63-463: See text Cycladidae, Rafinesque 1820 Sphaeriidae is a family of small to minute freshwater bivalve molluscs in the order Sphaeriida . In the US, they are commonly known as pea clams or fingernail clams . Genera: Sphaeriidae are hermaphrodites with internal fertilization. Developing young are incubated within their mother ( ovoviviparity ), and newborn clams look like miniature copies of
126-474: A Cyclopædic Journal and Review , of which only eight issues were printed (1832–1833). He also gave public lectures and continued publishing, mostly at his own expense. Rafinesque died of stomach and liver cancer in Philadelphia on 18 September 1840. The cancer may have been induced by Rafinesque's self-medication years before with a mixture containing maidenhair fern . He was buried in a plot in what
189-643: A council at Sycamore Shoals (present-day Elizabethton, Tennessee ) to purchase over 17,000,000 acres (69,000 km ) of land between the Ohio , Cumberland , and Kentucky rivers in present-day Kentucky and Tennessee to resell it to white settlers. Known as the Transylvania Purchase , the sale was voided by the Virginia General Assembly , since the territory (and the sole right to purchase land from Indians within its bounds)
252-446: A female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.86. The age distribution was 23.5% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
315-600: A few of his descriptions were published, with his friend John D. Clifford's series "Indian Antiquities", eight long letters in Lexington's short-lived Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine (1819–1820). Clifford died suddenly in 1820, ending his contributions. Rafinesque's work was used by others. For instance, he identified 148 ancient earthworks sites in Kentucky. All sites in Kentucky that were included by E. G. Squier and Davis in their notable Ancient Monuments of
378-606: A notable contribution to North American prehistory with his studies of ancient earthworks of the Adena and Hopewell cultures , especially in the Ohio Valley . He was the first to identify these as the "Ancient Monuments of America". He listed more than 500 such archaeological sites in Ohio and Kentucky. Rafinesque never excavated; rather, he recorded the sites visited by careful measurements, sketches, and written descriptions. Only
441-719: A satellite campus of Murray State University . In addition, students are served by Oakland City University Evansville Center, the University of Evansville , and the University of Southern Indiana in Evansville . Henderson has a lending library , the Henderson County Public Library . Henderson is served by one local daily newspaper, The Gleaner , as well as the metro edition of the Evansville Courier & Press . Henderson
504-498: A sixth person before taking his own life. The shooting is the worst in the history of Henderson County in terms of casualties, surpassing triple homicides occurring in 1799 and 1955. Henderson is located in north-central Henderson County, 10 miles (16 km) south of Evansville, Indiana , and 30 miles (48 km) west of Owensboro, Kentucky . According to the United States Census Bureau , Henderson has
567-601: A total area of 17.6 square miles (45.6 km ), of which 15.3 square miles (39.6 km ) are land and 2.3 square miles (5.9 km ), or 13.01%, are water. As the state line tends to follow the Indiana side of the river, most of the Ohio River going past Henderson is within the city limits. Because the Indiana - Kentucky border is defined as the low-water mark on the north bank of the Ohio River as of 1792, and because
630-616: A young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America . He also contributed to the study of ancient Mesoamerican linguistics , in addition to work he had already completed in Europe. Rafinesque was an eccentric and erratic genius. He was an autodidact , who excelled in various fields of knowledge, as
693-466: A zoologist, botanist, writer and polyglot . He wrote prolifically on such diverse topics as anthropology, biology, geology, and linguistics, but was honored in none of these fields during his lifetime. Indeed, he was an outcast in the American scientific community and his submissions were automatically rejected by leading journals. Among his theories were that ancestors of Native Americans had migrated by
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#1732780711604756-602: Is Henderson's oldest on-going music festival and marked its 25th continuous year in 2010. Past performers have included Bill Monroe , Emmylou Harris , Alison Krauss and Union Station , Ricky Skaggs , John Hartford , Glen Campbell , and other notable Bluegrass artists. The Folklife aspect of the festival is a celebration of local lifestyles and culture with displays on recreational folklife (traditional games), functional folklife (quilting, tatting, chair-caning, basket-making, fly-tying), oral traditions (storytelling), folk music, food traditions (curing country hams, making burgoo ,
819-498: Is almost hazardous for even small gasoline boats to run". On June 20, 1914, Henderson was hit by a "baby cyclone". Jack Hudgions, local historian and newsman, wrote that " hail as large as partridge eggs" fell for ten minutes and that powerful winds uprooted giant trees "and twisted limbs from shade trees in the city." In the northern part of Henderson, several buildings were blown down and wheat stocks were scattered. The storm lasted for more than 30 minutes, laying crops low throughout
882-464: Is also one of the state's leading coal producers, with over 2.8 million tons produced in 2004. Each year Henderson hosts a variety of events and festivals. The Henderson Breakfast Lions Club holds the Tri-Fest , a street festival that raises funds for non-profit organizations, in mid-April each year. There is also the free Handy Blues and Barbecue Festival in mid-June, honoring the legacy of Father of
945-399: Is an alternative school for those suspended from the other schools in the district, Central Academy. There is one parochial school , Holy Name of Jesus Catholic School which has both elementary and middle school. and also a school for students with mental or physical deficiencies, Riverview School. Henderson is home to one postsecondary institution, Henderson Community College , as well as
1008-491: Is now Ronaldson's Cemetery. In March 1924, what were thought to be his remains were transported to Transylvania University and reinterred in a tomb under a stone inscribed, "Honor to whom honor is overdue." Rafinesque published 6,700 binomial names of plants, many of which have priority over more familiar names. The quantity of new taxa he produced, both plants and animals, has made Rafinesque memorable or even notorious among biologists. Rafinesque applied to join one of
1071-634: Is part of the Evansville media market, the 101st-largest television market and 161st-largest radio market in the United States. WSON (860-AM) is the only locally owned radio station broadcasting from the city. The Henderson Area Rapid Transit (HART) was created in 1957 as a publicly owned mass transit system, of which all citizens who live in the city of Henderson are part owners. Some scenes from A League of Their Own , directed by Penny Marshall , were filmed in Henderson in 1991, including all of
1134-513: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Henderson has a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 27,373 people, 11,693 households, and 7,389 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,829.0 inhabitants per square mile (706.2/km ). There were 12,652 housing units at an average density of 845.4 per square mile (326.4/km ). The racial makeup of
1197-409: The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ). Rafinesque was one of the first to use the term " evolution " in the context of biological speciation. Rafinesque proposed a theory of evolution before Charles Darwin . In a letter in 1832, Rafinesque wrote: The truth is that Species and perhaps Genera also, are forming in organized beings by gradual deviations of shapes, forms and organs, taking place in
1260-469: The poverty line , including 24.6% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over. The county has numerous industries, including aluminum production, automotive and appliance parts, plastic injection molding , tool and die making, food processing and processing of recycled materials. In June 2008, of the 20,205 jobs in Henderson, almost 12% were government jobs. It also ranks as one of Kentucky's top three corn and soybean producers. Henderson County
1323-634: The 1970s and is on the first weekend in October at John James Audubon State Park and has been organized by the Henderson City Lions Club since 2018. The Henderson County school system includes eight elementary schools: A.B. Chandler, Spottsville, East Heights, Bend Gate, South Heights, Jefferson, Cairo, and Niagara; two middle schools, North Middle and South Middle; and one high school, Henderson County High School . The Thelma B. Johnson Early Learning Center serves pre-schoolers. There
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#17327807116041386-820: The Bering Sea from Asia to North America, and that the Americas were populated by black indigenous peoples at the time of European contact. Rafinesque was born on 22 October 1783, in Galata , a suburb of Constantinople. His father, F. G. Rafinesque, was a French merchant from Marseilles ; his mother, M. Schmaltz, was of German descent and born in Constantinople. His father died in Philadelphia about 1793. Rafinesque spent his youth in Marseilles, and
1449-786: The Blues W. C. Handy , and the Bluegrass in the Park Folklife Festival in August. Annual barbecues have been a Henderson tradition dating as far back as the one started on Sunday, July 18, 1926, in Atkinson Park by the Henderson Freight Station employees. Notable foods were lamb, burgoo , etc. Bluegrass in the Park Folklife Festival is one of the largest free Bluegrass festivals in the country. It
1512-567: The Cherokee, the free male inhabitants of Red Bank totaled 62. Later, in 1797, Captain Young of Mercer County, Kentucky and the "Exterminators", a group of regulators under his leadership swiftly and violently drove out the remaining outlaw element in Red Banks. Samuel Hopkins and the surveyor Thomas Allin visited Red Banks in 1797 and laid out plans for the future town of Henderson. It
1575-624: The Delaware Indians). It told of their migration to the lands around the Delaware River . Rafinesque claimed he had obtained wooden tablets engraved and painted with indigenous pictographs , together with a transcription in the Lenape language . Based on this, he produced an English translation of the tablets' contents. Rafinesque claimed the original tablets and transcription were later lost, leaving his notes and transcribed copy as
1638-624: The Mississippi Valley (1848), completed for the Smithsonian Institution , were first identified by Rafinesque in his manuscripts. Rafinesque also made contributions to Mesoamerican studies. The latter were based on linguistic data, which he extracted from printed sources, mostly those of travelers. He designated as Taino , the ancient language of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola . Others later also used
1701-580: The acquaintance of fellow naturalist John James Audubon , and stayed in Audubon's home for some three weeks. Audubon, although enjoying Rafinesque's company, took advantage of him by practical jokes involving fantastic, made-up species. In 1819, Rafinesque became professor of botany at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky , where he also gave private lessons in French, Italian, and Spanish. He
1764-604: The acquaintance of most of the young nation's few botanists. In 1805, Rafinesque returned to Europe with his collection of botanical specimens, and settled in Palermo , Sicily, where he learned Italian. He became so successful in trade that he retired by age 25 and devoted his time entirely to natural history. For a time Rafinesque also worked as secretary to the American consul. During his stay in Sicily, he studied plants and fishes, naming many newly discovered species of each. He
1827-594: The adults. Parasites and/or predators include the Sciomyzidae . Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz ( French pronunciation: [kɔ̃stɑ̃tin samɥɛl ʁafinɛsk(ə)ʃmalts] ; 22 October 1783 – 18 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as
1890-432: The center of the streets without interfering. By October 29, 1799, a census for the city of Henderson showed a population of 183. The county had 423 residents, 207 slaves, and 412 horses. A post office was established in the town in 1801; the city was formally incorporated on January 21, 1840. By mid-century, Henderson County had become a major producer of tobacco , much of which was exported to Great Britain . The area
1953-412: The city was 84.1% White , 11.8% Black or African American , 0.18% Native American , 0.7% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.58% from other races , and 1.04% from two or more races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.27% of the population. There were 11,693 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 14.1% had
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2016-483: The city's riverfront boat dock. A village on this site was called "Red Banks" because of the reddish clay soil of the bluffs overlooking the Ohio River. The future city was named after Richard Henderson , an eighteenth-century pioneer and land speculator, by his associates Samuel Hopkins and Thomas Allin . Henderson County also shares this namesake. On March 17, 1775, North Carolina judge Richard Henderson and his Transylvania Company had met with 1,200 Cherokee in
2079-466: The county. Telephone lines were damaged and windows broken in the city and county by the hailstones. 26 days later, the city was hit by a tornado that left two dead and much of the city in ruins. In 1937, 21 inches (530 mm) of precipitation fell in 18 days over the Ohio River watershed, resulting in the Ohio River flood of 1937 and extensive damage. Henderson, on its bluff, was spared much of
2142-599: The craft of barbecue), and foreign cultures that have integrated with local traditions, among other things. The Henderson Lions Club Arts and Crafts Festival is a large event that sees as many as 10,000 visitors each year. The Festival, originally known as the Big Rivers Arts Festival and then later taken over and known as the Green River Areas Development District Arts Festival, has been held since
2205-503: The damage that Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , Louisville , Evansville , Paducah and other river cities suffered. Leigh Harris, the publisher of the Henderson Gleaner and Evening Journal newspapers, wrote, "Henderson is on the river but never in it!" Its favorable location helped the city attract new industries. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to
2268-631: The document might be fraudulent. In the 1950s, the Indiana Historical Society published a "retranslation" of the Walam Olum , as "a worthy subject for students of aboriginal culture". Since the late 20th century, studies especially in linguistic, ethnohistorical, archaeological, and textual analyses suggest that the Walam Olum account was largely or entirely a fabrication. Scholars have described its record of "authentic Lenape traditional migration stories" as spurious. After
2331-544: The downtown area. In the early 20th century, recognizable neighborhoods (unincorporated places) within the city and the outlying edges of town included Audubon , Weaverton , and Audubon Heights . Segments of Audubon and Weaverton were sometimes referred to as the "East End", which held the second-largest business area after downtown Henderson. A workplace shooting occurred at an Atlantis Plastics factory in Henderson on June 25, 2008. The gunman, 25-year-old Wesley Neal Higdon, shot and killed five people and critically injured
2394-474: The lapse of time. There is a tendency to deviations and mutations through plants and animals by gradual steps at remote irregular periods. This is a part of the great universal law of perpetual mutability in everything. Thus it is needless to dispute and differ about new genera, species and varieties. Every variety is a deviation which becomes a species as soon as it is permanent by reproduction. Deviations in essential organs may thus gradually become new genera. In
2457-546: The late 1800s and early 1900s. The "great sleet " of 1901 fell for three weeks in February. "Horses had to have special shoes to keep their footing on local roads." In 1908 the Henderson area had high temperatures and a drought , which markedly reduced the flow of the Ohio River. The Henderson Daily Gleaner reported that "boys were playing baseball every day in the middle of the old riverbed." All businesses were challenged and forced to close. A Henderson reporter wrote, "[I]t
2520-457: The local Cherokee. On November 16, 1792, resident Robert Simpson wrote to Alexander D. Orr in Lexington , requesting help to appoint a magistrate for Red Banks to deal with some of its 30 families he felt were of dubious (criminal) character. During this period, the Red Banks settlement had gained notoriety as a frontier haven for westward-moving outlaws and their families. One such family was that of Squire Samuel Mason . By that time, excluding
2583-496: The new species of plants and animals he encountered in travels throughout the state. He was considered an erratic student of higher plants. In the spring of 1826, he left the university after quarreling with its president. He traveled and lectured in various places, and endeavored to establish a magazine and a botanic garden, but without success. He moved to Philadelphia, a center of publishing and research, without employment. He published The Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge,
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2646-566: The newly established Lyceum of Natural History . In 1817, his book Florula Ludoviciana [ es ] or A Flora of the State of Louisiana was strongly criticized by fellow botanists, which caused his writings to be ignored. By 1818, he had collected and named more than 250 new species of plants and animals. Slowly, he was rebuilding his collection of objects from nature. In the summer of 1818, in Henderson, Kentucky , Rafinesque made
2709-463: The only record of evidence. For over a century after Rafinesque's publication, the Walam Olum was widely accepted by ethnohistorians as authentically Native American in origin, but as early as 1849, when the document was republished by Ephraim G. Squier , Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , an ethnologist who had worked extensively in Michigan and related territories, wrote to Squier saying that he believed
2772-519: The publication in 1995 of David Oestreicher 's thesis, The Anatomy of the Walam Olum: A 19th Century Anthropological Hoax , many scholars concurred with his analysis. They concluded that Rafinesque had been either the perpetrator, or perhaps the victim, of a hoax. Other scholars, writers, and some among the Lenape continue to find the account plausible and support its authenticity. Rafinesque made
2835-767: The river changed course as a result of the New Madrid earthquake of 1812, a small portion of Henderson County (approximately 4 miles (6 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide), lies north of the current course of the river in what would appear to be part of Indiana. Both the Bi-State Vietnam Gold Star Bridges and the Ellis Park Race Course horse racing track are located entirely within Kentucky. The racetrack uses Indiana's 812 area code despite officially being located in Kentucky. Henderson had unusual weather patterns in
2898-541: The start of the 1st millennium CE were of the Mississippian culture , a Native American civilization that flourished throughout what is now the Midwestern , Eastern , and Southeastern United States , from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE. The population of most settlements of this culture had dispersed or were experiencing severe social and environmental stress by 1500. The area that is now Henderson County
2961-436: The term " mutations ". He believed that evolution had occurred "by gradual steps at remote irregular periods." This has been compared to the concept of punctuated equilibrium . He also held that the same processes apply to humans. In 1836, Rafinesque published his first volume of The American Nations . This included Walam Olum , a purported migration and creation narrative of the Lenape (also known by English speakers as
3024-493: The term to identify the ethnicity of indigenous Caribbean peoples. Although mistaken in his presumption that the ancient Maya script was alphabetical in nature, Rafinesque was probably first to insist that studying modern Mayan languages could lead to deciphering the ancient script. In 1832, he was the first to partly decipher ancient Maya. He explained that its bar-and-dot symbols represent fives and ones, respectively. According to historian George Daniels, Rafinesque
3087-538: The third edition of On the Origin of Species published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a Historical Sketch that acknowledged the ideas of Rafinesque. Rafinesque's evolutionary theory appears in a two-page article in the 1833 spring issue of the Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge (a journal founded by himself). Rafinesque held that species are not fixed; they gradually change through time. He used
3150-509: The western scientific expeditions organized by President Thomas Jefferson , but received notice of appointment to the Dunbar and Hunter Expedition only after his arrival in Sicily. After studying the specimens collected by the Lewis and Clark expedition, he assigned scientific names to the black-tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ), the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ), and
3213-493: The world. Great Britain, however, imposed a high tariff on imported tobacco after the war, wrecking the county and city's export market. Tobacco warehouses and plants closed, and the community's economic fortunes reversed. The last tobacco facility, the Soaper Tobacco Warehouse on Pennell Street, closed in 1984. Henderson continued as a regional center into the 20th century. Businesses were concentrated in
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#17327807116043276-465: Was 29,781 at the 2020 U.S. census . It is part of the Evansville–Henderson, IN–KY Combined Statistical Area , locally known as the " Tri-State Area ," and is considered the southernmost suburb of Evansville, Indiana . Archaeological research shows that people were living in what is now Kentucky by at least 9,500 BCE, although they may have arrived much earlier. The settlers of the area after
3339-408: Was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 30,427, and the median income for a family was $ 39,887. Males had a median income of $ 32,131 versus $ 22,225 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,925. About 13.2% of families and 16.5% of the population were below
3402-552: Was a brilliant but erratic naturalist who roamed the American wilderness. His style was offputting to the emerging professionalization of science and achievements were controversial at the time and by historians ever since. By 1820, he was virtually an outcast in the scientific community as all the important publications rejected his submissions. The two leading American scientists of the day, Benjamin Silliman and Asa Gray , were harshly critical. Modern historians agree that Rafinesque
3465-420: Was also a brilliant teacher at Transylvania University. John Jeremiah Sullivan 's essay La-Hwi-Ne-Ski: Career of an Eccentric Naturalist , which appears in his 2011 collection, Pulphead , chronicles the life and times of Rafinesque. Henderson, Kentucky Henderson is a home rule-class city along the Ohio River and the county seat of Henderson County, Kentucky , United States. The population
3528-533: Was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1808. Rafinesque had a common-law wife . After their son died in 1815, he left her and returned to the United States. When his ship Union foundered near the coast of Connecticut, he lost all his books (50 boxes) and all his specimens (including more than 60,000 shells ). Settling in New York, Rafinesque became a founding member of
3591-458: Was formally established by the Kentucky legislature the same year. A distinguishing characteristic of the new town plan was unusually wide streets, reportedly to prevent a fire in one block from easily spreading to another. Even with diagonal parking spaces outlined on downtown streets today, the streets are wide enough to include two-way traffic and space left over for delivery trucks to park in
3654-521: Was later inhabited by the Yuchi , Shawnee and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians . Significant artifacts from these tribes and earlier peoples, including from mounds , have been found by white settlers and their descendants since the 1700s. Henderson has its roots in a small, block-wide strip of land high above the Ohio River , the site of the present-day Audubon Mill Park directly south of
3717-568: Was loosely associated with John D. Clifford, a merchant who was also interested in the ancient earthworks that remained throughout the Ohio Valley. Clifford conducted archival research, seeking the origins of these mounds, and Rafinesque measured and mapped them. Some had already been lost to American development. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820. Rafinesque started recording all
3780-455: Was mostly self-educated; he never attended university. By the age of 12, he had begun collecting plants for an herbarium . By 14, he had taught himself Greek and Latin because he needed to follow footnotes in the books he was reading in his paternal grandmother's libraries. In 1802, at the age of 19, Rafinesque sailed to Philadelphia in the United States with his younger brother. They traveled through Pennsylvania and Delaware , where he made
3843-435: Was often hasty, and tried to claim credit properly due to other researchers. Scientists were troubled that his theory of evolution – long before Darwin – seemed to be based more on his speculation and exaggerations than on solid research. Despite all his faults, says Daniels, "he made enormous contributions to the natural history phase of American science...with the establishment of 34 genera and 24 species of American fishes." He
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#17327807116043906-499: Was part of Virginia's royal charter . However, the commonwealth granted Henderson and his company an area of 200,000 acres (810 km ) to develop. It was located at the confluence of the Green and Ohio rivers. Henderson hired Daniel Boone to survey the country and select favorable sites, but Henderson died before the town was developed. By the early 1790s, Red Banks had a tavern and several European-American families co-existing with
3969-461: Was reported to be the largest dark tobacco producer in the world; large tobacco warehouses and stemmeries dotted the downtown Henderson area. Postcards from the era show long lines of horse- and mule-drawn wagons piled high with tobacco, waiting their turn to unload for shipment downriver. Some tobacco processors accumulated considerable fortunes. Shortly before World War I , Henderson was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in
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