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78-533: The development of the style passed through three phases. Between 1680 and 1720, the Churriguera popularized Guarini 's blend of Solomonic columns and Composite order , known as the "supreme order". Between 1720 and 1760, the Churrigueresque column, or estipite , in the shape of an inverted cone or obelisk, was established as a central element of ornamental decoration. The years from 1760 to 1780 saw

156-745: A book on military engineering , the Trattato di fortificatione che hora si usa in Fiandra, Francia, et Italia (1676). After his death, the Theatines published the Disegni d’architettura civile et ecclesiastica , an engraved collection of his projects (1686). The complete treatise, his major work, the Architettura civile , was published in 1737 by Bernardo Vittone. This book was widely circulated in eighteenth-century Austria and Germany, contributing to

234-607: A dark intricate façade sandwiched between the yellow twin towers. Followed the model of Il Gesù (also the case of the Jesuit Basilica and Convent of San Pedro, Lima , provincial "mestizo" (crossbred) styles emerged in Arequipa , Potosí and La Paz . In the eighteenth century, the architects of the region turned for inspiration to the Mudéjar art of medieval Spain. The late Baroque type of Peruvian façade first appears in

312-620: A gradual shift of interest away from twisted movement and excessive ornamentation toward a neoclassical balance and sobriety. In contrast to the art of Northern Europe, the Spanish art of the period appealed to the emotions rather than seeking to please the intellect. The Churriguera family, which specialized in designing altars and retables, revolted against the sobriety of the Herreresque classicism and promoted an intricate, exaggerated, almost capricious style of surface decoration known as

390-536: A large British invasion during the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748). During Philip's reign, Spain began to recover from the stagnation it had suffered during the twilight of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although the population of Spain grew, the financial and taxation systems were archaic and the treasury ran deficits. The King employed thousands of highly paid retainers at his palaces—not to assist with ruling

468-530: A large mathematical-philosophical treatise divided into eight parts. Guarini published this work while he was a professor of theology in Paris. It is a comprehensive, pragmatic system, spanning the fields of logic, anatomy, biology, astronomy, physics, theology and metaphysics . Guarino's Placita belongs to the school of thought usually referred to as Baroque Scholasticism . It also shares strong similarities to Nicolas Malebranche 's Occasionalism . The content of

546-542: A new design for Sainte-Anne-la-Royale in the shape of a Greek cross. He widened the four arms of the cross, creating an elegant symmetry of space in harmony with the large central dome . During the construction of Sainte-Anne-la-Royale, Guarini was appointed as a lecturer of theology at the Theatine School in Paris. His travel in France gave him the opportunity to contact not only many Gothic cathedrals but also with

624-536: A remote claim to the throne of France, Archduke Charles had an even more proximate claim to be Holy Roman Emperor , and his ascension to the throne would have also destabilized the European balance of power. After a long Royal Council meeting in France at which the Dauphin spoke up in favor of his son's rights, it was agreed that Philip would ascend the throne, and in doing so, forfeit his and his heirs' claim to

702-522: A régnicole (a natural Frenchman), and by extension his claim to the French throne, despite his permanent departure from France . The documents further granted Philip's male heirs status as régnicoles, and therefore as French dynasts, despite their births abroad. Almost immediately the War of the Spanish Succession began. Concern among other European powers that Spain and France united under

780-666: A single Bourbon monarch would upset the balance of power pitted France and Spain against the Grand Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic and Austria. Inside Spain, the Crown of Castile supported Philip of France. On the other hand, anti-French sentiment was strong in Aragon and some members of the nobility of the Crown of Aragon rallied behind Charles of Austria , son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and claimant to

858-609: A sober Baroque international style, often mistaken for neoclassical, by the kings Philip V and Charles III . The Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in Segovia and the Royal Palace of Aranjuez in Aranjuez are good examples of Baroque integration of architecture and gardening, with noticeable French influence (La Granja is known as the "Spanish Versailles"), but with local spatial conceptions which in some ways display

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936-589: A style of stucco decoration. Twin-towered façades of many American cathedrals of the seventeenth century had medieval roots and the full-fledged Baroque did not appear until 1664, when the Jesuit shrine on Plaza des Armas in Cusco was built. Even then, the new style hardly affected the structure of churches. The Peruvian Baroque was particularly lush, as evidenced by the monastery of San Francisco in Lima (1673), which has

1014-471: Is Puebla , where a ready supply of hand-painted figurines ( talavera ) and vernacular gray stone led to its evolving further into a personalised and highly localised art form with a pronounced Indian flavour. There are about sixty churches whose façades and domes display glazed tiles of many colours, often arranged in Arabic designs. Their interiors are densely saturated with elaborate gold leaf ornamentation. In

1092-458: Is articulated in nine points and ends with the judgment that Cavalieri did not provide actual and evident proof because in his method he goes from one species to another: the indivisible segments (of the first species) form a surface (of the second species) and this kind of proportion between figures of different species is not permitted in geometry. In books IV-XII Guarini presents and proves the propositions set forth by Euclid in books I-VII and X of

1170-409: Is evident in his architectural work. As he states in his Euclides adauctus et methodicus : «Thaumaturga Mathematicorum miraculorum insigni, vereque Regali architectura coruscat» - 'The magic of wondrous mathematicians shines brightly in the marvelous and truly regal architecture'. In addition to his writings on mathematics, he published a treatise entitled Il modo di misurare le fabbriche (1674) and

1248-649: Is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy , surpassing Philip IV . Although his ascent to the throne precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession , Philip V instigated many important reforms in Spain, most especially the centralization of power of the monarchy and the suppression of regional privileges, via the Nueva Planta decrees , and restructuring of the administration of the Spanish Empire on

1326-668: The Elements . Books XXII and XXXIII are devoted to solid geometry , the intersection of planes and the inscription of the five regular polyhedra in the sphere, a theme addressed by Euclid in his books XI, XII and XIII. In the final two books of the Euclides adauctus and in the Appendix , added to the work shortly after 1671, Guarini deals with the volumes of bodies contained by plane surfaces, such as pyramids and prisms , and by curved surfaces. Guarini's strong mathematical background

1404-590: The Churrigueresque . Within half a century, they transformed Salamanca into an exemplary Churrigueresque city. As Italian Baroque influences penetrated across the Pyrenees , they gradually superseded in popularity the restrained classicizing approach of Juan de Herrera , which had been in vogue since the late sixteenth century. As early as 1667, the façades of Granada Cathedral (by Alonso Cano ) and Jaén Cathedral (by Eufrasio López de Rojas ) suggest

1482-513: The Hospicio de San Fernando in Madrid ( Pedro de Ribera , 1722), whose curvilinear extravagance seems to herald Antonio Gaudí and Modernisme . In this case as in many others, the design involves a play of tectonic and decorative elements with little relation to structure and function. The focus of the florid ornamentation is an elaborately sculptured surround to a main doorway. If we remove

1560-545: The Iberian Peninsula and its overseas regions. Philip was born into the French royal family (as Philippe, Duke of Anjou ) during the reign of his grandfather Louis XIV . He was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin , and was third in line to the French throne after his father and his elder brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy . Philip was not expected to become a monarch, but his great-uncle Charles II of Spain

1638-478: The Palace of Versailles in France, the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin , the heir apparent to the throne of France, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria . Philip was a younger brother of Louis, Duke of Burgundy , the father of Louis XV of France. At birth, Philip was created Duke of Anjou , a traditional title for younger sons in the French royal family. He would be known by this name until he became

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1716-469: The Placita indicates that Guarini attentively followed scientific developments of the era. In some cases, he endorsed them - for instance, Galileo ’s discovery that celestial objects are material and corruptible. Although, following the views of Aristotle , Guarino denies the existence of a vacuum, he describes and discusses Torricelli 's barometer and barometric experiment with a glass tube closed at

1794-758: The Royal Church of San Lorenzo (1666–1680), most of the Chapel of the Holy Shroud (housing the Shroud of Turin ; begun in 1668 by Amedeo di Castellamonte ), the Palazzo Carignano (1679–85), the Castle of Racconigi and many other public and ecclesiastical buildings at Modena, Messina, Verona , Vienna , Prague, Lisbon, and Paris. The Palazzo Carignano is regarded as one of the finest urban palaces of

1872-549: The Spanish Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories in Italy from the Spanish monarchy. In 1724, Philip abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Louis I. Louis died later that year, and Philip took the throne again. As a result of his depression, Queen Elisabeth held control over the Spanish government. When Philip died in 1746, he was succeeded by his second son, Ferdinand VI. Philip was born on 19 December 1683 at

1950-543: The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) in which Spain fought a coalition of four major powers. France, under the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans later joined this coalition, as the House of Orléans had a strong interest in keeping Philip and his descendants out of the line of succession. Lacking allies, Phillip V was forced to sue for peace. Shortly after the death of Queen Maria Luisa in 1714,

2028-520: The 17th century is still well represented in the streets of the capital in palaces and squares. Three of the most eye-catching creations of Spanish Baroque are the energetic façades of the University of Valladolid ( Diego Tome and Fray Pedro de la Visitación , 1719), the western façade (or Fachada del Obradoiro) of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela ( Fernando de Casas y Novoa , 1750), and

2106-659: The 18th century, local artisans developed a distinctive brand of white stucco decoration, named "alfeñique" after a Pueblan candy made from egg whites and sugar. The combination of the Native American and Moorish decorative influences with an extremely expressive interpretation of the Churrigueresque idiom may account for the full-bodied and varied character of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain. Even more than its Spanish counterpart, American Baroque developed as

2184-663: The Church of Our Lady of Mercy, Lima (1697–1704). Similarly, the Iglesia de La Compañia , Quito (1722–65) suggests a carved altarpiece with its richly sculpted façade and a surfeit of Solomonic column . Guarino Guarini Camillo Guarino Guarini (17 January 1624 – 6 March 1683) was an Italian architect of the Piedmontese Baroque , active in Turin as well as Sicily , France and Portugal . He

2262-634: The French succession, the letters patent issued to preserve their claim to the throne despite their absence from the country , were repealed by the Parlement of Paris . These losses greatly diminished the Spanish Empire in Europe, which had already been in decline. Throughout his reign, Philip sought to reverse the decline of Spanish power. Trying to overturn the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, he attempted to re-establish Spanish claims in Italy, triggering

2340-701: The King decided to marry again. His second wife was Elisabeth of Parma , daughter of Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma , and Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate . At the age of 22, on 24 December 1714, she was married to the 31-year-old Philip by proxy in Parma . The marriage was arranged by Cardinal Giulio Alberoni , with the concurrence of the Princesse des Ursins , the Camarera mayor de Palacio ("chief of

2418-547: The King of Spain. Since Philip's older brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy , was second in line to the French throne after his father, there was little expectation that either he or his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry , would ever rule over France. Philip lived his first years under the supervision of the royal governess Louise de Prie and after that was tutored with his brothers by François Fénelon , Archbishop of Cambrai . The three siblings were also educated by Paul de Beauvilliers . In 1700, King Charles II of Spain ,

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2496-433: The King. Lynch says Philip V advanced the government only marginally over that of his predecessors and was more of a liability than Charles II. When a conflict came up between the interests of Spain and France, he usually favored France. However, Philip did make some reforms in government, and strengthened the central authorities relative to the provinces. Merit became more important, although most senior positions still went to

2574-563: The Sanctuary at Ocotlán (begun in 1745) is a top-notch Baroque cathedral surfaced in bright red tiles, which contrast delightfully with a plethora of compressed ornament lavishly applied to the main entrance and the slender flanking towers ( exterior , interior ). The Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco (1758), and San Martín at San Luis Potosí (1764) are other excellent examples of Churrigueresque in Mexico. The true capital of Mexican Baroque

2652-635: The Spanish throne by right of his grandmother Maria Anna of Spain . Their support swayed a significant portion of the population to support the Archduke. The war was centred in Spain and west-central Europe (especially the Low Countries ), with other important fighting in Germany and Italy. Prince Eugene of Savoy and John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough distinguished themselves as military commanders in those theatres. In colonial North America,

2730-597: The Spanish throne, because his Spanish grandmother and great-grandmother were older than the ancestors of the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the Austrians maintained that Philip's grandmother had renounced the Spanish throne for herself and her descendants as part of her marriage contract. That renunciation was contingent on her dowry being paid. The French claim to Spain was due to the dowry having never been paid. In addition to this, while Philip did have

2808-599: The Sun to the Earth in a vacuum ( coniuncta soli est: unde vacua luce ) until it reaches the atmosphere creating heat, wind and the movement of the ocean. His main work, entitled Euclides adauctus et methodicus (1671), is a treatise on descriptive geometry in thirty-five books. The first three books reintroduce arguments of a philosophical nature already addressed in the Placita Philosophica regarding in particular

2886-539: The Treaty of Utrecht, which forbade a union of the French and Spanish crowns, therefore allowing him to claim the former should his young nephew perish without sons of his own. However, the actual reason for the abdication was that Philip, who exhibited many elements of mental instability during his reign, no longer wished to rule due to his increasing mental decline. Louis would die on 31 August in Madrid of smallpox , though, having reigned only seven months and leaving no issue. Six days later, after much convincing, Philip

2964-586: The age of fifteen. He spent his novitiate at the monastery of San Silvestro al Quirinale in Rome, where he studied architecture, theology, philosophy and mathematics. During Guarini's Roman years, Francesco Borromini and Gian Lorenzo Bernini created the buildings and sculptures which defined the Roman Baroque style. From Borromini, Guarini learned the use of complex geometry as a basis for floor plans. Borromini's second Roman church, Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza ,

3042-435: The allies during the preliminary peace negotiations. The purpose of this may have been to ensure that Philip and his male heirs, who under normal circumstances would inherit the French throne should the male line of Louis, Duke of Burgundy be extinguished, would always have a throne to occupy in its place. It was not until this was successfully accomplished (10 May 1713) that Spain and Great Britain made their own peace terms at

3120-414: The apotheosis of Churrigueresque styles applied to interior spaces, or El Transparente of the Cathedral of Toledo by Narciso Tomé , where sculpture and architecture are integrated to achieve notable light dramatic effects. The Royal Palace of Madrid and the interventions of Paseo del Prado ( Salón del Prado and Alcalá Doorgate) in the same city, deserve special mention. They were constructed in

3198-566: The archepiscopal seminary in Messina . During his tenure at the seminary, Guarini taught mathematics and philosophy and was commissioned with several architectural projects which he pursued over the next two years, including the design of the façade of Santa Maria Annunziata, as well as the adjacent Convento di San Vincenzo, the Church of San Filippo and a church for the Somaschi Fathers , a religious order founded in devotional service of

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3276-647: The artists' fluency in interpreting traditional motifs of Spanish cathedral architecture in the Baroque aesthetic idiom. In Madrid , a vernacular Baroque with its roots in Herrerian and in traditional brick construction was developed in the Plaza Mayor and in the Royal Buen Retiro Palace , which was destroyed during the French invasion by Napoleon's troops. Its gardens still remain as Parque del Buen Retiro . This sober brick Baroque of

3354-688: The charters of all independently administered kingdoms within Spain—most notably the Crown of Aragon, which was supporting Charles VI in the conflict—except for the Kingdom of Navarre and the rest of the Basque region, who had supported Philip in the war for the Spanish throne, and retained their semi-autonomous self-government . The policy of centralization had as model the French State under Louis XIV and

3432-641: The complex aggregation of French-inspired sculptural detailing. Six decades later, the architect Jaime Bort y Meliá was the first to introduce Rococo to Spain ( Cathedral of Murcia , west façade, 1733). The greatest practitioner of the Spanish Rococo style was a native master, Ventura Rodríguez , responsible for the dazzling interior of the Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza (1750). In

3510-404: The conflict became known to the English colonists who fought against French and Spanish forces as Queen Anne's War . Over the course of the fighting, some 400,000 people were killed. It was with this war as a backdrop that, beginning in 1707, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees , which centralized Spanish rule under the Castilian political and administrative model and in the process abolished

3588-579: The country but to look after the royal family. Meanwhile, the army and bureaucracy went months without pay. It was only the shipments of silver from the New World which kept the system going. Spain suspended payments on its debt in 1739 – effectively declaring bankruptcy. In the last decade of his reign, Philip experienced bouts of manic depression and increasingly fell victim to a deep melancholia . During this period his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese, seems to have dedicated herself exclusively to caring for his health. Beginning in August 1737 his mental illness

3666-403: The destruction of the main silver fleet at Vigo in 1702, the navy was rebuilt. Nevertheless, the new fleet was still too small to support the vast worldwide empire. To commemorate the indignities the city of Xàtiva suffered after Philip's victory in the Battle of Almansa in the War of the Spanish Succession , in which he ordered the city to be burned and renamed San Felipe , the portrait of

3744-520: The development of such architects as Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt , Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , and Balthasar Neumann . Guarino Guarini is the subject of a composition, Guarini, the Master , written in 2004 by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero . Philip V of Spain Philip V ( Spanish : Felipe ; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days)

3822-421: The eccentricity of planetary orbits. Guarino gives a lengthy description of the motion of planets and the Sun according to the geocentric model. He determines fairly accurately the distance between the Moon and the Earth and concludes that Galileo's observation of the change in lunar distance is due to a change in velocity; that when the Moon appears closer to the Earth, it moves faster. Guarini attempts to discover

3900-484: The existence of indivisibles. Guarini comments on the works of Bonaventura Cavalieri , praising his method of indivisibles . He cites both the objections to this method used by Mario Bettinus in the Epilogus Planimetricus and that of Paul Guldin in De centro gravitatis solidorum , as well as the authors who appreciated the mathematical proofs, such as Ismaël Bullialdus in De lineis spiralibus and Vincenzo Viviani in De maximis et minimis . Guarini's conclusion

3978-410: The future Spanish kings Louis I and Ferdinand VI . Maria Luisa died in 1714, and Philip remarried to Elisabeth Farnese . Philip and Elisabeth had seven children, including the future Charles III of Spain ; Infanta Mariana Victoria , who became Queen of Portugal ; Infante Philip , who became Duke of Parma ; and Infanta María Antonia Fernanda , who became Queen of Sardinia . It was well known that

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4056-491: The heritage of the Moorish occupation. In the richest imperial province of 17th-century Spain, Flanders , florid decorative detailing was more tightly knit to the structure, thus precluding concerns of superfluity. A remarkable convergence of Spanish, French and Dutch Baroque aesthetics may be seen in the Abbey of Averbode (1667). Another characteristic example is the Church of St. Michel at Louvain (1650–70), with its exuberant two-storey façade, clusters of half-columns, and

4134-414: The household") of the king of Spain. They had sons, including another successor, Charles III of Spain . On 14 January 1724, Philip abdicated the Spanish throne to his eldest son, the seventeen-year-old Louis . As the abdication occurred just over a month after the death of the Duke of Orléans, who had been regent for Louis XV of France, many at the time believed it was an attempt by Philip to circumvent

4212-416: The intricate maze of broken pediments, undulating cornices, stucco shells, inverted tapers and garlands from the rather plain wall it is set against, the building's form would not be affected in the slightest. However, Churrigueresque Baroque offered some of the most impressive combinations of space and light with buildings like Granada Charterhouse (sacristy by Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo ), considered to be

4290-429: The landed aristocracy. Below the elite level, the inefficiency and corruption that had existed under Charles II was as widespread as ever. The reforms started by Philip V culminated in much more important reforms of Charles III. The economy, on the whole, improved over the previous half-century, with greater productivity, and fewer famines and epidemics. The government promoted industry, agriculture and shipbuilding. After

4368-405: The last Habsburg to rule Spain, died childless. His will named as successor Philip, grandson of Charles' half-sister Maria Theresa , the first wife of Louis XIV. Upon any possible refusal, the crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother, the Duke of Berry, then to the Archduke Charles of Austria , later Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. Philip had the better genealogical claim to

4446-406: The monarch hangs upside down in the local museum of L'Almodí. The province of the New Philippines , which occupied parts of what is now Texas in the United States, was named in 1716 in honor of Philip. Philip V favored and promoted the Atlantic trade of Spain with its American possessions, ending the monopoly of Seville on colonial trade. During this Atlantic trade emerged important figures of

4524-407: The naval history of Spain, among which stands out the privateer Amaro Pargo . Philip V frequently supported the privateer in his commercial incursions: he granted a royal order given at the Royal Palace of El Pardo in Madrid in September 1714, in which he appointed him captain of a commercial ship bound for Caracas . The Monarch also interceded in the liberation of Amaro during his detention by

4602-428: The north, the richest province of 18th-century New Spain – Mexico – produced some fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic architecture known as Mexican Churrigueresque. This ultra-Baroque approach culminates in the works of Lorenzo Rodriguez , whose masterpiece is the Sagrario Metropolitano in Mexico City (1718–69). Other fine examples of the style may be found in the remote silver-mining towns. For instance,

4680-443: The parents of Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy , Duchess of Burgundy, Philip's sister-in-law. There was a proxy ceremony at Turin , the capital of the Duchy of Savoy , and another one at Versailles on 11 September. Maria Luisa proved very popular as Queen of Spain. She served as regent for her husband on several occasions. Her most successful term was when Philip was away touring his Italian domains for nine months in 1702, when she

4758-426: The poor by Gerolamo Emiliani (1486–1537) in 1532. Guarini published his first literary work during his time in Messina, an elaborate political and poetic drama entitled La Pietà Trionfante . Guarini developed La Pietà into a play that was performed by the students of the seminary. The story resembles the character play and moral allegory present in Greek myths. In June 1662, Guarini received word that his mother

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4836-476: The project in jeopardy. In a fit of resignation, Guarini sharply accused the superior of the Theatine Order of mishandling resources and abandoned the project, leaving swiftly for Turin in the autumn of 1666. In May 1668, Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy named him Royal Engineer and Mathematician. He designed a large number of public and private buildings in Turin, including the palaces of Charles Emmanuel II (as well as his sister Louise Christine of Savoy ),

4914-427: The reason for this, using Euclidean geometry, triangulation and quadratura (quadrature), the available methods at a time that still predate the development of calculus and Newton's law of universal gravitation . Prior to the publication of Newton's Principia , Guarini theorizes that the velocity of light is a constant and the movement of light is a perturbance or wave. Guarini also theorizes that light travels from

4992-432: The second Treaty of Utrecht (annexing the new law to the Treaty). By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht that concluded the war, Philip was recognized as king of Spain but was forced to cede Menorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain ; the Spanish Netherlands , Naples , Milan , and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs ; and Sicily and parts of Milan to Savoy . To further ensure the removal of Philip and his heirs from

5070-552: The second half of the 17th century in Italy. Guarini's project appears to have been influenced by Bernini's proposals for the Louvre Palace in Paris (1665) and by Borromini's San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane . Guarini died in Milan on 6 March 1683. In architecture, his successors include Filippo Juvarra , and Juvarra's pupil Bernardo Vittone . Guarini wrote ten treatises on a multitude of subjects, including architecture, mathematics and astronomy. In 1665, he published in Paris his Placita Philosophica (A System of Philosophy),

5148-444: The throne of France. The Royal Council decided to accept the provisions of the will of Charles II naming Philip king of Spain. 2 November 1701, the almost 18-year-old Philip married the 13-year-old Maria Luisa of Savoy , as chosen by his grandfather King Louis XIV. She was the daughter of Victor Amadeus II , Duke of Savoy, and his wife Anne Marie d'Orléans , Philip's first cousin once removed. The Duke and Duchess of Savoy were also

5226-480: The top and filled with mercury . Guarini's Placita includes an extensive section on theoretical astronomy . He defends the Ptolemaic system dismissing both the Copernican and Tycho Brahe ’s systems. He displays a good knowledge of modern scholarship and quotes frequently from Johannes Kepler ’s and Galileo's work. The French astronomer and Catholic priest Ismaël Bullialdus is also mentioned numerous times in conjunction with Kepler, particularly when discussing

5304-428: The union of France and Spain under one monarch would upset the balance of power in Europe, and that other European powers would take steps to prevent it. Philip's accession in Spain provoked the 13-year War of the Spanish Succession, which continued until the Treaty of Utrecht forbade any future possibility of unifying the French and Spanish crowns while confirming his accession to the throne of Spain. It also removed

5382-506: The work of Desargue on projective geometry . "It was this new geometry that supplied the scientific basis for Guarini's daring structures, particularly of domes." The construction of Sainte Anne began on the twenty-eighth of November, 1662 in a prominent site facing the Louvre on the quai of the Seine . Four years into the construction, both transepts of the church were nearing completion. Financial strains, as well as monetary and material resources, became increasingly irregular, putting

5460-433: Was a Theatine priest, mathematician, and writer. His work represents the ultimate achievement of Italian Baroque structural engineering , creating in stone what could be attempted today in reinforced concrete . Camillo Guarino Guarini was born in Modena on 17 January 1624. Following the chosen path of his eldest brother Eugenio, he entered the Theatine Order as a novitiate on the twenty-seventh of November, 1639 at

5538-618: Was a star hexagon plan created by superimposing two equilateral triangles. Guarini used such a format in the presbytery dome of San Lorenzo in Turin. Upon completion of seminary in 1647, Guarini returned to Modena where he was ordained on 17 January 1648. He worked with Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione on the Church of San Vincenzo and the Theatine monastery. Guarini rose quickly in the Theatine hierarchy , becoming first auditor , then superintendent of works, treasurer, lecturer in philosophy, procuratore , and finally provost in 1654. Prince Alfonso supported another candidate and Guarini

5616-494: Was childless. Philip's father had a strong claim to the Spanish throne, but since Philip's father and elder brother were expected to inherit the French throne, Charles named Philip as his heir presumptive in his will . Philip succeeded in 1700 as the first Spanish monarch of the House of Bourbon . In 1701, the new king married his second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy , with whom he had four sons. Their two surviving sons were

5694-642: Was eased by the castrato singer Farinelli , who became the " Musico de Camara of Their Majesties." Farinelli would sing eight or nine arias for the King and Queen every night, usually with a trio of musicians. Philip was struck by a stroke and died on 9 July 1746 in El Escorial , in Madrid, but was buried in his favorite Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso , near Segovia . Ferdinand VI of Spain, his son by his first queen Maria Luisa of Savoy , succeeded him. Historians have generally been unkind to

5772-723: Was gravely ill and swiftly departed from Sicily to Modena to stay with her at the end of her life. He remained there for several months while also drafting plans for the façade of the Theatine church of San Vincenzo in Modena, but the project was never executed. Guarini was reassigned to Paris in October 1662, where he took up the building of the Church of Sainte-Anne-la-Royale, originally commissioned to Antonio Maurizio Valperga (1605–1688). He thought poorly of Valperga's design–that it would be dark, narrow and lacking in unity–and presented

5850-625: Was just 14 years old. On entering Naples that year he was presented with Gian Lorenzo Bernini 's Boy with a Dragon . In 1714, Maria Luisa died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis , a devastating emotional blow to her husband. The actions of Louis XIV heightened the fears of the English , the Dutch and the Austrians , among others. In December 1700, Louis XIV issued letters patent to Philip, prior to Philip leaving France, preserving his status as

5928-631: Was restored to the Spanish throne, so as to avoid a regency for his second son, Ferdinand , who was only 10 at the time. Philip helped his Bourbon relatives to make territorial gains in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession by reconquering Naples and Sicily from Austria and Oran from the Ottomans . Finally, at the end of his reign Spanish forces defended their American territories from

6006-566: Was soon replaced and had to leave Modena. The next few years are poorly documented. He became a member of the Theatine House of Parma in 1656 and apparently visited Prague and Lisbon . Between 1657 and 1659 he stayed in Spain , where he studied Moorish architecture ; this influenced the style of some of his buildings in Turin. In 1660, Guarini was appointed to a professorial position at

6084-464: Was strongly supported by politicians such as Joseph de Solís and the Sardinian political philosopher Vicente Bacallar . Philip agreed to relinquish his right of succession to France under one condition: the introduction of semi-Salic law in Spain. Under this law, the succession to the Spanish crown was limited to his entire male line before it could pass to any female, a requirement made clear to

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