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73-785: SpaceX Crew-1 (was also known as USCV-1 or simply Crew-1 ) was the first operational crewed flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the maiden flight of the Crew Dragon Resilience spacecraft. It was also the second crewed orbital flight launch by the United States since that of STS-135 in July 2011. Resilience launched on 16 November 2020 at 00:27:17 UTC on a Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A), carrying NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins , Victor Glover and Shannon Walker , along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi , all members of

146-541: A Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket, and the capsule returns to Earth through splashdown . Crew Dragon's primary role is to transport crews to and from the ISS under NASA's Commercial Crew Program , a task handled by the Space Shuttle until it was retired in 2011. It will be joined by Boeing's Starliner in this role when NASA certifies it. Crew Dragon is also used for commercial flights to ISS and other destinations, and

219-461: A CDR: A PRR is held for Flight System and Ground Support projects developing or acquiring multiple or similar systems greater than three or as determined by the project. The PRR determines the readiness of the system developers to efficiently produce the required number of systems. It ensures that the production plans; fabrication, assembly, and integration enabling products; and personnel are in place and ready to begin production. A TRR ensures that

292-505: A Crew Dragon in 2022. In October 2021, Space Adventures stated that the contract had expired and would not be executed, but left open the possibility of a partnership with SpaceX in the future. SpaceX planned a series of four flight tests for the Crew Dragon: a pad abort test, an uncrewed orbital flight to the ISS, an in-flight abort test, and finally, a crewed flight to the ISS, which was initially planned for July 2019, but after

365-466: A Dragon capsule explosion, was delayed to May 2020. The pad abort test was conducted successfully on 6 May 2015 at SpaceX's leased SLC-40 launch site. Dragon landed safely in the ocean to the east of the launchpad 99 seconds after ignition of the SuperDraco engines. While a flight-like Dragon 2 and trunk were used for the pad abort test, they rested atop a truss structure for the test rather than

438-574: A NASA Gulfstream jet on 8 November 2020 at 13:53 UTC. A Flight Readiness Review (FRR) convened by NASA officials was scheduled on 10 November 2020 to discuss unresolved technical issues, review the status of launch preparations, and give approval for teams to proceed with the Crew-1 mission. NASA officials gave approval on 10 November 2020 for SpaceX to begin regular crew rotation flights to the International Space Station, signaling

511-427: A PDR: The CDR demonstrates that the maturity of the design is appropriate to support proceeding with full-scale fabrication, assembly, integration, and test. CDR determines that the technical effort is on track to complete the flight and ground system development and mission operations, meeting mission performance requirements within the identified cost and schedule constraints. The following are typical objectives of

584-647: A custom-fitted space suit that provides cooling inside inside the Dragon (IVA type suit) but can also protect its wearer in a rapid cabin depressurization . For the Demo-1 mission, a test dummy was fitted with the spacesuit and sensors. The spacesuit is made from Nomex , a fire-retardant fabric similar to Kevlar . The spacecraft's design was unveiled on 29 May 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California . In October 2014, NASA selected

657-429: A departure from the prior NASA practice, where construction contracts with commercial firms led to direct NASA operation of the spacecraft, NASA is purchasing space transport services from SpaceX, including construction, launch, and operation of the Dragon 2. In August 2018, NASA and SpaceX agreed on the loading procedures for propellants , vehicle fluids and crew. High-pressure helium will be loaded first, followed by

730-422: A dragon all the way up ... a little bit less g's [than the Space Shuttle ] but more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it". Regarding descent in the spacecraft, Behnken stated, "Once we descended a little bit into the atmosphere, Dragon really came alive. It started to fire thrusters and keep us pointed in the appropriate direction. The atmosphere starts to make noise—you can hear that rumble outside

803-488: A flight representative capsule rather than the test article from the pad abort test. This test was previously planned to use the capsule C204 from Demo-1, however, C204 was destroyed in an explosion during a static fire testing on 20 April 2019. Capsule C205 , originally planned for Demo-2 was used for the In-Flight Abort Test with C206 being planned for use during Demo-2. This was the final flight test of

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876-422: A full Falcon 9 rocket. A crash test dummy embedded with a suite of sensors was placed inside the test vehicle to record acceleration loads and forces at the crew seat, while the remaining six seats were loaded with weights to simulate full-passenger-load weight. The test objective was to demonstrate sufficient total impulse , thrust and controllability to conduct a safe pad abort. A fuel mixture ratio issue

949-521: A half-day powerpoint with content determined by the Project Manager with attendance limited to high-level (non-technical) stakeholders with no output other than the PM being able to claim "SRR done". Some of the reviews that may be done on an effort include: The MCR affirms the mission need and examines the proposed mission's objectives and the concept for meeting those objectives. The SRR examines

1022-529: A new expendable trunk for each flight. SpaceX's CCtCap contract values each seat on a Crew Dragon flight to be around US$ 88 million, while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's Office of Inspector General (OIG) to be around US$ 55 million. This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of US$ 76 million per seat for NASA astronauts. Dragon 2 was intended from the earliest design concept to carry crew, or with fewer seats, both crew and cargo. The cargo version, dubbed Cargo Dragon , became

1095-525: A reality after 2014, when NASA sought bids on a second round of multi-year contracts to bring cargo to the ISS in 2020 through 2024. In January 2016, SpaceX won contracts for six of these flights, dubbed CRS-2 . As of April 2024 , Cargo Dragon has completed nine missions to and from the ISS with six more planned. Cargo Dragons lack several features of the crewed variant, including seats, cockpit controls, astronaut life support systems, and SuperDraco abort engines. Cargo Dragon improves on many aspects of

1168-484: A remote area of the southern Pacific Ocean. The vehicle will attach to the ISS using one of the Cargo Dragon vehicles, which will be paired with a longer trunk module equipped with 46 Draco thrusters (instead of the normal 16) and will carry 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) of propellant, nearly six times the normal load. NASA plans to launch the deorbit vehicle in 2030 where it will remain attached, dormant, for about

1241-495: A separation and abort scenario in the troposphere at transonic velocities shortly after passing through max Q , where the vehicle experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The Dragon 2 used its SuperDraco abort engines to push itself away from the Falcon 9 after an intentional premature engine cutoff, after which the Falcon was destroyed by aerodynamic forces. The Dragon followed its suborbital trajectory to apogee, at which point

1314-515: A transition from development to operations for the human-rated Crew Dragon spacecraft. The launch vehicle was lifted to its vertical position on the pad for a test firing of its Merlin-1D main engines on 11 November 2020 at 20:49 UTC. A dry dress rehearsal (DDR) on 12 November 2020 saw the crew put on their pressure suits and climb into Resilience . SpaceX ran a launch readiness review (LRR) on 13 November 2020. On 15 November 2020, final pre-launch preparations were completed. The hatch of Resilience

1387-483: A year as the station's orbit naturally decays to 220 km (140 mi). The spacecraft is to then conduct one or more orientation burns to lower the perigee to 150 km (93 mi), followed by a final deorbiting burn. In June 2024, NASA awarded a contract worth up to $ 843 million to SpaceX to build the deorbit vehicle as it works to secure funding. SpaceX, which aims to dramatically lower space transportation costs, designed Dragon 2 to be reused, not discarded as

1460-578: Is a class of partially reusable spacecraft developed, manufactured, and operated by American space company SpaceX for flights to the International Space Station (ISS) and private spaceflight missions. The spacecraft, which consists of a reusable space capsule and an expendable trunk module , has two variants: the 4-person Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon , a replacement for the Dragon 1 cargo capsule. The spacecraft launches atop

1533-439: Is described as "documented, comprehensive, systematic examination of the design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems". The FDA also specifies that a design review should include an independent reviewer . The list of reviews done by an effort and the content, nature, process, and objectives any review uses vary enormously by

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1606-544: Is expected to be used to transport people to and from Axiom Space 's planned space station . Cargo Dragon brings cargo to the ISS under a Commercial Resupply Services-2 contract with NASA , a duty it shares with Northrop Grumman 's Cygnus spacecraft. As of November 2024, it is the only reusable orbital cargo spacecraft in operation, though it may eventually be joined by Sierra Nevada Corporation 's under-development Dream Chaser spaceplane. There are two variants of Dragon 2: Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon. Crew Dragon

1679-448: Is typical of spacecraft. It is composed of a reusable capsule and a disposable trunk. SpaceX and NASA initially certified the capsule to be used for five missions. As of March 2024 , they are working to certify it for up to fifteen missions. To maximize cost-effectiveness, SpaceX incorporated several innovative design choices. The Crew Dragon employs eight side-mounted SuperDraco engines for its emergency escape system, eliminating

1752-740: The Expedition 64 crew. The mission was the second overall crewed orbital flight of the Crew Dragon. Crew-1 was the first operational mission to the International Space Station (ISS) in the Commercial Crew Program . Originally designated "USCV-1" by NASA in 2012, the launch date was delayed several times from the original date of November 2016. The mission was scheduled to depart the ISS on 28 April 2021, but due to weather returned to Earth on 2 May 2021. The capsule splashed down at 06:56:33 UTC, to be reused on Inspiration4 . It

1825-656: The International Docking Adapter (IDA) on the Harmony module on 17 November 2020 at 04:01 UTC. Over the course of the mission, the four astronauts lived and worked alongside the three astronauts of the Soyuz MS-17 mission. Together, the two missions form ISS Expedition 64 . Assuming the regular ISS crew rotation schedule is adhered to, the crew transfer to Expedition 65 following the departure of Soyuz MS-17, on 17 April 2021. On 5 April 2021,

1898-756: The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex only allowed a few people to watch the launch in person from the KSC premises. NASA astronauts Michael S. Hopkins and Victor J. Glover were announced as the crew on 3 August 2018. JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi and the third NASA astronaut, Shannon Walker , were added to the crew on 31 March 2020. Crew-1's Falcon 9 launch vehicle arrived at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on 14 July 2020. Crew Dragon capsule C207 arrived at SpaceX processing facilities in Florida, on 18 August 2020. The successful launch of

1971-523: The autonomous spaceport drone ship Just Read the Instructions . The astronauts entered a stable orbit after about nine minutes. For this mission, the crew had chosen a plush toy of " The Child " (also known as "Baby Yoda") from The Mandalorian as a Zero-G indicator. The crew were awakened on the second day of the flight with Phil Collins 's " In the Air Tonight ". Resilience docked to

2044-464: The functional requirements and performance requirements defined for the system and the preliminary program or project plan and ensures that the requirements and the selected concept will satisfy the mission. The MDR examines the proposed requirements, the mission architecture, and the flow down to all functional elements of the mission to ensure that the overall concept is complete, feasible, and consistent with available resources. The SDR examines

2117-468: The original Dragon design, including the recovery and refurbishment process. Since 2021, Cargo Dragon has been able to provide power to some payloads, saving space in the ISS and eliminating the time needed to move the payloads and set them up inside. This feature, announced on 29 August 2021 during the CRS-23 launch, is called Extend-the-Lab. "For CRS-23 there are 3 Extend-the-Lab payloads launching with

2190-521: The test article (hardware/software), test facility, support personnel, and test procedures are ready for testing and data acquisition, reduction, and control. This is not a prerequisite for Key Decision Point entry. The SAR verifies the completeness of the specific end products in relation to their expected maturity level and assesses compliance to stakeholder expectations. The SAR examines the system, its end products and documentation, and test data and analyses that support verification. It also ensures that

2263-425: The Crew Dragon, above the two center seats (occupied by the commander and pilot), there is a three-screen control panel. Below the seats is the cargo pallet, where around 230 kilograms (500 lb) of items can be stowed. The capsule’s ceiling includes a small space toilet (with privacy curtain), and an International Docking System Standard (IDSS) port. For private spaceflight missions not requiring ISS docking,

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2336-674: The Crew Dragon. The spacecraft can be operated in full vacuum , and "the crew will wear SpaceX-designed space suits to protect them from a rapid cabin depressurization emergency event". The spacecraft has also been designed to be able to land safely with a leak "of up to an equivalent orifice of 6.35 mm [0.25 in] in diameter". The spacecraft's nose cone protects the docking port and four forward-facing thrusters during ascent and reentry. This component pivots open for in-space operations. Dragon 2's propellant and helium pressurant for emergency abort and orbital maneuvers are stored in composite-carbon-overwrap titanium spherical tanks at

2409-606: The Crew-1 astronauts relocated their spacecraft from Harmony forward to Harmony zenith by using the Draco thrusters that are mounted on the side of Dragon Resilience's trunk, to make way for the arrival and docking of the SpaceX Crew-2 spacecraft, launched on 23 April 2021. In July 2022, it was reported that some of the debris from Crew 1 Dragon crashed into a farm in Australia. SpaceX Dragon 2 Dragon 2

2482-444: The Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to fly American astronauts to the International Space Station, under the Commercial Crew Program . In March 2022, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell told Reuters that "We are finishing our final (capsule), but we still are manufacturing components, because we'll be refurbishing". SpaceX later decided to build a fifth Crew Dragon capsule, to be available by 2024. SpaceX also manufactures

2555-564: The Falcon 9 launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) on 5 November 2020 was a milestone leading up to the Crew-1 mission. Falcon 9 successfully deployed a GPS navigation satellite ( GPS III-04 ) for the United States Space Force (USSF), confirming that engineers had resolved an issue with Merlin 1D engines that delayed the GPS mission and the Crew-1 flight. The crew arrived at Kennedy Space Center via

2628-517: The IDSS port can be replaced with a 1.2-meter (3 ft 11 in) domed plexiglass window offering panoramic views, similar to the ISS Cupola . Additionally, SpaceX has developed a "Skywalker" hatch for missions involving extravehicular activities . The Cargo Dragon is also loaded from the side hatch and has an IDSS port on the ceiling. However, it lacks the control panels, windows, and seats of

2701-533: The ISS for a nominal period of 180 days, but is designed to remain on the station for up to 210 days, matching the Russian Soyuz spacecraft . Crew Dragon includes an integrated pusher launch escape system whose eight SuperDraco engines can pull the capsule away from the launch vehicle in an emergency. SpaceX originally intended to use the SuperDraco engines to land Crew Dragon on land; parachutes and an ocean splashdown were envisioned for use only in

2774-608: The ISS. SpaceX was to receive up to US$ 2.6 billion under this contract to provide development test flights and up to six operational flights. Dragon was the less expensive proposal, but NASA's William H. Gerstenmaier considered the Boeing Starliner proposal the stronger of the two. However, Crew Dragon's first operational flight, SpaceX Crew-1 , was on 16 November 2020 after several test flights, while Starliner suffered multiple problems and delays, with its first operational flight slipping to no earlier than early 2025. In

2847-431: The capsule during reentry. Dragon 2 uses a total of six parachutes (two drogues and four mains) to decelerate after atmospheric entry and before splashdown, compared to the five used by Dragon 1. The additional parachute was required by NASA as a safety measure after a Dragon 1 suffered a parachute malfunction. The company also went through two rounds of parachute development before being certified to fly with crew. In 2024,

2920-412: The capsule's base in an area known as the service section. For launch aborts, the capsule relies on eight SuperDraco engines arranged in four redundant pairs. Each engine generates 71 kN (16,000 lb f ) of thrust. Sixteen smaller Draco thrusters placed around the spacecraft control its attitude and perform orbital maneuvers. When the capsule returns to Earth, a PICA-3 heat shield safeguards

2993-442: The case of an aborted launch. Precision water landing under parachutes was proposed to NASA as "the baseline return and recovery approach for the first few flights" of Crew Dragon. However, propulsive landing was later cancelled, leaving ocean splashdown under parachutes as the only option. In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing space suits to wear during launch and re-entry. Each crew member wears

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3066-530: The entirety the test flight. The same capsule was planned to be re-used in June 2019 for an in-flight abort test before it exploded on 20 April 2019. On 20 April 2019, Crew Dragon  C204 , the capsule used in the Demo-1 mission, was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the Landing Zone 1 facility. On the day of the explosion, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's Draco thrusters

3139-425: The final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135 . The first orbital test of Crew Dragon was an uncrewed mission, commonly called "Demo-1" and launched on 2 March 2019. The spacecraft tested the approach and automated docking procedures with the ISS, remained docked until 8 March 2019, then conducted the full re-entry, splashdown and recovery steps to qualify for a crewed mission. Life-support systems were monitored for

3212-399: The first crewed Crew Dragon Demo-2 to the International Space Station would launch on 27 May 2020. Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley crewed the mission, marking the first crewed launch to the International Space Station from U.S. soil since STS-135 in July 2011. The original launch was postponed to 30 May 2020 due to weather conditions at the launch site. The second launch attempt

3285-499: The first crewed flight launched on 30 May 2020 with the launch of the Demo-2 mission. In June 2019, Bigelow Aerospace announced it had reserved with SpaceX up to four missions of four passengers each to the ISS as early as 2020 and planned to sell them for around US$ 52 million per seat. These plans were cancelled by September 2019. Space Adventures contracted SpaceX for a five-day high elliptic orbit space tourism mission with

3358-422: The mission, and once docked, a 4th which is currently already on the space station will be added to Dragon". For the first time, Dragon Cargo Dragon  C208 performed test reboost of the ISS via its aft-facing Draco thrusters on 8 November 2024 at 17:50 UTC. The US Deorbit Vehicle is a planned Cargo Dragon variant that will be used to deorbit the ISS and direct any remnants into the " spacecraft cemetery ",

3431-481: The most challenging atmospheric conditions of the flight trajectory, imposing the worst structural stress of a real flight on the rocket and spacecraft. The abort test was performed using a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket with a fully fueled second stage with a mass simulator replacing the Merlin engine. Earlier, this test had been scheduled before the uncrewed orbital test, however, SpaceX and NASA considered it safer to use

3504-535: The need for a traditional, disposable escape tower . Furthermore, instead of housing the critical and expensive life support , thruster , and propellant storage systems in a disposable service module , Dragon 2 integrates them within the capsule for reuse. The trunk serves as an adapter between the capsule and the Falcon 9 rocket's second stage and also includes solar panels , a heat-dissipation radiator , and fins to provide aerodynamic stability during emergency aborts. Dragon 2 integrates solar arrays directly into

3577-486: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and their impact on the schedule of ISS crew rotations and cargo delivery missions, and then again because of concerns about an issue with the gas generators on the Merlin 1D engines. On 29 September 2020, mission commander Michael Hopkins revealed during a NASA press conference that the capsule's crew had chosen to name it Resilience . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida ,

3650-434: The organization involved and the particular situation of the effort. For example, even within the U.S. Department of Defense , System Requirements Review cases include, for example, (1) a 5-day perusal of each individual requirement, or (2) a 2-day discussion of development plan documents allowed only after the system requirements have been approved and the development documents reviewed with formal action items required, or (3)

3723-417: The passengers approximately two hours prior to the scheduled launch; the ground crew will then depart the launch pad and move to a safe distance. The launch escape system will be activated approximately 40 minutes prior to launch, with propellant loading commencing several minutes later. The first automated test mission launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on 2 March 2019. After schedule slips,

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3796-501: The proposed system architecture and design and the flow down to all functional elements of the system. The PDR demonstrates that the preliminary design meets all system requirements with acceptable risk and within the cost and schedule constraints and establishes the basis for proceeding with detailed design. It will show that the correct design options have been selected, interfaces have been identified, and verification methods have been described. The following are typical objectives of

3869-521: The release of funding to a project. A design review provides an in-depth assessment by an independent team of discipline experts and managers that the design (or concept) is realistic and attainable from a programmatic and technical sense. Design review is also required of medical device developers as part of a system of design controls described in the US Food and Drug Administration 's governing regulations in 21CFR820. In 21CFR820.3(h), design review

3942-480: The spacecraft before it began carrying astronauts to the International Space Station under NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Prior to the flight test, teams completed launch day procedures for the first crewed flight test, from suit-up to launch pad operations. The joint teams conducted full data reviews that needed to be completed prior to NASA astronauts flying on the system during SpaceX's Demo-2 mission. On 17 April 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced

4015-486: The spacecraft's trunk was jettisoned. The smaller Draco engines were then used to orient the vehicle for the descent. All major functions were executed, including separation, engine firings, parachute deployment, and landing. Dragon 2 splashed down at 15:38:54 UTC just off the Florida coast in the Atlantic Ocean. The test objective was to demonstrate the ability to safely move away from the ascending rocket under

4088-407: The spacecraft, a pilot who serves as backup for both command and operations and two mission specialists who may have specific duties assigned depending on the mission. However, the Crew Dragon can fly missions with just two astronauts as needed, and in an emergency, up to seven astronauts could return to Earth from the ISS on Dragon. On the ground, crews enter the capsule through a side hatch. On

4161-411: The system 100 ms before firing damaged a check valve and resulted in the explosion. SpaceX modified the Dragon 2 replacing check valves with burst discs , which are designed for single use, and the adding of flaps to each SuperDraco to seal the thrusters prior to splashdown, preventing water intrusion. The SuperDraco engine test was repeated on 13 November 2019 with Crew Dragon  C205 . The test

4234-410: The system has sufficient technical maturity to authorize its shipment to the designated operational facility or launch site. The ORR examines the actual system characteristics and the procedures used in the system or end product's operation and ensures that all system and support (flight and ground) hardware, software, personnel, procedures, and user documentation accurately reflect the deployed state of

4307-400: The system. The following are typical objectives of an ORR: The FRR examines tests, demonstrations, analyses, and audits that determine the system's readiness for a safe and successful flight or launch and for subsequent flight operations. It also ensures that all flight and ground hardware, software, personnel, and procedures are operationally ready. The following are typical objectives of

4380-511: The trunk separation but with the parachutes it was a pretty significant jolt". List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Dates are listed in UTC , and for future events, they are the earliest possible opportunities (also known as NET dates) and may change. Design review (U.S. government) In NASA 's engineering design life cycle , design reviews are held for technical and programmatic accountability and to authorize

4453-483: The trunk's structure, replacing the deployable panels of its predecessor, Dragon 1. The trunk can also accommodate unpressurized cargo, such as the Roll Out Solar Array transported to the ISS. The trunk is connected to the capsule using a fitting known as "the claw." The typical Crew Dragon mission includes four astronauts: a commander who leads the mission and has primary responsibility for operating

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4526-544: The use of the SuperDraco thrusters for propulsive landing was enabled again, but only as a back-up for parachute emergencies. Crew Dragon is used by both commercial and government customers. Axiom launches commercial astronauts to the ISS and intends to eventually launch to their own private space station. NASA flights to the ISS have four astronauts, with the added payload mass and volume used to carry pressurized cargo. On 16 September 2014, NASA announced that SpaceX and Boeing had been selected to provide crew transportation to

4599-416: The vehicle. And as the vehicle tries to control, you feel a little bit of that shimmy in your body. ... We could feel those small rolls and pitches and yaws—all those little motions were things we picked up on inside the vehicle. ... All the separation events, from the trunk separation through the parachute firings, were very much like getting hit in the back of the chair with a baseball bat ... pretty light for

4672-615: The way to starting commercial services under an upcoming ISS Crew Transportation Services contract. On 3 August 2018, NASA announced the crew for the DM-2 mission. The crew of two consisted of NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley . Behnken previously flew as mission specialist on the STS-123 and the STS-130 missions. Hurley previously flew as a pilot on the STS-127 mission and on

4745-455: Was closed at 22:32 UTC, but reopened briefly after a slight drop in pressure was detected. Troubleshooting the hatch seal led to discovery of a small amount of foreign object debris (FOD) in the seal. The hatch was then closed again, and mission controllers proceeded with the countdown. No further concerns were noted, and on 16 November 2020 at 00:27:17 UTC, Resilience lifted off successfully. Its Falcon 9 first-stage booster, SN B1061.1, landed on

4818-582: Was detected after the flight in one of the eight SuperDraco engines causing it to under perform, but did not materially affect the flight. On 24 November 2015, SpaceX conducted a test of Dragon 2's hovering abilities at the firm's rocket development facility in McGregor, Texas . In a video, the spacecraft is shown suspended by a hoisting cable and igniting its SuperDraco engines to hover for about 5 seconds, balancing on its 8 engines firing at reduced thrust to compensate exactly for gravity. The test vehicle

4891-591: Was initially announced in November 2012, with a launch date set for November 2016. In April 2013, it was announced that the launch would be delayed by one year to November 2017. It was then delayed into 2019 and 2020, pending the success of the uncrewed and crewed demonstration missions, respectively. Following the Crew Dragon Demonstration Mission 2 , Crew-1 was tentatively scheduled for September 2020; further delays occurred to align with

4964-491: Was initially called "DragonRider" and it was intended from the beginning to support a crew of seven or a combination of crew and cargo. Earlier spacecraft had a berthing port and were berthed to ISS by ISS personnel. Dragon 2 instead has an IDSS -compatible docking port to dock to the International Docking Adapter ports on ISS. It is able to perform fully autonomous rendezvous and docking with manual override ability. For typical missions, Crew Dragon will remain docked to

5037-405: Was successful, showing that the modifications made to the vehicle were successful. Since the destroyed capsule had been slated for use in the upcoming in-flight abort test, the explosion and investigation delayed that test and the subsequent crewed orbital test. The Crew Dragon in-flight abort test was launched on 19 January 2020 at 15:30 UTC from LC-39A on a suborbital trajectory to conduct

5110-450: Was successful, with capsule C206, later named Endeavour by the crew, launching on 30 May 2020 19:22 UTC . The capsule successfully docked with the International Space Station on 31 May 2020 at 14:27 UTC. On 2 August 2020, Crew Dragon undocked and splashed-down successfully in the Atlantic Ocean. Launching in the Dragon 2 spacecraft was described by astronaut Bob Behnken as "smooth off the pad" but "we were definitely driving and riding

5183-464: Was successful, with the anomaly occurring during the test of the SuperDraco abort system. Telemetry, high-speed camera footage, and analysis of recovered debris indicate the problem occurred when a small amount of dinitrogen tetroxide leaked into a helium line used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The leakage apparently occurred during pre-test processing. As a result, the pressurization of

5256-514: Was the first nighttime splashdown for NASA astronauts since Apollo 8 in 1968. On 7 February 2021, the Crew-1 broke the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crewed vehicle, surpassing the 84-day mark set by an Apollo capsule on the final flight to the Skylab ( Skylab-4 ) space station on 8 February 1974. The first operational mission in the Commercial Crew Program , originally designated "USCV-1" (United States Crew Vehicle-mission 1) by NASA,

5329-480: Was the same capsule that performed the pad abort test earlier in 2015; it was nicknamed DragonFly . In 2015, NASA named its first Commercial Crew astronaut cadre of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing – Robert Behnken , Eric Boe , Sunita Williams , and Douglas Hurley . The Demo-1 mission completed the last milestone of the Commercial Crew Development program, paving

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