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55-467: Space For Humanity was launched at Space Frontier's NewSpace 2017 conference with a stated mission to "send 10,000 diverse humans to space within the next ten years and so doing change human perception, democratize space, and improve the state of the World." Space for Humanity’s Alliance Network is a collective of advisors, ambassadors, partners, and their Inclusion Council that have come together to advance

110-670: A World Heritage Site since the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which oversees that program, limits nations to submitting sites within their own borders. An organization called For All Moonkind, Inc. is working to develop enforceable international protocols that will manage the protection and preservation of these and other human heritage sites in outer space. For All Moonkind, Inc. will be basing their new convention on treaties such as UNESCO's World Heritage and Underwater Cultural Heritage acts. Until then, lunar tourism poses

165-635: A government agency , such as NASA or ESA . During the early decades of the Space Age , the government space agencies of the Soviet Union and United States pioneered space technology in collaboration with affiliated design bureaus in the USSR and private companies in the US. They entirely funded both the development of new spaceflight technologies and the operational costs of spaceflight . Following

220-429: A commercial entity. The history of full private space transportation includes early efforts by German company OTRAG in the 20th century. Founded in 1975 as the first private company to attempt to launch a private spacecraft, testing of its OTRAG rocket began in 1977. The history also covers numerous modern orbital and suborbital launch systems in the 21st century. More recent commercial spaceflight projects include

275-508: A component of US space law for over 25 years, and during this time, "has never been invoked in any commercial launch mishap". In 1992, a Resurs-500 capsule containing gifts was launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in a private spaceflight called Europe-America 500 . The flight was conceived by the Russian Foundation for Social Inventions and TsSKB-Progress , a Russian rocket-building company, to increase trade between Russia and

330-550: A few hundred dollars per kilogram as the technology of a second private spaceflight startup of ~2000 comes into service. The first privately funded rocket to reach the boundary of space, the Kármán line , (although not orbit) was Conestoga I , which was launched by Space Services Inc. on a suborbital flight to 309 kilometres (192 mi) altitude on 9 September 1982. In October 1995, their first (and only) attempt at an orbital launch, Conestoga 1620, failed to achieve orbit due to

385-500: A figure notably less than NASA's daily expenses. Initiatives have been announced for the commencement of commercial sub-orbital spaceline services between 2007 and 2009. The initial passenger price estimate stood at approximately $ 200,000, with potential price reductions of over 90% if demand rises significantly. According to a 2004 OECD report, NASA's projections suggest that sub-orbital tourism could generate annual revenues ranging from $ 700 million to as much as $ 4 billion, representing

440-493: A guidance system failure. On April 5, 1990, Orbital Sciences Corporation 's Pegasus , an air launched rocket, was the first launch vehicle fully developed by a private company to reach orbit. In the early 2000s, several public-private corporate partnerships were established in the United States to privately develop spaceflight technology. Several purely private initiatives have shown interest in private endeavors to

495-469: A mission between NASA , SpaceX , and Intuitive Machines . This event marked the first successful landing of a privately owned spacecraft on the Moon and the United States' first lunar landing in over 50 years and the first lander to do so with cryogenic propellants . Today many commercial space transportation companies offer launch services to satellite companies and government space organizations around

550-581: A new clause to NASA's mission statement : Yet one of NASA's early actions was to effectively prevent private space flight through a large amount of regulation. From the beginning, though, this met significant opposition not only by the private sector, but in Congress. In 1962, Congress passed its first law pushing back the prohibition on private involvement in space, the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 . While largely focusing on

605-566: A private company had begun transporting cargo to and from the International Space Station , while a second private company was scheduled to begin making deliveries in 2013, ushering in a time of regular private space cargo delivery to and return from the government-owned space facility in low Earth orbit (LEO). In this new paradigm for LEO cargo transport, the government contracts for and pays for cargo services on substantially privately developed space vehicles rather than

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660-729: A private flight to the Moon, from the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation. On 30 May 2020, Crew Dragon Demo-2 operated by SpaceX became the first crewed mission to the International Space Station in the Commercial Crew Program . After 2015, European-based private small-lift launch vehicle development got underway, particularly in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, but "France has largely been left out of this new commercial launch industry". In 2021,

715-702: A similar model of space technology development, the European Space Agency was formed in 1975. Arianespace , born out of ESA's independent spaceflight efforts, became the world's first commercial launch service provider in the early 1980s. Subsequently, large defense contractors began to develop and operate space launch systems , which were derived from government rockets. Private spaceflight in Earth orbit includes communications satellites , satellite television , satellite radio , astronaut transport and sub-orbital and orbital space tourism . In

770-529: A veritable threat for heritage management, seeing as the most significant cultural sites, such as the Apollo 11 landing sites and the footprints of Aldrin and Armstrong , rely on the preservation of the surface of the Moon as is. Ideally, technologies would be developed which would allow tourists to hover over these sites without compromising the integrity of the lunar surface. Interest in affording historical lunar landing sites some formal protection grew in

825-434: Is a little over the official beginning of space, where they get to experience zero gravity for approximately 5 minutes before beginning their descent back to Earth. Suborbital flights can last anywhere between 30 minutes and 3 hours and cost approximately $ 200,000 per passenger. Orbital flights , on the other hand, are longer, more expensive, and logistically harder to realize. They require flying hundreds of kilometres above

880-620: Is flaring back into life, and it's not massive institutions such as NASA that are in the running. The old view that human space flight is so complex, difficult and expensive that only huge government agencies could hope to accomplish it is being disproved by a new breed of flamboyant space privateers, who are planning to send humans out beyond the Earth's orbit for the first time since 1972," particularly noting projects underway by Mars One , Inspiration Mars Foundation , Bigelow Aerospace and SpaceX . The Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 required encouragement of commercial space ventures, adding

935-549: Is made possible, attractions such as these could also be part of the itinerary of a Moon tourist: Note that these attractions are still conceptual projects that have yet to have been realized, as of November 2023. The site of the first human landing on an extraterrestrial body, Tranquility Base , has been determined to have cultural and historic significance by the U.S. states of California and New Mexico , which have listed it on their heritage registers , since their laws require only that listed sites have some association with

990-657: Is marketed via Starsem . The Sea Launch project flew the Ukrainian Zenit rocket . In 2003, Arianespace joined with Boeing Launch Services and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to create the Launch Services Alliance . In 2005, continued weak commercial demand for EELV launches drove Lockheed Martin and Boeing to propose a joint venture called the United Launch Alliance to service the United States government launch market. Since

1045-577: The Commercial Space Launch Act . This enabled an American industry of private operators of expendable launch systems . Prior to the signing of this law, all commercial satellite launches in the United States were restricted by Federal regulation to NASA's Space Shuttle . On 11 February 1988, the Presidential Directive declared that the government should purchase commercially available space goods and services to

1100-745: The Delta IV and Atlas V EELVs remain in active service. Commercial launches outnumbered government launches at the Eastern Range in 1997. The Commercial Space Act was passed in 1998 and implements many of the provisions of the Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990 . Nonetheless, until 2004 NASA kept private space flight effectively illegal. But that year, the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004 required that NASA and

1155-514: The Federal Aviation Administration legalise private space flight. The 2004 Act also specified a "learning period" which restricted the ability of the FAA to enact regulations regarding the safety of people who might actually fly on commercial spacecraft through 2012, ostensibly because spaceflight participants would share the risk of flight through informed consent procedures of human spaceflight risks, while requiring

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1210-459: The Government of France announced a plan to fund the "France-based rocket firm ArianeGroup to develop a new small-lift rocket called Maïa by the year 2026," which would be a government-funded but commercially developed rocket. On 22 February 2024, Intuitive Machine's private Odysseus successfully landed on the Moon after taking off on a SpaceX Falcon 9 liftoff on 15 February 2024 in

1265-451: The U.S. civilian space program and Soviet space program were operated using mainly military pilots as astronauts . During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches. Eventually, private organizations were able to both offer and purchase space launches, thus beginning the period of private spaceflight. The first phase of private space operation

1320-546: The inner Solar System . In 2006, NASA initiated a program to purchase commercial space transport to carry cargo to the International Space Station , while funding a portion of the development of new technology in a public-private partnership . In May 2015, the Japanese legislature considered legislation to allow private company spaceflight initiatives in Japan. In 2016, the United States granted its first clearance for

1375-413: The 1980s, various private initiatives have started up to pursue the private use of space . Traditional costs to launch anything to space have been high—on the order of tens of thousands of US dollars per kilogram—but by 2020, costs on the order of a few thousand dollars per kilogram are being seen from one private launch provider that was an early 2000s startup, with the cost projected to fall to less than

1430-825: The 1990s–2000s. From 2000 through the end of 2015, a total of US$ 13.3 billion of investment finance was invested in the space sector, with US$ 2.9 billion of that being venture capital . In 2015, venture capital firms invested US$ 1.8 billion in private spaceflight companies, more than they had in the previous 15 years combined. As of October 2015 , the largest and most active investors in space were Lux Capital , Bessemer Venture Partners , Khosla Ventures , Founders Fund , RRE Ventures and Draper Fisher Jurvetson . Increasing interest by investors in economically driven spaceflight had begun to appear by 2016, and some space ventures had to turn away investor funding. CBInsights in August 2016 published that funding to space startups

1485-424: The Earth's surface. Orbital flights typically last a day and cost around $ 10M per passenger. Both orbital and suborbital flights have only been executed in the context of space tourism, not moon tourism, but private companies have been making significant advancements in the realm of moon tourism. Notably, the entire development of SpaceShipOne , a sub-orbital spaceplane, including its test flight, cost $ 25 million,

1540-615: The International Space Station to commercial space ventures. Tourism on Moon Lunar tourism may be possible in the future if trips to the Moon are made available to a private audience. Some space tourism startup companies are planning to offer tourism on or around the Moon, and estimate this to be possible sometime between 2023 and 2043. Two natural attractions would be available by circumlunar flight or lunar orbit, without landing: When and if landing

1595-402: The Moon . Two private orbital habitat prototypes are already in Earth orbit, with larger versions to follow. Planned private spaceflights beyond Earth orbit include solar sailing prototypes ( LightSail-3 ). During the principal period of spaceflight in the mid-twentieth century, only nation states developed and flew spacecraft above the Kármán line , the nominal boundary of space. Both

1650-418: The Moon would be of three types: flyby in a circumlunar trajectory , lunar orbit , and lunar landing . However, the only tourist flights to space that have been successfully executed so far have been suborbital and orbital flights. Suborbital flights are short and significantly less costly than orbital flights. Tourists on suborbital flights find themselves at an altitude of around 100 km, which

1705-500: The Moon, private or governmental, human or robotic, keep a distance of at least 75 meters (246 ft) from the site. A company called PTScientists plans to return to the Taurus-Littrow Valley, the site of the Apollo 17 mission landing. PTScientists is a partner of For All Moonkind, Inc. and has pledged that its mission will honor heritage preservation and abide by all relevant guidelines. Tourist flights to

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1760-495: The Reagan administration issued National Security Decision Directive Number 94 encouraging the commercialization of expendable launch vehicles (ELVs), which directed that, "The U.S. Government will license, supervise, and/or regulate U.S. commercial ELV operations only to the extent required to meet its national and international obligations and to ensure public safety." On 30 October 1984, US President Ronald Reagan signed into law

1815-679: The Space for Humanity mission. Space for Humanity has a partnership with stratospheric balloon company, The Space Perspective. Other Partnerships/Organizations include: Space for Humanity is to launch the planet's first Sponsored Citizen Astronaut Program to send citizens of diverse racial, economic, and disciplinary backgrounds into space on Humanity-1. S4H has opened an application process for leaders, from any walk of life, to apply for an opportunity to go to space. Applications are being collected for spaceflight seats in 2021. In 2019, Space for Humanity began to accept applications from citizens around

1870-515: The United States, and to promote the use of technology once reserved only for military forces. Money for the launch was raised from a collection of Russian companies. The capsule parachuted into the Pacific Ocean and was brought to Seattle by a Russian missile-tracking ship. Since 1995 Khrunichev's Proton rocket has been marketed through International Launch Services , while the Soyuz rocket

1925-453: The United States, the FAA has created a new certification called Commercial Astronaut , a new occupation. In the 2000s, entrepreneurs began designing—and by the 2010s, deploying—space systems competitive to the governmental systems of the early decades of the space age. These new offerings have brought about significant market competition in space launch services after 2010 that had not been present previously, principally through

1980-432: The commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' [including... water and minerals]". The right does not extend to biological life , so anything that is alive may not be exploited commercially. The Act further asserts that "the United States does not [(by this Act)] assert sovereignty , or sovereign or exclusive rights or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any celestial body ". The SPACE Act includes

2035-589: The comparatively limited pool of the 1990s. For example, as of June 2013 and in the United States alone, ten billionaires had made "serious investments in private spaceflight activities" at six companies, including Stratolaunch Systems , Planetary Resources , Blue Origin , Virgin Galactic , SpaceX , and Bigelow Aerospace . The ten investors were Paul Allen , Larry Page , Eric Schmidt , Ram Shriram , Charles Simonyi , Ross Perot Jr. , Jeff Bezos , Richard Branson , Elon Musk , and Robert Bigelow . At

2090-417: The course of its activities. In 1996, the United States government selected Lockheed Martin and Boeing to each develop Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles (EELV) to compete for launch contracts and provide assured access to space. The government's acquisition strategy relied on the strong commercial viability of both vehicles to lower unit costs. This anticipated market demand did not materialise, but both

2145-446: The early 2020s some of these investments have paid off, with Musk's SpaceX coming to dominate the launch market in mass to orbit and with a $ 100 billion valuation. Other companies such as Bigelow Aerospace though have collapsed and left the market. Some aerospace startups, such as Rocket Lab , have gone public via special-purpose acquisition company , but their SPAC values have been affected by market volatility. Some investors see

2200-518: The early 21st century with the announcement of the Google Lunar X Prize for private corporations to successfully build spacecraft and reach the Moon; a $ 1 million bonus was offered for any competitor that visited a historic site on the Moon. One team, led by Astrobotic Technology , announced it would attempt to land a craft at Tranquility Base. Although it canceled those plans, the ensuing controversy led NASA to request that any other missions to

2255-470: The extension of indemnification of US launch providers for extraordinary catastrophic third-party losses of a failed launch through 2025, while the previous indemnification law was scheduled to expire in 2016. The Act also extends, through 2025, the "learning period" restrictions which limit the ability of the FAA to enact regulations regarding the safety of spaceflight participants . Indemnification for extraordinary third-party losses has, as of 2015, been

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2310-534: The fullest extent feasible and shall not conduct activities with potential commercial applications that preclude or deter Commercial Sector space activities except for national security or public safety reasons. On 5 November 1990, United States President George H. W. Bush signed into law the Launch Services Purchase Act . The Act, in a complete reversal of the earlier Space Shuttle monopoly, ordered NASA to purchase launch services for its primary payloads from commercial providers whenever such services are required in

2365-736: The government operating each of the cargo vehicles and cargo delivery systems. As of 2013 , there is a mix of private and government resupply vehicles being used for the ISS, as the Russian Soyuz and Progress vehicles, and the European Space Agency (ESA) ATV (through 2014) and the Japanese Kounotori (through 2021) remain in operation after the 2011 retirement of the US Space Shuttle . In June 2013, British newspaper The Independent claimed that "the space race

2420-712: The launch provider to be legally liable for potential losses to uninvolved persons and structures. To the end of 2014, commercial passenger flights in space has remained effectively illegal, as the FAA has refused to give a commercial operator's license to any private space company. The United States updated US commercial space legislation with the passage of the Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship Act of 2015 (SPACE Act of 2015) in November 2015. The update US law explicitly allows "US citizens to engage in

2475-430: The mid-launch explosion/loss of Challenger came the suspension of the government -operated shuttle flights, allowing the formation of a commercial launch industry. On 4 July 1982, the Reagan administration released National Security Decision Directive Number 42 which officially set its goal to expand United States private-sector investment and involvement in civil space and space-related activities. On 16 May 1983,

2530-581: The reduction of the cost of space launch and the availability of more space launch capacity . Private spaceflight accomplishments to date include flying suborbital spaceplanes ( SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo ), launching orbital rockets , flying two orbital expandable test modules ( Genesis I and II ). On the opposite, launching astronauts to the International Space Station and certain satellite launches are performed on behalf of and financed by government agencies. Planned private spaceflights beyond Earth orbit include personal spaceflights around

2585-551: The satellites of its namesake, this was described by both the law's opponents and advocates of private space, as the first step on the road to privatisation. While launch vehicles were originally bought from private contractors, from the beginning of the Shuttle program until the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, NASA attempted to position its shuttle as the sole legal space launch option. But with

2640-413: The start of the private space era it was not yet clear to what extent these entrepreneurs see "legitimate business opportunity, [for example], space tourism and other commercial activities in space, or [are] wealthy men seeking the exclusivity that space offers innovators and investors." There has been speculation as to whether these investments are a "gamble", and whether they will prove lucrative. As of

2695-573: The state. Despite the location of Mission Control in Houston, Texas has not granted similar status to the site, as its historic preservation laws limit such designations to properties located within the state. The U.S. National Park Service has declined to grant it National Historic Landmark status, because the Outer Space Treaty prohibits any nation from claiming sovereignty over any extraterrestrial body. It has not been proposed as

2750-748: The suborbital flights of Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin , the orbital flights of SpaceX and other COTS participants. Development of alternatives to government-provided space launch services began in earnest in the 2000s. Private interests began funding limited development programs, but the US government later sponsored a series of programs to incentivize and encourage private companies to begin offering both cargo, and later, crew space transportation services. Lower prices for launch services after 2010, and published prices for standard launch services, have brought about significant space launch market competition that had not been present previously. By 2012,

2805-432: The traditional spaceflight industry as ripe for disruption , with "a 100-fold improvement [relatively straightforward and] a thousand-fold improvement [possible]". Between 2005 and 2015, there was US$ 10 billion of private capital invested in the space sector, most of it in the United States. This liberalized private space sector investments beginning in the 1980s, with additional legislative reforms in

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2860-508: The world to travel to space as soon as flights are commercially available. In July 2021, Space for Humanity reopened the application for the program for sponsoring a group of leaders to join the program. The end goal of this program is to inspire leaders with a new perspective from the Overview Effect to bring back to the world. NewSpace Private spaceflight refers to spaceflight developments that are not conducted by

2915-452: The world. In 2005, there were 18 total commercial launches and 37 non-commercial launches. Russia flew 44% of commercial orbital launches, while Europe had 28% and the United States had 6%. China's first private launch, a suborbital flight by OneSpace , took place in May 2018. In recent years, the funding to support private spaceflight has begun to be raised from a larger pool of sources than

2970-520: Was "in a slump", although the number of space investment deals per quarter had gone from 2 or 3 in 2012 to 14 by 2015. In 2017, CB Insights ranked the most active space tech investors, ranked from highest to lowest, were Space Angels Networks, Founders Fund, RRE Ventures, Data Collective, Bessemer, Lux Capital, Alphabet , Tencent Holdings , and Rothenberg Ventures . In June 2019, Miriam Kramer of Axios wrote that private spaceflight companies and investors were poised to capitalize on NASA's plan to open up

3025-496: Was the launch of the first commercial communications satellites . The U.S. Communications Satellite Act of 1962 allowed commercial consortia owning and operating their own satellites, although these were still deployed on state-owned launch vehicles. In 1980, the European Space Agency created Arianespace , a company to be operated commercially after initial hardware and launch facilities were developed with government funding. Arianespace has since launched numerous satellites as

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