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72-549: The SCP began as a ministry within the Christian World Liberation Front , an outreach to students at the University of California, Berkeley . It was founded by Brooks Alexander, David Fetcho (who named the ministry), and Bill Squires. Both Alexander and Fetcho were converted to Christianity from the counterculture . Alexander had participated in the psychedelic drug usage of the counterculture,

144-425: A crime, which violates laws in a society. Informal deviance are minor violations that break unwritten rules of social life. Norms that have great moral significance are mores . Under informal deviance, a more opposes societal taboos . Taboo is a strong social form of behavior considered deviant by a majority. To speak of it publicly is condemned, and therefore, almost entirely avoided. The term “taboo” comes from

216-411: A criminal, and will commit criminal acts that fit the role of a criminal. Primary and secondary deviation is what causes people to become harder criminals. Primary deviance is the time when the person is labeled deviant through confession or reporting. Secondary deviance is deviance before and after the primary deviance. Retrospective labeling happens when the deviant recognizes his acts as deviant after

288-528: A few others to Berkeley to start their outreach in April. CCC funded the effort as a pilot program, but stayed in the background due to concerns over how its conservative donors would perceive the endeavor. Matrisciana and Dyson did not stay long, leaving Sparks as the group's unquestioned leader. The Third World Liberation Front had established a chapter at UC Berkeley in January 1969, so Sparks's group adopted

360-534: A grass-roots campaign to oppose the practice of Transcendental Meditation in American public high schools. In 1975 the SCP was formally incorporated as an "independent Christian nonprofit organization." The four primary purposes of SCP included: "1. To research today's spiritual movements and critique them biblically. 2. To equip Christians with the knowledge, analysis, and discernment that will enable them to understand

432-502: A group consisting of mostly San Francisco Bay Area Baptist pastors, laymen, and officials formed in 1967 to fund Jesus People outreaches to the counterculture. Beginning from 1973 Sparks began to reach out to former colleagues from CCC who had left after the Berkeley blitz. These men began to look upon themselves as men imbued with apostolic authority to implement a bring the church back to its historic roots. They eventually became

504-422: A group when they believe they have more to gain from conformity than by deviance. If a strong bond is achieved there will be less chance of deviance than if a weak bond has occurred. Hirschi argued a person follows the norms because they have a bond to society. The bond consists of four positively correlated factors: opportunity, attachment, belief, and involvement. When any of these bonds are weakened or broken one

576-649: A labeling theorist, identified four different types of deviant behavior labels which are given as: Malicious compliance may furthermore pose a special case. Deviant acts can be assertions of individuality and identity, and thus as rebellion against group norms of the dominant culture and in favor of a sub-culture. In a society, the behavior of an individual or a group determines how a deviant creates norms. Three broad sociological classes exist that describe deviant behavior, namely, structural functionalism , symbolic interaction and conflict theory . Structural functionalists are concerned with how various factors in

648-465: A medical condition , is an important shift that has transformed the way society views deviance. The labelling theory helps to explain this shift, as behavior that used to be judged morally are now being transformed into an objective clinical diagnosis. For example, people with drug addictions are considered "sick" instead of "bad." Edwin Lemert developed the idea of primary and secondary deviation as

720-410: A negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some situations. Although a norm is violated, a behavior can still be classified as positive or acceptable. Social norms differ throughout society and between cultures. A certain act or behaviour may be viewed as deviant and receive sanctions or punishments within one society and be seen as

792-620: A normal behaviour in another society. Additionally, as a society's understanding of social norms changes over time, so too does the collective perception of deviance. Deviance is relative to the place where it was committed or to the time the act took place. Killing another human is generally considered wrong for example, except when governments permit it during warfare or for self-defense . There are two types of major deviant actions: mala in se and mala prohibita . The violation of norms can be categorized as two forms, formal deviance and informal deviance. Formal deviance can be described as

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864-415: A physical objective reality, a social reality, and a unique. A unique is described as a third reality created out of the social reality, a private interpretation of the reality that is shown to the person by others. Both individuals and society cannot be separated far from each other for two reasons. One, being that both are created through social interaction, and two, one cannot be understood in terms without

936-493: A society come together and interact to form the whole. Most notable, the work of Émile Durkheim and Robert Merton have contributed to the Functionalist ideals. Émile Durkheim would claim that deviance was in fact a normal and necessary part of social organization. He would state four important functions of deviance: When social deviance is committed, the collective conscience is offended. Durkheim (1897) describes

1008-490: A stroke while in New Zealand , and SCP Vice-President Mark Harris took over as president and editor of SCP. Christian World Liberation Front The Christian World Liberation Front ( CWLF ) was an evangelical Christian campus ministry at the University of California, Berkeley from April 1969 to June 1975. It sought to appeal to disillusioned young people by adopting the mode of dress, methods, and language of

1080-807: A variety of settings including New York City in the 90s. Compared to the country's average at the time, violent crime rates fell 28 percent as a result of the campaign. Critics of the theory question the direct causality of the policing and statistical changes that occurred. Control theory advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society free people to deviate. By contrast, strong bonds make deviance costly. This theory asks why people refrain from deviant or criminal behavior, instead of why people commit deviant or criminal behavior, according to Travis Hirschi . The control theory developed when norms emerge to deter deviant behavior. Without this "control", deviant behavior would happen more often. This leads to conformity and groups. People will conform to

1152-411: A way to explain the process of labeling. Primary deviance is any general deviance before the deviant is labeled as such in a particular way. Secondary deviance is any action that takes place after primary deviance as a reaction to the institutional identification of the person as a deviant. When an actor commits a crime (primary deviance), however mild, the institution will bring social penalties down on

1224-528: A weeklong blitz. However, CCC staff members were generally dissatisfied with the result. In February 1969, Jack Sparks, a former associate professor of statistics at Penn State and current CCC staff member, visited UC Berkeley with Pat Matrisciana and Fred Dyson . From their visit they concluded that they should move to Berkeley and adopt the counterculture's methods in order to reach the students, including distributing leaflets and using signs, posters, and bullhorns. The three moved with their families and

1296-401: Is a process of social reaction by the "social audience," wherein people stereotype others, judging and accordingly defining (labeling) someone's behavior as deviant or otherwise. It has been characterized as the "invention, selection, manipulation of beliefs which define conduct in a negative way and the selection of people into these categories." As such, labeling theory suggests that deviance

1368-415: Is caused by the deviant's being labeled as morally inferior, the deviant's internalizing the label and finally the deviant's acting according to that specific label (i.e., an individual labelled as "deviant" will act accordingly). As time goes by, the "deviant" takes on traits that constitute deviance by committing such deviations as conform to the label (so the audience has the power to not label them and have

1440-476: Is deviant and acceptable and enjoys the power behind the labeling process. An example of this is a prison system that labels people convicted of theft, and because of this they start to view themselves as by definition thieves, incapable of changing. "From this point of view," Howard S. Becker writes: Deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an "offender". The deviant

1512-403: Is extremely afraid of social conflicts, which is an explanation given for the political correctness movement. The late modern society easily accepts difference, but it labels those that it does not want as deviant and relentlessly punishes and persecutes. Michel Foucault believed that torture had been phased out from modern society due to the dispersion of power; there was no need any more for

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1584-499: Is learned. One example of this would be gang activity in inner city communities. Sutherland would feel that because a certain individual's primary influential peers are in a gang environment, it is through interaction with them that one may become involved in crime. Gresham Sykes and David Matza 's neutralization theory explains how deviants justify their deviant behaviors by providing alternative definitions of their actions and by providing explanations, to themselves and others, for

1656-439: Is more likely to act in defiance. Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in 1990 founded their Self-Control Theory. It stated that acts of force and fraud are undertaken in the pursuit of self-interest and self-control. A deviant act is based on a criminals own self-control of themselves. Containment theory is considered by researchers such as Walter C. Reckless to be part of the control theory because it also revolves around

1728-488: Is not inherently a part of a particular individual's nature. When an individual's significant others engage in deviant and/or criminal behavior, criminal behavior will be learned as a result to this exposure. He argues that criminal behavior is learned in the same way that all other behaviors are learned, meaning that the acquisition of criminal knowledge is not unique compared to the learning of other behaviors. Sutherland outlined some very basic points in his theory, including

1800-553: Is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. In other words, "behavior only becomes deviant or criminal if defined and interfered as such by specific people in [a] specific situation." It is important to note the salient fact that society is not always correct in its labeling, often falsely identifying and misrepresenting people as deviants, or attributing to them characteristics which they do not have. In legal terms, people are often wrongly accused, yet many of them must live with

1872-869: The Third Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals upheld the lower court's ruling. The success of this campaign catapulted the SCP into prominence among evangelical Christians in North America and internationally. In 1977, SCP published an 80-page booklet called The God-Men: Witness Lee and the Local Church . An expanded edition was published first in 1979 in German as Die Sonderlehre by Schwengeler-Verlag and then in 1981 in English as The God-Men: An Inquiry into Witness Lee and

1944-615: The counterculture of the 1960s . It was considered one of the most prominent Jesus People ministries, partly due to the influence of its underground newspaper Right On . In 1967 Campus Crusade for Christ (CCC) President Bill Bright conceived of a strategy to reach students at UC Berkeley, considered the hotbed of campus radicalism as the launching point of the Free Speech Movement and the Vietnam Day Committee . CCC sent six hundred staff and students for

2016-526: The CWLF refused to yield the steps of Sproul Hall to anti-war protestors, inciting the protestors to burn the university's ROTC building. The conflict developed into "the worst riots the school had seen up until that time." Sparks and an associate wrote a street language version of the New Testament epistles called Letters to Street Christians that incorporated coarse language and illustrations in

2088-744: The Local Church by InterVarsity Press . In the book, SCP alleged that the Local Church was both theologically and sociologically deviant . The dispute between the Local Church and SCP escalated into a lawsuit for defamation that was filed in Oakland, California in December 1980 and known as Lee et al. v. Duddy et al . According to Bill Squires, the four and a half years of pre-trial preparations and depositions involved expenditure that brought SCP into legal debt with their defense lawyers. The parties were to appear in court on March 4, 1985, to schedule

2160-759: The Malnak's home and provided research, fundraising, and legal support, respectively. Justice Curtis Meanor who presided over the case concluded that Transcendental Meditation and SCI are "religious in nature within the context of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution , and the teaching thereof in the New Jersey public schools is therefore unconstitutional." On February 2, 1979,

2232-470: The Tongan word “ tapu ” meaning "under prohibition", "not allowed", or "forbidden". Some forms of taboo are prohibited under law and transgressions may lead to severe penalties. Other forms of taboo result in shame , disrespect and humiliation . Taboo is not universal but does occur in the majority of societies. Some of the examples include murder , rape , incest , or child molestation . Howard Becker ,

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2304-467: The actor. However, punishment does not necessarily stop crime, so the actor might commit the same primary deviance again, bringing even harsher reactions from the institutions. At this point, the actor will start to resent the institution, while the institution brings harsher and harsher repression. Eventually, the whole community will stigmatize the actor as a deviant and the actor will not be able to tolerate this, but will ultimately accept his or her role as

2376-428: The adaptation to society according to the cultural goals, which are the society's perceptions about the ideal life, and to the institutionalized means, which are the legitimate means through which an individual may aspire to the cultural goals. Merton described 5 types of deviance in terms of the acceptance or rejection of social goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them: Symbolic interaction refers to

2448-470: The already implemented theories are in need or a deeper connection to further explore ideas of crime and delinquency. These observations brought Reckless to ask questions such as, "Why do some persons break through the tottering (social) controls and others do not? Why do rare cases in well-integrated society break through the lines of strong controls?" Reckless asserted that the intercommunication between self-control and social controls are partly responsible for

2520-399: The bone structure had no relevance in deviant behavior. The statistical study that Charles Goring published on this research is called "The English Convict". The classical school of criminology comes from the works of Cesare Beccaria , Jeremy Bentham and John Howard . Beccaria assumed a utilitarian view of society along with a social contract theory of the state . He argued that

2592-491: The collective conscience as a set of social norms by which members of a society follow. Without the collective conscience, there would be no absolute morals followed in institutions or groups. Social integration is the attachment to groups and institutions, while social regulation is the adherence to the norms and values of society. Durkheim's theory attributes social deviance to extremes of social integration and social regulation. He stated four different types of suicide from

2664-671: The core of the New Covenant Apostolic Order (NCAO). In 1975 Sparks asserted his authority with the CWLF and tried to convert it into a church along the lines of the NCAO's teaching. Opposition to this plan resulted in the dissolution of the CWLF in June 1975 and the establishment of the Berkeley Christian Coalition to take its place. Most CWLF staff members did not follow Sparks, but about half of

2736-521: The development of delinquent thoughts. Social disorganization was not related to a particular environment, but instead was involved in the deterioration of an individual's social controls. The containment theory is the idea that everyone possesses mental and social safeguards which protect the individual from committing acts of deviancy. Containment depends on the individuals ability to separate inner and outer controls for normative behavior. More contemporary control theorists such as Robert Crutchfield take

2808-423: The ensuant stigma (or conviction) for the rest of their lives. On a similar note, society often employs double standards, with some sectors of society enjoying favoritism. Certain behaviors in one group are seen to be perfectly acceptable, or can be easily overlooked, but in another are seen, by the same audiences, as abominable. The medicalization of deviance, the transformation of moral and legal deviance into

2880-658: The first to research and develop the Theory of Biological Deviance which states that some people are genetically predisposed to criminal behavior. He believed that criminals were a product of earlier genetic forms. The main influence of his research was Charles Darwin and his Theory of Evolution . Lombroso theorized that people were born criminals or in other words, less evolved humans who were biologically more related to our more primitive and animalistic urges. From his research, Lombroso took Darwin's Theory and looked at primitive times himself in regards to deviant behaviors. He found that

2952-579: The group's members did. Deviance (sociology) 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville  ·  Marx ·  Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto ·  Tönnies · Veblen ·  Simmel · Durkheim ·  Addams ·  Mead · Weber ·  Du Bois ·  Mannheim · Elias Deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime ) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores ). Although deviance may have

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3024-412: The idea that the learning comes from the interactions between individuals and groups, using communication of symbols and ideas. When the symbols and ideas about deviation are much more favorable than unfavorable, the individual tends to take a favorable view upon deviance and will resort to more of these behaviors. Criminal behavior (motivations and technical knowledge), as with any other sort of behavior,

3096-423: The lack of guilt for actions in particular situations. There are five types of neutralization: Frank Tannenbaum and Howard S. Becker created and developed the labeling theory, which is a core facet of symbolic interactionism, and often referred to as Tannenbaum's "dramatization of evil." Becker believed that "social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance". Labeling

3168-564: The litigation, SCP sharply reduced staff and services. In 1989, the entire editorial staff and many other staff members left, some over what they perceived as a radical shift in SCP’s ideology. In 2013, SCP left its office in Berkeley because of severe financial problems and established a virtual office in Pasadena, California . Tal Brooke moved to Hawaii but continued as SCP's president and editor of its newsletter. On July 15, 2021, Tal Brooke died of

3240-492: The means by which the individual pursued those goals were useful in understanding deviance. Specifically, he viewed collective action as motivated by strain, stress, or frustration in a body of individuals that arises from a disconnection between the society's goals and the popularly used means to achieve those goals. Often, non-routine collective behavior (rioting, rebellion, etc.) is said to map onto economic explanations and causes by way of strain. These two dimensions determine

3312-408: The mediating role of parents' or children's attitude. In a study conducted by Tim Wadsworth, the relationship between parent's employment and children's delinquency, which was previously suggested by Crutchfield (1993), was shown empirically for the first time. The findings from this study supported the idea that the relationship between socioeconomic status and delinquency might be better understood if

3384-417: The name Christian World Liberation Front. In 1970 CWLF members infiltrated and disrupted the opening meeting of a regional conference of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), staging a sit-in in front of the speakers' platform and demanding an opportunity to speak. CWLF frequently reserved locations often used for student protest rallies, sometimes infuriating the leftists, including an incident in which

3456-501: The other. Behavior is not defined by forces from the environment such as drives, or instincts, but rather by a reflective, socially understood meaning of both the internal and external incentives that are currently presented. Herbert Blumer (1969) set out three basic premises of the perspective: In his differential association theory, Edwin Sutherland posited that criminals learn criminal and deviant behaviors and that deviance

3528-431: The patterns of communication, interpretation, and adjustment between individuals. Both the verbal and nonverbal responses that a listener then delivers are similarly constructed in expectation of how the original speaker will react. The ongoing process is like the game of charades, only it is a full-fledged conversation. The term "symbolic interactionism" has come into use as a label for a relatively distinctive approach to

3600-404: The perfect use of discipline. Foucault theorizes that, in a sense, the postmodern society is characterized by the lack of free will on the part of individuals. Institutions of knowledge, norms, and values, are simply in place to categorize and control humans. The Italian school of criminology contends that biological factors may contribute to crime and deviance. Cesare Lombroso was among

3672-403: The power to stop the deviance before it ever occurs by not labeling them). Individual and societal preoccupation with the label, in other words, leads the deviant individual to follow a self-fulfilling prophecy of abidance to the ascribed label. This theory, while very much a symbolic interactionist theory, also has elements of conflict theory, as the dominant group has the power to decide what

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3744-438: The primary deviance, while prospective labeling is when the deviant recognizes future acts as deviant. The steps to becoming a criminal are: Broken windows theory states that an increase in minor crimes such as graffiti, would eventually lead to and encourage an increase in larger transgressions. This suggests that greater policing on minor forms of deviance would lead to a decrease in major crimes. The theory has been tested in

3816-419: The proletariat—as well as between the proletariat and the finished product—which causes conflict, and thus deviant behavior. Many Marxist theorists have employed the theory of the capitalist state in their arguments. For example, Steven Spitzer utilized the theory of bourgeois control over social junk and social dynamite; and George Rusche was known to present analysis of different punishments correlated to

3888-404: The quality of employment and its role as an informal social control is closely examined. In sociology, conflict theory states that society or an organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as political changes and revolutions. Deviant behaviors are actions that do not go along with

3960-455: The relationship between social integration and social regulation:. Robert K. Merton discussed deviance in terms of goals and means as part of his strain/anomie theory. Where Durkheim states that anomie is the confounding of social norms, Merton goes further and states that anomie is the state in which social goals and the legitimate means to achieve them do not correspond. He postulated that an individual's response to societal expectations and

4032-520: The role of the state was to maximize the greatest possible utility to the maximum number of people and to minimize those actions that harm the society. He argued that deviants commit deviant acts (which are harmful to the society) because of the utility it gives to the private individual. If the state were to match the pain of punishments with the utility of various deviant behaviors, the deviant would no longer have any incentive to commit deviant acts. (Note that Beccaria argued for just punishment; as raising

4104-411: The significance of today's spiritual explosion. 3. To suggest a Christian response which engages the church with all levels of situation. 4. To bring the good news of Jesus Christ and extend a hand of rescue to those in psycho-spiritual bondage." The campaign against Transcendental Meditation (TM) was premised on the grounds that transcendental meditation represented itself as a non-religious activity and

4176-582: The skeletons that he studied mostly had low foreheads and protruding jaws. These characteristics resembled primitive beings such as Homo Neanderthalensis . He stated that little could be done to cure born criminals because their characteristics were biologically inherited. Over time, most of his research was disproved. His research was refuted by Pearson and Charles Goring . They discovered that Lombroso had not researched enough skeletons to make his research thorough enough. When Pearson and Goring researched skeletons on their own they tested many more and found that

4248-422: The social and economic forces operating within society. However, it explains white-collar crime less well. This theory also states that the powerful define crime. This raises the question: for whom is this theory functional? In this theory, laws are instruments of oppression: tough on the powerless and less tough on the powerful. Marx did not write about deviant behavior but he wrote about alienation amongst

4320-426: The social capacity and infrastructure for labor. He theorized that throughout history, when more labor is needed, the severity of punishments decreases and the tolerance for deviant behavior increases. Jock Young , another Marxist writer, presented the idea that the modern world did not approve of diversity, but was not afraid of social conflict. The late modern world, however, is very tolerant of diversity. However, it

4392-421: The social institutions as what cause deviance. The institution's ability to change norms, wealth or status comes into conflict with the individual. The legal rights of poor folks might be ignored, middle class are also accept; they side with the elites rather than the poor, thinking they might rise to the top by supporting the status quo. Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are

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4464-488: The start of the defamation trial. Squires said, "The law firm representing us withdrew from the case" and SCP decided to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Squires stated, "That move imposed an immediate stay on the plaintiffs' action against us, thus ending the financial drain of litigation. On that day, SCP, while continuing its larger ministry, officially dropped out of the lawsuit." However, SCP’s version of these events has been disputed. While SCP's Chapter 11 filing

4536-476: The study of human life and human conduct. With symbolic interactionism, reality is seen as social, developed interaction with others. Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does indeed exist by an individual's social definitions, and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something “real.” People thus do not respond to this reality directly, but rather to the social understanding of reality. Humans therefore exist in three realities:

4608-591: The style of underground comic books. Sparks's talks to CWLF gatherings were called "Bible raps." Sparks encouraged CWLF members to develop their own ministries. CWLF ministries included the underground newspaper Right On , a "radical" free university The Crucible, a street theater troupe, Rising Son Ranch and various crash pads for young people drying out from drug use, and the Spiritual Counterfeits Project. Nationwide distribution of Right On through an informal network of churches and schools

4680-427: The theory into a new light, suggesting labor market experiences not only affect the attitudes and the "stakes" of individual workers, but can also affect the development of their children's views toward conformity and cause involvement in delinquency. This is an ongoing study as he has found a significant relationship between parental labor market involvement and children's delinquency, but has not empirically demonstrated

4752-531: The thoughts that stop individuals from engaging in crime. Reckless studied the unfinished approaches meant to explain the reasoning behind delinquency and crime. He recognized that societal disorganization is included in the study of delinquency and crime under social deviance, leading him to claim that the majority of those who live in unstable areas tend not to have criminal tendencies in comparison those who live in middle-class areas. This claim opens up more possible approaches to social disorganization, and proves that

4824-423: The wrath of the state on a deviant individual. Rather, the modern state receives praise for its fairness and dispersion of power which, instead of controlling each individual, controls the mass. He also theorized that institutions control people through the use of discipline . For example, the modern prison (more specifically the panopticon ) is a template for these institutions because it controls its inmates by

4896-577: Was a civil action lawsuit No. 76-431 in the US District Court of New Jersey . The lawsuit Malnak v. Yogi contested whether TM was religious or not, and if the former then it could not be taught in U.S. public high schools. The plaintiffs , which included the SCP, presented evidence to show that puja was religious in nature and the practice of meditation presented as SCI involved chanting Hindu mantras . SCP's Brooks Alexander and Bill Squires, along with SCP's attorney Michael Woodruff, moved into

4968-662: Was an initiate of Transcendental Meditation , and lived in the famous Haight-Ashbury community in San Francisco . Fetcho had been involved with the Ananda Marga Yoga Society before converting to Christianity. In 1973 Brooks Alexander and others distributed Christian leaflets at Millennium '73 , a festival held at the Houston Astrodome by Guru Maharaj Ji's Divine Light Mission . That same year, Alexander, Fetcho and David Haddon launched

5040-619: Was instrumental in establishing the CWLF's reputation in the Jesus People movement. To distance itself from the dominant American culture in the minds of its target constituents, CWLF adopted an anti-establishment tone. Over time this came to include social critique and the group's language "increasingly mirrored that of the New Left." The stridency of these critiques led CCC to dissolve its covert funding of CWLF. Instead, CWLF began to receive financial support from Evangelical Concerns,

5112-399: Was proceeding through California bankruptcy court , action against the German publisher and the second edition's primary author proceeded, resulting in a finding that the book was "in all major respects false, defamatory and unprivileged, and, therefore, libelous ." The judge’s award of US$ 11.9 million in damages was to that date the largest awarded in a libel case. In the aftermath of

5184-564: Was promoted as the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI). The SCP maintained that transcendental meditation was not religiously neutral, and that its SCI was based on Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 's Hindu faith. The SCP's Right On newsletter was the first to publish portions of the TM teacher's manual, including details of the Puja ceremony. The focal point for an anti-Transcendental Meditation campaign

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