22-415: Spadolini may refer to: Giovanni Spadolini (1925–1994), Italian journalist, 44th Prime Minister of Italy, one-month Acting President of Italy upon the resignation of President Cossiga in 1992 Spadolini I Cabinet , in office from 28 June 1981 to 23 August 1982 Spadolini II Cabinet , in office from 23 August 1982 to 1 December 1982 15381 Spadolini ,
44-469: A fascist periodical critical of the excesses of fascism in which the idealist philosopher Giovanni Gentile also collaborated. During the post-war period (from 1945 to 1950) Spadolini became a moderate liberal conservative . He also rejected antisemitism in favour of Zionism . He studied law at the University of Florence and shortly after graduation was appointed Professor of Contemporary History in
66-462: A full-scale nuclear exchange was simply impossible as the destruction on both sides would be insurmountable. Towards the end of the Cold War, a period of détente culminated in the easing of tensions, bans on nuclear testing, and the destruction of various quantities of nuclear stockpiles. The Cold War began to come to an end in 1989 with the overthrow of Communist governments across Eastern Europe in
88-540: A minor planet discovered by V. Goretti in 1997 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Spadolini . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spadolini&oldid=912487114 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
110-590: A month. Following the electoral success of Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia , he lost the chairmanship of the Senate to Carlo Scognamiglio Pasini by a single vote. Spadolini never married. In July 1994 he had a stomach operation. He died of respiratory failure in Rome in August 1994. Post-war A post-war or postwar period is the interval immediately following the end of a war . The term usually refers to
132-598: A new cabinet identical to the former, which collapsed in November when Bettino Craxi 's Socialist Party withdrew its support. Under his leadership, the PRI obtained 5% of all votes for the first time in the 1983 Italian general election . From 1987 to April 1994, he was president of the Italian Senate . He became Acting President of Italy on 28 April 1992, upon the resignation of then President Francesco Cossiga , for
154-532: A period determined by local considerations based on the effect of the war there. Some examples of post-war events are in chronological order: The Cold War was a geopolitical conflict between the capitalist and liberal "democratic" United States , the authoritarian and Communist Marxist–Leninist Soviet Union , and their respective allies: NATO and the Western Bloc for the United States, and
176-487: A position he held until 1972. In that year, he was elected as a senator, going on to serve as minister of the environment and then minister of education. Then in 1979, he was appointed secretary of the small but powerful Italian Republican Party (PRI). As a journalist, he sometimes used the pseudonym Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (Giovanni of the Black Bands). He served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1981 to 1982,
198-421: A varying period of time after World War II , which ended in 1945. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date (such as the period between World War I and World War II). By contrast, a post-war period marks the cessation of armed conflict entirely. The term "post-war" can have different meanings in different countries and refer to
220-493: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Giovanni Spadolini Giovanni Spadolini (21 June 1925 – 4 August 1994) was an Italian politician and statesman, who served as the 44th prime minister of Italy . He had been a leading figure in the Republican Party and the first head of a government to not be a member of Christian Democrats since 1945. He
242-535: The Revolutions of 1989 which was followed shortly after by the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, leaving the United States the world's sole superpower. On 25 June 1950, after years of tension between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea , North Korea coordinated a series of surprise attacks against strategic points between the 38th parallel. Soon US-led United Nations forces joined
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#1732783426486264-697: The Warsaw Pact and the Eastern Bloc for the Soviet Union. Although both sides did not fight each other directly, both engaged through various proxy wars. At the height of the cold war, both superpowers manufactured and deployed thousands of nuclear weapons to target each other's key economic, military, and political centers. Each superpower's buildup and demonstration of nuclear strike capabilities lead to an unofficial military doctrine known as mutual assured destruction (MAD). The doctrine of MAD prompted leaders on both sides to believe that victory following
286-596: The 1950s, African Americans faced discrimination and segregation throughout the United States, especially in the south where many could not even vote. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. By the end of the 1950s, fewer than 10 percent of Black children in the South were attending integrated schools. The Vietnam War
308-510: The Faculty of Political Science. He also became a political columnist for several newspapers, such as Il Borghese , Il Messaggero and Il Mondo , becoming editor-in-chief of the Bologna paper Il Resto del Carlino in 1955, doubling its circulation during his tenure. In 1968, Spadolini moved to Milan where he took over the editorship of Italy's largest newspaper, Corriere della Sera ,
330-612: The first PM since 1945 not to be a member of the Christian Democrats . He pledged to fight corruption (in particular a scandal involving certain Italian political figures connected with a Masonic lodge known as P2) and mounting terrorist violence. In foreign policy, he was a non-interventionist but also moderately Americanist . In particular, he shifted away from Italy's previous pro-Arab policy, refusing to meet Yasser Arafat during his official visit to Italy to protest
352-728: The murder of Stefano Gaj Taché, an Italian Jewish child, by PLO terrorists, and suggesting that the Bologna train station bombing may have been perpetrated by the PLO and Gaddafi 's Libya , in spite of a majority accusing neo-fascists . In 1982, after a political crisis between the Minister of the Treasury Beniamino Andreatta ( DC ) and the Minister of Finance Rino Formica ( PSI ), Spadolini resigned and formed
374-523: The war on behalf of South Korea, expelled the North Korean invasion, and then invaded and nearly captured North Korea. In response, Chinese forces entered the war on behalf of North Korea and pushed the US, South Korean, and UN forces back to the 38th parallel. After 3 years of advances and retreats nearly five million people died. To this very day there are still border disputes between the two Koreas. In
396-553: Was also a newspaper editor, journalist and historian. He is considered a highly respected intellectual for his literary works and his cultural dimension. Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Florence , he was the author of numerous historical works. He was also a journalist and editor-in-chief of the Bolognese newspaper Il Resto del Carlino , then of the Milanese newspaper Il Corriere della Sera . Spadolini
418-558: Was appointed Lifetime Senator by President Francesco Cossiga . Spadolini was born into a bourgeois family: his father Guido Spadolini was a Macchiaioli painter, owner of a large library in which the young Giovanni studied and began to form his culture inspired by secular, liberal-democratic and republican values. He was an assiduous student, brilliant in all subjects, at Liceo Classico Statale Galileo . He published his first article in 1944 in Italia e Civiltà ("Italy and Civilisation"),
440-703: Was fought between the communist North Vietnam supported by the Soviet Union, China , and the Eastern Bloc and China and South Vietnam supported by the United States and SEATO . This war is especially brutal due to North Vietnamese regular forces and Viet Cong insurgents in South Vietnam adapting to guerrilla fighting and ambush tactics against the South Vietnamese military and the United States Armed Forces . Vietnam
462-428: Was one of the first wars to be broadcast to television . Many American civilians and soldiers were opposed to the war due to the condition and many thought the war was pointless. Finally after many protests the United States slowly withdrew from Vietnam due to public backlash. Considering the post-war era as equivalent to the Cold War era, post-war sometimes includes the 1980s, putting the end at 26 December 1991, with
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#1732783426486484-489: Was the first Italian Minister of Cultural Heritage and Environment from 1974 to 1976. He became Prime Minister in 1981 and he led two successive cabinets which were supported by a coalition of parties in Parliament but this only lasted a few months. He was Minister of Defence in the governments headed by Socialist leader Bettino Craxi from 1983 to 1987 before being elected President of the Senate . In 1991, Spadolini
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