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82-546: Identical twin brothers Peter Spierig and Michael Spierig ( / ˈ s p iː r ɪ ɡ / ), known collectively as the Spierig Brothers , are German-Australian film directors , producers , and screenwriters . They are best known for their 2014 sci-fi thriller, Predestination . Peter and Michael made their directing debut in 2003 with Undead , a low-budget zombie horror-comedy film, after they agreed on pooling together their life savings. It won

164-428: A vardøger is a ghostly double who is seen performing the person's actions in advance. In Finnish mythology , this pattern is described as having an etiäinen , "a firstcomer". Many majority Muslim countries have the concept of a karin or qarin , which is a potentially benevolent or harmful spirit double of the same sex, race and parallel temperament as the person it is connected to. It bears children which are

246-475: A doppelgänger for Donald Duck in Donald's Double Trouble (1946), where the twofold fowl speaks perfectly intelligible English and is well-mannered. The 1969 film Doppelgänger involves a journey to the far side of the sun, where the astronaut finds a counter-earth , a mirror image of home. He surmises his counterpart is at that moment on his Earth in the same predicament. English actor Roger Moore plays

328-512: A doppelgänger in the climax. Jordan Peele 's horror film Us (2019) finds the Wilson family attacked by doubles of themselves known as "the Tethered". In the episode " Mirror Image " of the first series of The Twilight Zone (originally aired 25 February 1960), a young woman repeatedly sees her double in a New York Bus Terminal. After she is taken off to an asylum, the episodes ends with

410-523: A doppelgänger that people mistake for Ward, often claiming to have seen him at parties and events Ward has no recollection of attending. At one point in the novel, Victor heads to Europe but reports of him attending events in the states appear in newspaper headlines. Victor's doppelgänger may have been placed by Victor's father, a United States senator looking to present a more intelligent and sophisticated replacement for his son that would improve his own image and boost his poll numbers for future elections. While

492-664: A family history of fraternal twins have a higher chance of producing fraternal twins themselves, as there is a genetically linked tendency to hyper- ovulate . There is no known genetic link for identical twinning. Other factors that increase the odds of having fraternal twins include maternal age, fertility drugs and other fertility treatments, nutrition, and prior births. Some women intentionally turn to fertility drugs in order to conceive twins. The vast majority of twins are either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). In humans dizygotic twins occur more often than monozygotic twins. Less common variants are discussed further down

574-497: A greater chance of dizygotic multiple births. In the United States it has been estimated that by 2011 36% of twin births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology . The risk of twin birth can vary depending on what types of fertility treatments are used. With in vitro fertilisation (IVF), this is primarily due to the insertion of multiple embryos into the uterus. Ovarian hyperstimulation without IVF has

656-607: A horror film about the Winchester Mystery House , starring Helen Mirren as heiress Sarah Winchester , and released on 2 February 2018. Both films however received largely negative reviews. Predestination won the 2014 John Hinde Award for Excellence in Science-Fiction Writing . Identical twin In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb (the much more common case in humans)

738-498: A magic trick in which the performer appears to transport across the stage instantaneously. Angier initially performs the trick with a lookalike (also portrayed by Jackman), but later uses a machine that allows him to create an unlimited number of clones of himself. In the final scene, it is revealed that Borden had also been using a doppelgänger to perform the trick; the character "Borden" was actually two identical-looking men who took turns living out Borden's public life in order to create

820-501: A man haunted by a doppelgänger, who springs to life following a near-death experience , in Basil Dearden 's The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970). The 1972 Robert Altman film Images has a doppelgänger for the hallucinating character played by Susanna York. The 1991 French/Polish film, La double vie de Véronique ( Polish : Podwójne życie Weroniki ), directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski and starring Irène Jacob , explores

902-506: A more likely explanation. A high twinning rate has also been observed in other places of the world, including: The widespread use of fertility drugs causing hyperovulation (stimulated release of multiple eggs by the mother) has caused what some call an "epidemic of multiple births ". In 2001, for the first time ever in the US , the twinning rate exceeded 3% of all births. Nevertheless, the rate of monozygotic twins remains at about 1 in 333 across

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984-460: A pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with another pair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints however, because even within the confines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment, giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints and thus making them unique. Monozygotic twins always have the same genotype . Normally due to an environmental factor or

1066-568: A premonition of her soon-to-be death. In Richard Ayoade 's The Double (2013), based on Fyodor Dostoevsky 's novel of the same name , a man is troubled by a doppelgänger who is employed at his place of work and affects his personal and professional life. Estranged couple Ethan and Sophie find doubles of themselves trapped in the retreat house their marriage counselor recommended in Charlie McDowell 's The One I Love (2014). The 2018 science fiction film Annihilation features

1148-659: A prize for Best Visual Effects at the Australian Film Institute Awards, and screened at 17 film festivals, including Edinburgh , Montreal , Toronto , Sitges , Berlin , Amsterdam and Puchon. At the Melbourne International Film Festival , the International Federation of Film Critics awarded Undead the prestigious FIPRESCI Award . The film was sold to 41 countries, and was released in

1230-545: A rate of about 3 in every 1000 deliveries worldwide. The likelihood of a single fertilization resulting in monozygotic twins is uniformly distributed in all populations around the world. This is in marked contrast to dizygotic twinning, which ranges from about six per thousand births in Japan (almost similar to the rate of identical twins, which is around 4–5) to 15 and more per thousand in some parts of India and up to over 20 in some Central African countries. The exact cause for

1312-529: A second character trying to catch his double. The plot of the "Firefall" episode of Kolchak: The Night Stalker (originally aired 8 November 1974) revolves around the spirit of a deceased arsonist that becomes the doppelgänger of a renowned orchestra conductor. He starts killing off people close to the conductor (by spontaneous human combustion ), with the ultimate goal of taking over the conductor's body. The Hammer House of Horror episode "The Two Faces of Evil" (originally aired 29 November 1980), focuses on

1394-406: A separate fetus, rather than by the embryo splitting while hatching from the zona pellucida (the gelatinous protective coating around the blastocyst). Monozygotic twins may also be created artificially by embryo splitting. It can be used as an expansion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the number of available embryos for embryo transfer . Monozygotic twinning occurs in birthing at

1476-541: A study in 2012 found that it is possible for a polar body to result in a healthy fetus. In 2003, a study argued that many cases of triploidy arise from sesquizygotic (semi-identical) twinning which happens when a single egg is fertilized by two sperm and splits the three sets of chromosomes into two separate cell sets. The degree of separation of the twins in utero depends on if and when they split into two zygotes. Dizygotic twins were always two zygotes. Monozygotic twins split into two zygotes at some time very early in

1558-478: A very high risk of multiple birth. Reversal of anovulation with clomifene (trade names including Clomid ) has a relatively less but yet significant risk of multiple pregnancy. A 15-year German study of 8,220 vaginally delivered twins (that is, 4,110 pregnancies) in Hesse yielded a mean delivery time interval of 13.5 minutes. The delivery interval between the twins was measured as follows: The study stated that

1640-469: A word to anyone, in front of several guests at a party being given by his wife on 22 June 1893 while he was supposed to be in a ship of the Mediterranean Fleet , manoeuvering off the coast of Syria. Subsequently, it was reported that he had gone down with his ship, HMS Victoria , the very same night, after it collided with HMS Camperdown following an unexplained and bizarre order to turn

1722-473: Is a loanword from the German noun Doppelgänger , literally meaning "double-walker". The singular and plural forms are the same in German, but English writers usually prefer the plural "doppelgängers". In German, there is also a feminine form, Doppelgängerin (plural Doppelgängerinnen pronounced [ˈdɔpl̩ˌɡɛŋəʁɪnən] ). The first-known use, in the form Doppeltgänger , occurs in

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1804-574: Is a doppelgänger tale, and the doppelgänger motif is a staple of Gothic fiction . In Vladimir Nabokov 's 1936 novel Despair , the narrator and protagonist, Hermann Karlovich, meets a homeless man in Prague, who he believes is his doppelgänger. Jorge Luis Borges ' The Other (1972) has the author himself find that he's sitting on a bench with his older doppelgänger, and the two have a conversation. In Bret Easton Ellis 's novel, Glamorama (1998), protagonist actor–model Victor Ward ostensibly has

1886-408: Is a ghostly double of a living person, especially one that haunts its own fleshly counterpart. In fiction and mythology, a doppelgänger is often portrayed as a ghostly or paranormal phenomenon and usually seen as a harbinger of bad luck. Other traditions and stories equate a doppelgänger with an evil twin . In modern times, the term twin stranger is occasionally used. The word "doppelgänger"

1968-411: Is called a singleton , and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is a multiple . Unrelated look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgänger . The human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 9.4 to 16.7 twin sets (18.8 to 33.3 twins) per 1,000 births. The Yoruba people have the highest rate of twinning in

2050-446: Is fertilized to form one zygote (hence, "monozygotic") which then divides into two separate embryos . The chances of having identical twins is relatively rare – around 3 or 4 in every 1,000 births. Regarding spontaneous or natural monozygotic twinning, a 2007 theory related to in vitro fertilization (IVF) proposes that monozygotic twins may be formed when a blastocyst contains two inner cell masses (ICM), each of which will lead to

2132-482: Is made by the group trying to stop it from killing again. The group also discusses other examples of fictional doppelgängers that supposedly occurred throughout history to provide some context. In Neil Gaiman 's novel Coraline (2002), the heroine meets up with improved look-alikes of her parents and all her neighbors when she enters the Other Mother's world. In Das Mirakel and The Miracle (both 1912)

2214-448: Is often dropped, rendering "doppelganger". English-speakers have only recently applied this German word to a paranormal concept. Francis Grose 's Provincial Glossary of 1787 used the term fetch instead, defined as the "apparition of a person living." Catherine Crowe 's book on paranormal phenomena, The Night-Side of Nature (1848) helped make the German word well known. The concept of alter egos and double spirits has appeared in

2296-502: Is that Mrs. Williams saw him. Now Jane, though a woman of sensibility, has not much imagination & is not in the slightest degree nervous—neither in dreams or otherwise. She was standing one day, the day before I was taken ill, [15 June] at a window that looked on the Terrace with Trelawny—it was day—she saw as she thought Shelley pass by the window, as he often was then, without a coat or jacket—he passed again—now as he passed both times

2378-419: Is the most common type of twin. Dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, will practically always have different sequences on each chromosome, due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis . Dizygotic twins share on average 50 percent of each other's genes, the same as siblings that are conceived and born at different times. Like any other siblings , dizygotic twins may look similar , particularly as they are

2460-399: Is the result of some melancholy dream, which I desire you to forget, for you are now awake. To which Mr. Donnes reply was: I cannot be surer that I now live, then that I have not slept since I saw you: and am, assure, that at her second appearing, she stopped, looked me in the face, and vanished. R. C. Bald and R. E. Bennett questioned the veracity of Walton's account. On 8 July 1822,

2542-683: The Yoruba to 10% for Linha São Pedro, a tiny Brazilian settlement which belongs to the city of Cândido Godói . In Cândido Godói, one in five pregnancies has resulted in twins. The Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa has put forward the theory that experiments of the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele could be responsible for the high ratio of twins in the area. His theory was rejected by Brazilian scientists who had studied twins living in Linha São Pedro; they suggested genetic factors within that community as

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2624-462: The blastocysts have fused. Monochorionic twins share the same placenta , and thus have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Monoamniotic twins are always monozygotic . The survival rate for monoamniotic twins is somewhere between 50% and 60%. Monoamniotic twins, as with diamniotic monochorionic twins, have a risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Also, the two umbilical cords have an increased chance of being tangled around

2706-569: The English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley drowned in the Bay of Spezia near Lerici in Italy . On 15 August, while staying at Pisa , Percy's wife Mary Shelley , an author and editor, wrote a letter to Maria Gisborne in which she relayed Percy's claims to her that he had met his own doppelgänger. A week after Mary's nearly fatal miscarriage , in the early hours of 23 June, Percy had had a nightmare about

2788-586: The US and Canada by Lions Gate Entertainment , who developed a close relationship with Peter and Michael, and backed their second film, Daybreakers . Daybreakers (2010) starred four-time Academy Award nominee Ethan Hawke , four-time Academy Award nominee Willem Dafoe , Sam Neill , Claudia Karvan , Vince Colosimo , Michael Dorman , and Isabel Lucas . The film was released in the United States on 2,500 screens in January 2010. The Spierig brothers' third film

2870-480: The Virgin Mary (as Doppelgängerin ) takes the place of a nun who has run away from her convent in search of love and adventure. Both based on the 1911 play The Miracle by Karl Vollmöller . The Student of Prague (1913) is a German silent film where a diabolical character steals the reflection of a young student out of his mirror, leading it to return later and terrorise him. Animator Jack King creates

2952-466: The article. Fraternal twins can be any of the following: Among non-twin births, male singletons are slightly (about five percent) more common than female singletons. The rates for singletons vary slightly by country. For example, the sex ratio of birth in the US is 1.05 males/female, while it is 1.07 males/female in Italy. However, males are also more susceptible than females to die in utero , and since

3034-473: The babies. Because of this, there is an increased chance that the newborns may be miscarried or suffer from cerebral palsy due to lack of oxygen. When the division of the developing zygote into 2 embryos occurs, 99% of the time it is within 8 days of fertilization. Mortality is highest for conjoined twins due to the many complications resulting from shared organs. A 2006 study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase

3116-450: The chance of dizygotic twinning. Specifically, the study found that vegan mothers (who exclude dairy from their diets) are one-fifth as likely to have twins as vegetarian or omnivore mothers, and concluded that "Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation." From 1980 to 1997,

3198-406: The deactivation of different X chromosomes in female monozygotic twins, and in some extremely rare cases, due to aneuploidy , twins may express different sexual phenotypes , normally from an XXY Klinefelter syndrome zygote splitting unevenly. Monozygotic twins, although genetically very similar, are not genetically exactly the same. The DNA in white blood cells of 66 pairs of monozygotic twins

3280-413: The death rate in utero is higher for twins, it leads to female twins being more common than male twins. Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome of twins. Dizygotic ( DZ ) or fraternal twins (also referred to as "non-identical twins", "dissimilar twins", "biovular twins", and, informally in the case of females, "sororal twins") usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in

3362-408: The differences detected in this study would have occurred during embryonic cell-division (after the point of fertilization). If they occur early in fetal development, they will be present in a very large proportion of body cells. Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification , caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives. Epigenetics refers to

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3444-457: The doppelgänger murder the object of his affection. In addition to describing the doppelgänger double as a counterpart to the self, Percy Bysshe Shelley 's drama Prometheus Unbound (1820) makes reference to Zoroaster meeting "his own image walking in the garden". In Edgar Allan Poe 's 1839 short story " William Wilson ", the main character is followed by a doppelgänger his whole life, with it troubling him and causing mischief. Eventually

3526-499: The doppelgänger to touch it, and felt "a slight resistance, which they likened to that which a fabric of fine muslin or crape would offer to the touch". The story is reported by Robert Dale Owen . A Victorian age example was the supposed appearance of Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon . He was said to have walked through the drawing room of his family home in Eaton Square , London , looking straight ahead, without exchanging

3608-405: The early stages of embryonic development. A 1981 study of a deceased XXX twin fetus without a heart showed that although its fetal development suggested that it was an identical twin, as it shared a placenta with its healthy twin, tests revealed that it was probably a polar body twin. The authors were unable to predict whether a healthy fetus could result from a polar body twinning. However,

3690-687: The epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality. In January 2021, new research from a team of researchers in Iceland was published in the journal Nature Genetics suggesting that identical twins may not be quite as identical as previously thought. The four-year study of monozygotic (identical) twins and their extended families revealed that these twins have genetic differences that begin in

3772-718: The episode, trapping the original in the Black Lodge. A total of three different doppelgängers are dispatched from the mysterious Black Lodge to bedevil the forces of good in Showtime's 2017 series Twin Peaks: The Return . In Buffy the Vampire Slayer 's season three episode " Doppelgangland " (originally aired 23 February 1999), Willow encounters her vampire double who was first introduced seven episodes prior (in " The Wish " [8 December 1998]). In

3854-452: The figure had entirely disappeared. It is strange, however, that, eight years afterward, I found myself on the very road, to pay one more visit to Frederica, in the dress of which I had dreamed, and which I wore, not from choice, but by accident. However, it may be with matters of this kind generally, this strange illusion in some measure calmed me at the moment of parting. The pain of quitting for ever noble Alsace , with all I had gained in it,

3936-594: The folklore, myths, religious concepts and traditions of many cultures throughout human history. In Ancient Egyptian mythology , a ka was a tangible "spirit double" having the same memories and feelings as the person to whom the counterpart belongs. The Greek Princess presents an Egyptian view of the Trojan War in which a ka of Helen misleads Paris , helping to stop the war. This memic sense also appears in Euripides ' play Helen . In Norse mythology ,

4018-480: The globe. In a study on the maternity records of 5750 Hausa women living in the Savannah zone of Nigeria , there were 40 twins and 2 triplets per 1000 births. Twenty-six percent of twins were monozygotic. The incidence of multiple births, which was about five times higher than that observed in any western population, was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups, who live in the hot and humid climate of

4100-471: The grave, where do inhabit / The shadows of all forms that think and live / Till death unite them and they part no more...." Near the end of Book XI of his autobiography, Dichtung und Wahrheit ("Poetry and Truth") (1811–1833), Goethe wrote, almost in passing: Amid all this pressure and confusion I could not forego seeing Frederica once more. Those were painful days, the memory of which has not remained with me. When I reached her my hand from my horse,

4182-406: The house collapsing in a flood, and also ... talking it over the next morning he told me that he had had many visions lately—he had seen the figure of himself which met him as he walked on the terrace and said to him—"How long do you mean to be content"—No very terrific words & certainly not prophetic of what has occurred. But Shelley had often seen these figures when ill; but the strangest thing

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4264-408: The illusion that they were a single man. In the 2007 children's film Bratz Kidz: Sleep-over Adventure one of the stories involves Sasha being tormented and replaced by a doppelgänger she finds in a house of mirrors. In the 2008 psychological horror film Lake Mungo , the film's climax contains a scene in which a young teenager, named Alice, is attacked by her disfigured doppelgänger, meant as

4346-536: The level of activity of any particular gene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could become partially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modification is triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can have markedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times

4428-406: The lowest mortality risk at about 9 percent, although that is still significantly higher than that of singletons. Monochorionic twins generally have two amniotic sacs (called Monochorionic–Diamniotic "MoDi"), which occurs in 60–70% of the pregnancies with monozygotic twins, and in 0.3% of all pregnancies. Monochorionic-Diamniotic twins are almost always monozygotic, with a few exceptions where

4510-644: The main character kills his doppelgänger, and realizes that the doppelgänger was only mirroring him. First published in 1839, the story was also included in his 1840 Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque . Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's 1846 novel The Double presents the doppelgänger as an opposite personality who exploits the character failings of the protagonist to take over his life. Charles Williams ' Descent into Hell (1939) has character Pauline Anstruther seeing her own doppelgänger all through her life. Clive Barker 's story "Human Remains" in his Books of Blood

4592-416: The mysterious connection between two women, both played by Jacob, who share an intense emotional connection in spite of never having met one another. Doppelgängers are a major theme and plot element in the 2006 film, The Prestige , directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Hugh Jackman and Christian Bale . Illusionists Robert Angier (Jackman) and Alfred Borden (Bale) compete with each other to perfect

4674-408: The novel Siebenkäs (1796) by Jean Paul , in which he explains his newly coined word in a footnote; the word Doppelgänger also appears in the novel, but with a different meaning. In German, the word is written (as is usual with German nouns) with an initial capital letter: Doppelgänger . In English, the word is generally written with a lower-case letter, and the umlaut on the letter "a"

4756-451: The novel is narrated by Victor, various chapters are ambiguous, leading the reader to wonder if certain chapters are being narrated by the doppelgänger instead. In Stephen King 's book The Outsider (2018), the antagonist is able to use the DNA of individuals to become their near-perfect match through a science-fictional ability to transform physically. The allusion to it being a doppelgänger

4838-525: The number of twin births in the United States rose 52%. This rise can at least partly be attributed to the increasing popularity of fertility drugs and procedures such as IVF, which result in multiple births more frequently than unassisted fertilizations do. It may also be linked to the increase of growth hormones in food. About 1 in 90 human births (1.1%) results from a twin pregnancy. The rate of dizygotic twinning varies greatly among ethnic groups , ranging as high as about 45 per 1000 births (4.5%) for

4920-414: The occurrence of complications "was found to be more likely with increasing twin-to-twin delivery time interval" and suggested that the interval be kept short, though it noted that the study did not examine causes of complications and did not control for factors such as the level of experience of the obstetrician, the wish of the women giving birth, or the "management strategies" of the procedure of delivering

5002-452: The part of the doppelgänger mythology where meeting yours is a harbinger of your imminent death. In the season two finale of Twin Peaks —" Beyond Life and Death " (originally aired 10 June 1991)—Special Agent Dale Cooper encounters a variety of doppelgängers in the Black Lodge, one of whom is a malevolent version of himself. Cooper's doppelgänger switches places with him at the conclusion of

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5084-473: The pregnancy. The timing of this separation determines the chorionicity (the number of placentae) and amniocity (the number of sacs) of the pregnancy. Dichorionic twins either never divided (i.e.: were dizygotic) or they divided within the first 4 days. Monoamnionic twins divide after the first week. In very rare cases, twins become conjoined twins . Non-conjoined monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days,

5166-408: The rate of monozygotic twins) to 14 and more per thousand in some African countries. Dizygotic twins are also more common for older mothers, with twinning rates doubling in mothers over the age of 35. With the advent of technologies and techniques to assist women in getting pregnant, the rate of fraternals has increased markedly. Monozygotic ( MZ ) or identical twins occur when a single egg

5248-444: The same age. However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other (for example, be of opposite sexes). Studies show that there is a genetic proclivity for dizygotic twinning. However, it is only the mother who has any effect on the chances of having such twins; there is no known mechanism for a father to cause the release of more than one ovum . Dizygotic twinning ranges from six per thousand births in Japan (similar to

5330-525: The same way—and as from the side towards which he went each time there was no way to get back except past the window again (except over a wall twenty feet from the ground) she was struck at seeing him pass twice thus & looked out & seeing him no more she cried—"Good God can Shelley have leapt from the wall?.... Where can he be gone?" Shelley, said Trelawny—"No Shelley has past—What do you mean?" Trelawny says that she trembled exceedingly when she heard this & it proved indeed that Shelley had never been on

5412-558: The second twin. There have also been cases in which twins are born a number of days apart. Possibly the worldwide record for the duration of the time gap between the first and the second delivery was the birth of twins 97 days apart in Cologne, Germany, the first of which was born on November 17, 2018. Doppelg%C3%A4nger A doppelgänger ( / ˈ d ɒ p əl ɡ ɛ ŋ ər , - ɡ æ ŋ -/ DOP -əl-gheng-ər, -⁠gang- ), sometimes spelled doppelgaenger or doppelganger ,

5494-401: The ship in the direction of the other vessel. Lord Byron uses doppelgänger imagery to explore the duality of human nature. In The Devil's Elixirs (1815), one of E. T. A. Hoffmann 's early novels, a man murders the brother and stepmother of his beloved princess, finds his doppelgänger has been sentenced to death for these crimes in his stead, and liberates him, only to have

5576-455: The southern part of the country. The incidence of multiple births was related to maternal age but did not bear any association to the climate or prevalence of malaria . Twins are more common in people of African descent. The predisposing factors of monozygotic twinning are unknown. Dizygotic twin pregnancies are slightly more likely when the following factors are present in the woman: Women undergoing certain fertility treatments may have

5658-535: The spirit doubles of the person's children. In some places the karin is the opposite sex of the person it represents. When malicious, it often tries to persuade the person it is connected to into following their bad whims. Some Sufi mystics pictured the karin as a devil residing in the blood and hearts of humans. It is more popular in some countries than others; for example, it is more popular in Egypt than Sudan. In Joseph Wright 's English Dialect Dictionary , it

5740-414: The splitting of a zygote or embryo is unknown. IVF techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000. Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are the same chromosomal sex unless there has been a mutation during development. The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (or full siblings, if

5822-449: The tears stood in her eyes; and I felt very uneasy. I now rode along the foot-path toward Drusenheim, and here one of the most singular forebodings took possession of me. I saw, not with the eyes of the body, but with those of the mind, my own figure coming toward me, on horseback, and on the same road, attired in a dress which I had never worn,—it was pike-gray [ hecht-grau ], with somewhat of gold. As soon as I shook myself out of this dream,

5904-459: The terrace & was far off at the time she saw him. Percy Shelley's drama Prometheus Unbound (1820) contains the following passage in Act I: "Ere Babylon was dust, / The Magus Zoroaster, my dead child, / Met his own image walking in the garden. / That apparition, sole of men, he saw. / For know there are two worlds of life and death: / One that which thou beholdest; but the other / Is underneath

5986-436: The twins will likely be conjoined. Furthermore, there can be various degrees of shared environment of twins in the womb, potentially leading to pregnancy complications . It is a common misconception that two placentas automatically implies dizygotic twins, but if monozygotic twins separate early enough, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is in fact indistinguishable from that of dizygotic twins. DiDi twins have

6068-466: The uterus wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells , fraternal twins result. The two eggs, or ova , form two zygotes , hence the terms dizygotic and biovular . Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to develop in the womb together and who are born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm , just like ordinary siblings. This

6150-738: The world, at 45–50 twin sets (90–100 twins) per 1,000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovarys to release an egg from each side. In Central Africa , there are 18–30 twin sets (or 36–60 twins) per 1,000 live births. In South America , South Asia , and Southeast Asia , the lowest rates are found; only 6 to 9 twin sets per 1,000 live births. North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1,000 live births. Multiple pregnancies are much less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term. Women who have

6232-420: Was analyzed for 506,786 single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to occur in human populations. Polymorphisms appeared in 2 of the 33 million comparisons, leading the researchers to extrapolate that the blood cells of monozygotic twins may have on the order of one DNA-sequence difference for every 12 million nucleotides, which would imply hundreds of differences across the entire genome. The mutations producing

6314-459: Was co-written and co-directed by the twins, and was filmed in Australia during Spring of 2013. After its premiere at SXSW on 8 March 2014, the film received many positive reviews including Variety , The Guardian , and IGN Movies . The two directed the eighth Saw film, Jigsaw , which was released on 27 October 2017. Their next film was Winchester: The House That Ghosts Built ,

6396-436: Was left alone, in that room in which Sir Robert , and he, and some other friends had dinner together. To this place Sir Robert returned within half an hour; and, as he left, so he found Mr. Donne alone; but, in such ecstasy, and so altered as to his looks, as amazed Sir Robert to behold him in so much that he earnestly desired Mr. Donne to declare what had befallen him in the short time of his absence. To which Mr. Donne

6478-606: Was listed as a North Country term and as obsolete. Izaak Walton claimed that John Donne , the English metaphysical poet , saw his wife's doppelgänger in 1612 in Paris, on the same night as the stillbirth of their daughter. This account first appears in the edition of Life of Dr. Rizvan Rizing published in 1675, and is attributed to "a Person of Honour... told with such circumstances, and such asseveration, that... I verily believe he that told it to me, did himself believe it to be true." Two days after their arrival there, Mr. Donne

6560-399: Was not able to make a present answer: but, after a long and perplexing pause, did at last say, I have seen a dreadful Vision since I saw you: I have seen my dear wife pass twice by me through this room, with her hair hanging about her shoulders, and a dead child in her arms: this, I have seen since I saw you. To which, Sir Robert replied; Sure Sir, you have slept since I saw you; and, this

6642-519: Was softened; and, having at last escaped the excitement of a farewell, I, on a peaceful and quiet journey, pretty well regained my self-possession. This is an example of a doppelgänger which was perceived by the observer to be both benign and reassuring. Émilie Sagée , a French teacher working in 1845 in a boarding school in what is now Latvia , was alleged to have a doppelgänger which sometimes appeared to those around her, and which would mimic some of her actions. On one occasion her students approached

6724-451: Was the action sci-fi thriller Predestination based on the 1959 science fiction short story '" —All You Zombies— " by Robert A. Heinlein . The film stars Ethan Hawke and Sarah Snook , and includes an appearance by Noah Taylor . The story recounts that of a detective from a covert government agency (Hawke) who embarks on an intricate series of time-travel journeys in order to catch a master criminal and ensure his own existence. The film

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