or simply referred to as speaking our way ( Carpathian Rusyn : по-нашому , romanized:  po-nashomu ). The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding

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2176-578: The Union (like later, related documents), but rather functioned to document the incardination into the Roman Catholic Church of the clergy present. In any case, the 1646 document initiated the process of union between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eparchy of Munkács (though this process was not wholly complete until the mid-18th century), essentially forming the foundation of the modern Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church . Initially,

2244-454: The Union only included lands owned or administered by the noble Drugeth family; essentially, most of the modern-day Presov Region and part of Zakarpattia Oblast : Abov County , Gömör County , Sáros County , Szepes County , Torna County , northern Zemplén County , parts of Ung County , and the city of Uzhhorod itself. Though seemingly substantial, the 63 signatories of the Union effectively made up about only ten percent of all priests in

2312-553: The above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar. It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik. The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary. One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity ... A good example

2380-422: The beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in

2448-521: The city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia. Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically:

2516-645: The classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the Kingdom of Hungary , and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . From those questions, three main theories emerged: In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities,

2584-443: The coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak . Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone

2652-609: The country in April 1950, a "synod" was convoked at Prešov, at which five priests and a number of laymen signed a document declaring that the union with Rome was disbanded and asking to be received into the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate , later the Orthodox Church of Czechoslovakia. Greek Catholic bishop Blessed Pavel Petro Gojdič of Prešov along with his auxiliary, Blessed Basil Hopko , were imprisoned and bishop Gojdič died in prison in 1960. During

2720-464: The direction of bishop of Mukachevo , Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students. Later, in 1767 Maria Theresa 's Urbarium

2788-538: The document are similar those of the 1596 Union of Brest from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . As outlined initially, the Union only concerned the manorial estates of the Drugeth family of Royal Hungary. However, it eventually grew to govern Eastern Catholics throughout Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania through subsequent agreements. The modern result of this union is the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church . The document discovered in 2016

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2856-624: The document was located in the Drugeth of Humenné Collection in the state archive in Prešov. Originally, the document was part of the Drugeth family private archives located in Humenné , Slovakia . Somewhat miraculously, the document survived multiple relocations during the World Wars and a fire in 1947 before being transferred to state institutions, under which it was moved to Levoča in 1952, and finally Prešov in 1957. The Union of Uzhhorod

2924-473: The entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language ( German : ruthenische Sprache , Hungarian : Rutén nyelv ), an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918. In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and

2992-717: The first "united" parishes within Royal Hungary. On the Hungarian side of the Carpathian Mountains , as on the Polish side, the Orthodox Church had been the only church for the more than 600 years since Eastern Christians Slavs had first arrived in the Carpathians. However, under the governance of the Kingdom of Hungary (and later the Habsburg monarchy ), Orthodox clergy saw their status slowly erode. In

3060-569: The first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners). Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the Prešov Literary Society , in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue

3128-590: The genitive case. As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances. Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs ). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types". This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я ( soft ) in

3196-422: The inhabitants speak Rusyn. Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014. Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by

3264-475: The last Orthodox priests in the western counties accepted the Union, the Rusyns had two bishops, a new Greek Catholic bishop and the original Orthodox bishop. Sometime after its creation at least one copy of the Union entered the Drugeth family private archives located in Humenné, Slovakia, where it was ultimately forgotten. Until it was rediscovered in 2016, academics had debated the actual date of union, whether

3332-857: The level of a metropolitan see, constituting the Slovak Greek Catholic Church as a sui iuris metropolitan Church. Slovakia: In the United States and Canada , the Slovak Greek Catholics fall under the jurisdiction of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church , with the Exarchate of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto for Slovak Greek Catholics reduced from an eparchy and transferred to Ruthenian authority in 2022. 48°59′39″N 21°14′36″E  /  48.9942°N 21.2432°E  / 48.9942; 21.2432 Union of Uzhhorod The Union of Uzhhorod ( Rusyn : Ужгородьска унія , romanized:  Uzhhorodska uniia ),

3400-661: The local Catholic Church. The Union is again documented in a petition dated January 16, 1652 in which six archdeans petition Vatican to confirm Petro Parfenii as the bishop of Munkács (Mukachevo) . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Ruthenians ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Rusyn language Rusyn ( / ˈ r uː s ɪ n / ROO -sin ; Carpathian Rusyn : русиньскый язык , romanized:  rusîn'skyj jazyk ; Pannonian Rusyn : руски язик , romanized:  ruski jazik )

3468-639: The new ISO 639-3 identifier, Ruthenian language (with the additional name, Rusnak ). This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue , and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language ( Carpathian Rusyn ) and the South Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in January 2020, ISO authorities rejected

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3536-480: The nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm. It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as

3604-582: The northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ ʃʲʃʲ ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ ʃʲ ]. Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number , gender , and case . Like English , only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and plural . And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses

3672-589: The pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat' ); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Misplaced Pages, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Misplaced Pages (although parts of the articles are written using other standards). Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or

3740-446: The proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis , 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in his Praefatio ), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor. In 1847, Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published

3808-536: The region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho-Ukraine , but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the Soviet Union , and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR , which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language

3876-497: The request. As explained earlier, term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak , also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus'). The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen. A soft consonant combination sound [ ʃʲt͡ʃʲ ] exists more among

3944-899: The second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn . Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in: Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina (in Serbia ), and in a nearby region of Slavonia (in Croatia ). The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South-Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia , forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia . As with any language, all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology , morphology , and syntax , and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The continuum of Rusyn

4012-433: The world. Per the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Hungary , Romania , Poland (as Lemko), Serbia , and Slovakia . The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy. Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as

4080-662: Was a decision by 63 Ruthenian priests of the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo (then divided between the Principality of Transylvania and Royal Hungary of the Habsburg monarchy ) to join the Catholic Church made on April 24, 1646. Until rediscovery of its founding document in 2016, academics had debated the actual date of union, whether a document had been signed, and even whether the Union of Uzhhorod had even transpired at all. The terms outlined within

4148-409: Was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies, using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions ( Operation Vistula ), and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school. During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia . After

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4216-467: Was given greater material assistance from the Habsburg monarchy while still being allowed to preserve their Eastern Rite traditions, including married priests. Furthermore, the new " Uniate " priests would be elevated to the status of Roman Catholic clergy, and they were given the right to choose their own bishop, subject to the approval of Rome. In 1949, Soviet authorities "revoked" the Union, creating

4284-629: Was gradually returned to the Slovak Greek Catholic Church. This process was almost completed by 1993, the year after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia . For Greek Catholics in the Czech Republic, a separate Apostolic Vicariate was created, elevated in 1996 to an exarchate thus forming the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic (now considered part of Ruthenian Catholic Church );

4352-416: Was not the first union between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox clergy. It was preceded by the 1595 Union of Brest in the Kingdom of Poland . In fact, several parishes of northeastern Hungary fell under the jurisdiction of the historic Eparchy of Przemyśl and so when Bishop Athanasius Krupecki of Przemyśl brought news of the Union to the region, he subsequently began administration of

4420-409: Was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and Henryk Fontański  [ pl ; rue ] , with a second edition issued in 2004. In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка , Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka , serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with

4488-559: Was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages, including Rusyn. Finally, under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi 's tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of Ioann Kutka 's primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic . By

4556-754: Was removed in 1937 from the jurisdiction of the Hungarian primate and subjected directly to the Holy See , while the 21 parishes of the eparchy of Prešov that were in Hungary were formed into the new exarchate of Miskolc . After World War II , the eparchy of Mukačevo in Transcarpathia was annexed by the Soviet Union , thus the eparchy of Prešov included all the Greek Catholics that remained in Czechoslovakia. After communists seized

4624-475: Was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)." Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij Vyslockij ( Karpatorusskij bukvar' ), Vanja Hunjanky (1931), Metodyj Trochanovskij (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol ; 1935), and Ivan Harajda (1941). Harajda's grammar

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