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119-693: Spix was born in Höchstadt , Germany, the seventh of eleven children. His childhood home is the site of the Spix Museum, open to the public since 2004. He studied philosophy in Bamberg and graduated with a doctoral degree. Later he studied theology in Würzburg . After attending lectures of the young professor F. W. J. Schelling , Spix became interested in nature. He quit his theology studies and began studying medicine, which he finished with

238-626: A Jesuit college, contains a natural history museum. The old palace ( Alte Hofhaltung ) was built in 1591 on the site of an old residence of the counts of Babenberg . Monuments include the Maximilian fountain (1880), with statues of King Maximilian I of Bavaria , the emperor Henry II and his wife, Conrad III and Saint Otto , bishop of Bamberg. There are also tunnels beneath the town. These were originally constructed as mines which supplied sandstone which could be used for construction or as an abrasive cleaner. Mining came to an end in 1920 but

357-684: A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. From the 10th century onwards, Bamberg became a key link with the Slav peoples, notably those of Poland and Pomerania. It experienced a period of great prosperity from the 12th century onwards, during which time it was briefly the centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Emperor Henry II was buried in the old town, alongside his wife Kunigunde . The town's architecture from this period strongly influenced that in Northern Germany and Hungary . From

476-649: A 7.5 mi (12.1 km) tunnel network remained. The tunnels were used as an air raid shelter during World War II. A part of the network can be visited on a guided tour. Bamberg is known for its smoked Rauchbier and is home to 11 breweries, including Brauerei Fässla , Brauerei Greifenklau , Brauerei Heller-Trum ( Schlenkerla ), Brauerei Kaiserdom , Keesmann Bräu , Klosterbräu , Mahrs Bräu , Brauerei Spezial , Gasthausbrauerei Ambräusianum, Kron Prinz, and Weyermann Röstmalzbierbrauerei. Weyermann Specialty Malting, founded in Bamberg in 1879, supplies breweries around

595-632: A book about the history of zoological classification, published in 1811, he was appointed member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Spix was also appointed the first conservator, now inline with the title director, of the Bavarian zoological collection, considered as the foundation of the Zoologische Staatssammlung München . He published several further works, the most important being a comparative morphology of

714-473: A church. This has led to Bamberg being called the "Franconian Rome" — although a running joke among Bamberg's tour guides is to refer to Rome instead as the "Italian Bamberg". The hills are Cathedral Hill, Michaelsberg, Kaulberg/Obere Pfarre, Stefansberg, Jakobsberg, Altenburger Hill and Abtsberg. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate

833-415: A larger blue macaw. He recognized, as Spix had not 150 years before, that C. spixii is notably different from the larger macaws). The morphology-based taxonomy of C. spixii , intermediate between the macaws and the smaller Arini, has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenetic studies. In a 2008 molecular phylogenetic study of 69 parrot genera, the clade diagrams indicate that C. spixii split from

952-687: A meeting in 1987 of conservationist groups including IUCN at Loro Parque (one of the original Spix holders) in Tenerife , Canary Islands (Spain), only 17 captive Spix macaws could be located. Without the attendance of most of the captive Spix holders or involvement of the Brazilian government, little was accomplished. In 1990, the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources ) established

1071-535: A microclimate within the Caatinga. The existing galleries are fringes of unique woodland extending a maximum of 18 m (59 ft) to either side along a series of seasonal waterways at least 8 m wide in the Rio São Francisco drainage basin. All T. caraiba woodland was recorded in the middle and lower levels of the creek system where fine alluvial deposits were present. The character of the galleries

1190-607: A result of these attacks. The city fell with little resistance to American troops on April 14 despite the Nazi's blowing up all the bridges to the city. After the war had ended, reconstruction efforts began. Bamberg is located in Franconia , 63 km (39 mi) north of Nuremberg by railway and 101 km (63 mi) east of Würzburg , also by rail. It is situated on the Regnitz river, 3 km (1.9 mi) before it flows into

1309-530: A second doctoral degree in 1807. After a short time working as a physician in Bamberg, he was appointed by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria as student (" Eleve ") of zoology in Munich at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich in 1808. He received a scholarship to go to Paris to learn scientific zoology with Georges Cuvier and others. From there he also made a first excursion to

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1428-522: A several-year survey, the IUCN officially declared it extinct in the wild in 2019. However, after over 20 years of conservation efforts, 200 macaws have been bred from just two parent birds, and 52 individual birds have since been reintroduced into their natural environment in June 2022. The bird is a medium-size parrot weighing about 300 grams (11 oz), smaller than most of the large macaws. Its appearance

1547-422: A symbol of the town of Bamberg. The Neue Residenz (New Residence) (1698–1704) was initially occupied by the prince-bishops, and from 1864 to 1867 by the deposed King Otto of Greece . Its Rosengarten (Rose Garden) overlooks the town. It has over 4500 roses. The Altenburg is located on the highest of Bamberg's seven hills. It was mentioned for the first time in 1109. Between 1251 and 1553 it

1666-549: A town in Upper Franconia district in Bavaria , Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main . Bamberg had 79,000 inhabitants in 2022. The town dates back to the 9th century, when its name was derived from the nearby Babenberch castle. Cited as one of Germany's most beautiful towns, with medieval streets and buildings, the old town of Bamberg with around 2,400 timber houses has been

1785-430: A very restricted natural habitat due to its dependence on the tree for nesting, feeding and roosting. It feeds primarily on seeds and nuts of Caraiba and various Euphorbiaceae (spurge) shrubs, the dominant vegetation of the Caatinga. Due to deforestation in its limited range and specialized habitat, the bird was rare in the wild throughout the twentieth century. It has always been very rare in captivity, partly due to

1904-849: A white stripe along the top-center of their beaks (along the culmen ). In the wild, the most common seeds and nuts consumed by Spix's were from Pinhão ( Jatropha pohliana var. mollissima ) and Favela ( Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus ). However these trees are colonizers, not native to the bird's habitat, so they could not have been historical staples of the diet. Its diet also included seeds and nuts from Joazeiro ( Ziziphus joazeiro ), Baraúna ( Schinopsis brasiliensis ), Imburana ( Commiphora leptophloeos or Bursera leptophloeos ), Facheiro ( Pilosocereus piauhyensis ) , Phoradendron species, Caraibeira ( Tabebuia caraiba ), Angico ( Anadenanthera macrocarpa ), Umbu ( Spondias tuberosa ) and Unha-de-gato ( Acacia paniculata ). Reports from previous Spix's macaw researchers seem to add another two plants to

2023-464: Is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ), with a certain continental influence as indicated by average winter nighttime temperatures well below zero. Bamberg is considered an important economic center and is one of the 15 strongest economic regions in Bavaria compared to the other 95 districts and independent cities. Central locations for industry, manufacturing and trade can be found in

2142-510: Is also one confirmed site, since cleared, along Brígida Creek on the north shore of Rio São Francisco in Pernambuco. The species appears to have been seen and described – "MARACANA Brasiliensibus, avis Psittaco planè similis (cuius & species) sed maior, plumae totius ex gryseo subcoerulescunt, clamat ut Psittacus. Fructus amat, Murucuia imprimis. (Translation: "Brazilian parrot, bird very similar to Psittacus [ grey parrot ] but larger,

2261-761: Is commemorated in the scientific names of three species of South American reptiles: Acanthochelys spixii , a turtle; Chironius spixii , a snake; and Micrurus spixii , a venomous coral snake. Birds named for Spix include Spix's guan ( Penelope jacquacu ), Spix's macaw ( Cyanospitta spixii ), Spix's warbling-antbird ( Hypocnemis striata ), Spix's woodcreeper ( Xiphorhynchus spixii ), and Spix's spinetail ( Synallaxis spixi ). Mammals named for Spix include Spix's disk-winged bat ( Thyroptera tricolor ), Spix's red-handed howler ( Alouatta discolor ), Spix's white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus unicolor ), Spix's night monkey ( Aotus vociferans ), and Spix's yellow-toothed cavy ( Galea spixii ). The catfish Cathorops spixii

2380-400: Is conducting a project Ararinha-Azul with an associated plan to restore the species to the wild as soon as sufficient breeding birds and restored habitat are available. Nandayus Aratinga solstitialis Aratinga leucophthalmus Aratinga aurea Guarouba Parakeets Spix's macaw is the only known species of the genus Cyanopsitta . The genus name is derived from

2499-619: Is connected to other towns in eastern Upper Franconia such as Bayreuth , Coburg , and Kronach via the Bamberg–Hof line with trains usually running at least every hour. Connections on the Würzburg–Bamberg line to the west are hourly regional trains to Würzburg, which is fully connected to the ICE network. Tourists arriving at Frankfurt International Airport can take advantage of the new direct connection from Frankfurt's main station. Bamberg

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2618-553: Is not near any of the major (i.e. single-digit) autobahns . But it is nevertheless well connected to the network in all directions: the A70 from Schweinfurt (connecting to the A7 there) to Bayreuth (connecting to the A9 ) runs along the northern edge of the town. The A73 on the eastern side of town connects Bamberg to Nuremberg (connecting to the A9 ) and Thuringia , ending at Suhl . Bamberg

2737-416: Is served by Bamberg-Breitenau Airfield . Mostly public aircraft operate there. It used to be a military airport. (IATA-Code: ZCD, ICAO-Code: EDQA) It is also possible to charter public flights to and from this airport. Spix%27s macaw Spix's macaw ( Cyanopsitta spixii ), also known as the little blue macaw , is a macaw species that was endemic to Brazil. It is a member of tribe Arini in

2856-427: Is tall (8m) evenly spaced Caraibeira trees, ten per hundred meters, interspersed with low scrub and desert cacti. Large mature trees of this species (and apparently no other) provided the nesting hollows of Spix's macaws, as well as shelter and their seedpods, food for the species. Notable among the seasonal waterways are Riacho Melância watershed 30 km south of Curaçá , where the last known wild Spix's macaw nest

2975-486: Is the centuries-old tradition of instrument making. Organ building, which is currently being continued by master craftsman Thomas Eichfelder, is particularly noteworthy, as is the construction of violins, clarinets and other woodwind instruments. Bamberg's city centre is characterized by a diverse retail sector, partly due to tourism. This generated a turnover of 682 million euros in 2023. In the 2018 shopping mile ranking by real estate company Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL), Bamberg

3094-469: Is various shades of blue, with a grey-blue head, light blue underparts, and vivid blue upperparts. Males and females are almost identical in appearance; however, the females are slightly smaller. The species inhabited riparian Caraibeira ( Tabebuia aurea ) woodland galleries in the drainage basin of the Rio São Francisco within the Caatinga dry forest climate of interior northeastern Brazil. It had

3213-471: The Ancient Greek kuanos meaning "blue" and psittakos meaning "parrot". The species name spixii is a Latinized form of the surname "von Spix", hence Cyanopsitta spixii means "blue parrot of Spix". The genus Cyanopsitta is one of six genera of Central and South American macaws in the tribe Arini , which also includes all the other long-tailed New World parrots . Tribe Arini together with

3332-577: The Austrian Academy of Sciences , 400 kilometres (250 mi) west of Juazeiro at Lagoa de Parnaguá (lake at Parnagua) in the State of Piauí. (What we now know about its habitat and probable range casts doubt on this observation ) Reiser had also seen one in captivity at a railway station in Remanso . These observations resulted in an early supposition of a vast potential range for the species in

3451-720: The Juri and the Miranha. The children where baptized Johannes and Isabella. Spix and Martius returned in 1820 to Munich with specimens of thousands of plants, animals, and ethnological objects. The zoological specimens formed the basis of the collection of the Natural History Museum in Munich , the ethnological objects of Spix and Martius are the basis of the Museum für Völkerkunde München (now: Museum Fünf Kontinente). Spix

3570-653: The Main river. Its geography is shaped by the Regnitz and by the foothills of the Steigerwald , part of the German uplands. From northeast to southwest, the town is divided into first the Regnitz plain, then one large and several small islands formed by two arms of the Regnitz ( Inselstadt ), and finally the part of town on the hills, the "Hill Town" ( Bergstadt ). Bamberg extends over seven hills, each crowned by

3689-643: The Nordgau (the present Upper Palatinate ), in Thuringia , and on the Danube . By the changes resulting from the Reformation , the territory of this see was reduced by nearly one half in extent. Since 1279 the coat of arms of the city of Bamberg is known in the form of a seal. The witch trials of the 17th century claimed about one thousand victims in Bamberg, reaching a climax between 1626 and 1631, under

Johann Baptist von Spix - Misplaced Pages Continue

3808-523: The 1960s but not later. Spix's macaw was most recently (1974–1987) known in the Río São Francisco valley, in northeastern Brazil, principally in the basins on the south side of the river in the State of Bahia. In 1974, ornithologist Helmut Sick, based on information from traders and trappers, extended the possible range of the Spix's macaw to embrace the northeastern part of the state of Goias and

3927-576: The ACTP have loaned individuals to Jurong Bird Park in Singapore. The status and locations of 5 Spix's sold to private owners from Dr. Hämmerli's Swiss collection in 1999 are unknown but presumed to be still alive; they are the likely source of the approximately 13 Spix's in the hands of private owner(s) in Switzerland. In July 2015, the number of Spix's macaws held in captivity participating in

4046-456: The Austrian group and travelled on their own through Brazil. Spix and Martius travelled from southern Rio de Janeiro to northern São Paulo. During this part of their journey, they were accompanied by the Austrian painter Thomas Ender . Then they continued to Ouro Preto and Diamantina, in the province of Minas Gerais, where they described the mining of diamonds. From there, they went further into

4165-576: The Avicultural Society U.K. in 1900: "it's more like a conure" ('conure' is not a defined taxon – in Dutton's time, it referred to the archaic genus Conurus ; today those would be among the smaller non-macaw parakeets in Arini ). Brazilian ornithologist Helmut Sick stated in 1981: " Cyanopsitta spixii ...is not a real macaw" . (Sick's remark was in the context of an article on Lear's macaw ,

4284-500: The Bamberg area who settled in villages around Poznań in the years 1719–1753. In 1759, the possessions and jurisdictions of the diocese situated in Austria were sold to that state. When the secularization of church lands took place (1802) the diocese covered 3,305 km (1,276 sq mi) and had a population of 207,000. Bamberg thus lost its independence in 1802, becoming part of Bavaria in 1803. The free state of Bavaria and

4403-542: The Bavarian capital of Munich was retaken by Freikorps units (see Bavarian Soviet Republic ). The first republican constitution of Bavaria was passed in Bamberg, becoming known as the Bamberger Verfassung (Bamberg Constitution). In February 1926 Bamberg served as the venue for the Bamberg Conference , convened by Adolf Hitler in his attempt to foster unity and to stifle dissent within

4522-489: The Bishops of Würzburg and Eichstätt , who were to cede portions of their dioceses, the boundaries of the new diocese were defined, and Pope John XVIII granted the papal confirmation in the same year. Henry II ordered the building of a new cathedral , which was consecrated on 6 May 1012. The church was enriched with gifts from the pope, and Henry had it dedicated in honor of him. In 1017, Henry founded Michaelsberg Abbey on

4641-543: The Brazilian government and managed by Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. The existing captive population is descended from just 7 wild caught founder birds, which are believed to have all come from just two wild nests that existed post 1982: pairs originally owned by Birds International in the Philippines, Dr. Hämmerli in Switzerland, and Wolfgang Keissling (Loro Parque), and a male from the São Paulo Zoo . In

4760-401: The Caatinga dry forest in which the woodland galleries are embedded has been cleared for farms, ranches and plantations. Climate change resulting in desertification of significant parts of the Caatinga has permanently reduced the potential reclaimable habitat. An analysis in 2018 based on threats, time since last known confirmed records, and patterns of bird extinction suggested that the bird

4879-535: The Caatinga. Centuries of deforestation , human encroachment and agricultural development along the Rio Sao Francisco corridor following European colonization of eastern Brazil preceded its precipitous decline in the latter part of the 20th century. Naturalists surveying its known remaining native habitat in the Curaçá region have estimated that it could have supported no more than about 60 birds at any time in

Johann Baptist von Spix - Misplaced Pages Continue

4998-592: The Caraíba trees for firewood, the construction of the Sobradinho Dam above Juazeiro starting in 1974 that submerged the basin woodlands under an artificial lake, and the northward migration of the Africanized bee , which competes for nesting sites. Caraiba grows very slowly; most of the trees are 200–300 years old, and there has not been any regenerative growth for the last 50 years. In addition, 45% of

5117-776: The City on the Hills and the Island District is an integral part of the World Heritage site. In 2005, the Municipality established a unit to coordinate the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Bamberg. In 2019, a visitor and interpretation centre opened for the World Heritage site. Some of the main sights are: Bamberg Cathedral is a late Romanesque building with four towers. It

5236-674: The Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP) in Berlin, Germany, NEST in Brazil and Pairi Daiza in Belgium. At three of these five conservation organizations (AWWP, ACTP and NEST), a captive breeding program is guiding Spix's macaw a step closer to re-establishment back to its natural habitat in Brazil. The female at Loro Parque Foundation cannot be bred for health reasons. Both the AWWP and

5355-495: The Federal Republic of Germany gave protections to Bamberg, though the city does handle its own management of properties. Bamberg was first connected to the German rail system in 1844, which has been an important part of its infrastructure ever since. After a communist uprising took control over Bavaria in the years following World War I , the state government fled to Bamberg and stayed there for almost two years before

5474-671: The Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), the Natural Heritage Branch of the Brazilian Government. Most of these are managed at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP), which purchased the population of Birds International and most of the birds in Dr. Hämmerli's Swiss collection. Other Spixs are located at Loro Parque Foundation, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Association for

5593-528: The Michaelsberg ("Mount St Michael"), near Bamberg, a Benedictine abbey for the training of the clergy. The emperor and his wife, Kunigunde , gave large temporal possessions to the new diocese, and it received many privileges out of which grew the secular power of the bishop. Pope Benedict VIII visited Bamberg in 1020 to meet Henry II for discussions concerning the Holy Roman Empire. While he

5712-675: The Michaelsberg, was formerly the church of the Benedictine Michaelsberg Abbey secularized in 1803 and now contains the Bürgerspital , or almshouse , and the museum and municipal art collections. Of the bridges connecting the sections of the lower town the Obere Brücke was completed in 1455. Halfway across this, on an island, is the Rathaus or town hall (rebuilt 1744–1756). The lyceum, formerly

5831-528: The Permanent Committee for the Recovery of Spix's Macaw, called CPRAA, and its Ararinha Azul project (Little Blue Macaw project) in order to conserve the species. At that time, the known captive population of Spix's stood at 15, and one in the wild. Early 1990 was the low point for conservation of the Spix. The Permanent Committee was dissolved in 2002 due to irreconcilable differences between

5950-609: The Spix's macaws held in its facilities. Between 2000 and 2003, most of two large collections of Spix at Birds International in the Philippines and the aviaries of Swiss aviculturist Dr. Hämmerli were purchased by Sheikh Saud bin Muhammed bin Ali Al-Thani of Qatar and became Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation . Under the Sheikh were instituted standards of animal keeping, veterinary care, animal husbandry and stud book records for

6069-590: The Spix's native habitat, acquire and restore additional portions of its range, and prepare for its release into the wild between 2017 and 2021. Pursuant to the plan, in 2012, the Brazilian government established NEST, a private aviary near Avaré, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil as a breeding and staging center for eventual release of the Spix into the wild. Birds formerly housed at the Sao Paulo Zoo as well as Loro Parque Foundation and other conservation organizations were relocated to NEST. The Spix's at NEST are owned by

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6188-491: The US, the Netherlands, Poland and Austria. Tourism generates around 330 million euros in gross revenue in Bamberg every year - in the hospitality, retail and service sectors. This results in an income of 153 million euros. The Town of Bamberg was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993 due to its medieval layout and its well preserved historic buildings. Since the Middle Ages, urban gardening has been practiced in Bamberg. The Market Gardeners’ District together with

6307-460: The afternoon, American planes attacked the Bamberg railway station and surroundings with bombs. Because of poor visibility, the bombs were also dropped over residential houses, killing a total of 216 civilians and causing many houses between Oberer Stephansberg and Oberer Kaulberg to be damaged or destroyed as a result. The inner city was also hit, particularly in the Obstmarkt, Lange Straße, Grüner Markt and Keßlerstraße. Three significant landmarks in

6426-519: The ancestral macaws; its nearest relatives are the red-bellied macaw ( Orthopsittaca manilata ) and the blue-headed macaw ( Primolius couloni ). Spix's macaw is easy to identify being the only small blue macaw and also by the bare grey facial skin of its lores and eyerings. It is about 56 cm (22 in) long including tail length of 26–38 cm (10–15 in). It has a wing length of 24.7–30.0 cm (9.7–11.8 in). The external appearance of adult male and female are identical; however,

6545-440: The ancestral parakeets before the differentiation of the modern macaws. However, not all of the macaw genera were represented in the study. The study also states that diversification of the Neotropical parrot lineages occurred starting 33 mya , a period roughly coinciding with the separation of South America from West Antarctica . The author notes that the study challenges the classification of British ornithologist Nigel Collar in

6664-500: The areas of social science , business studies and the humanities , and is attended by more than 12,000 students. The University of Applied Sciences Bamberg offers higher education in the areas of public health . Bamberg is also home to eight secondary schools ( gymnasiums ): There are also numerous other institutes for primary, secondary, technical, vocational and adult education. The InterCityExpress main line No. 28 ( Munich – Nuremberg – Leipzig – Berlin / – Hamburg ) and

6783-418: The authority for the IUCN Redlist of birds now calls this bird extinct in the wild. As of June 2022, a flock of eight Spix' macaws has been released back into the wild and appears to be doing well. Another release for twelve more later occurred in December of the same year. The bird was already rare by the time of Spix's discovery of it in 1819 following 100 years of intensive burning, logging and grazing of

6902-401: The automotive industry. Due to its dependence on the combustion engine, the company announced in 2019 that it would be switching to fuel cells,[145] although around 1000 jobs are to be transferred to other locations from 2026. Coburg-based automotive supplier Brose has had an administration building with 600 employees on Berliner Ring since 2016. Together with the plant in Hallstadt, the region is

7021-481: The average weight of captive males is about 318 g (11.2 oz) and captive females average about 288 g (10.2 oz). Its plumage is grey-blue on the head, pale blue on the underparts, and vivid blue on the upperparts, wings and tail. The legs and feet are brownish-black. In adults the bare facial skin is grey, the beak is entirely dark grey, and the irises are yellow. Juveniles are similar to adults, but they have pale grey bare facial skin, brown irises, and

7140-461: The bird Cyanopsitta spixi [ sic ], based on important morphological differences between it and the other blue macaws. It was listed as Cyanopsittacus spixi [ sic ] by Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori in his 1891 Catalog of the Birds in the British Museum . Naturalists have noted the Spix's similarity to other smaller members of tribe Arini based on general morphology as long ago as Rev. F.G. Dutton, president of

7259-423: The castle. This society still maintains the entire property today. The Altenburg today houses a restaurant. Other churches are the Jakobskirche , an 11th-century Romanesque basilica ; the St. Martinskirche ; the Marienkirche or Obere Pfarrkirche (1320–1387), which has now been restored to its original pure Gothic style. The Michaelskirche , 12th century Romanesque (restored), on

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7378-469: The city in 2022. The unemployment rate in December 2022 was 4.3%, above the Bavarian average of 3.1%. In the neighboring district of Bamberg, the unemployment rate was 2.3%. Important sectors of the manufacturing industry in Bamberg are drive technologies and electrical engineering. Bosch has been operating a production facility in Bamberg with over 6000 employees since 1939. The company produces energy, mobility and drive systems, in particular spark plugs for

7497-436: The city of Bamberg. The number of businesses in the city of Bamberg for 2023 is 2,624 companies. 87 of these businesses employ more than 100 people. Of these, almost half (969) are craft businesses. As the population in the city has grown, the number of employees has also risen continuously in recent years: Between 2005 and 2022, the number of employees increased by almost 20%. There are around 56,500 people in employment in

7616-426: The city since its beginnings, is still present. Due to its UNESCO World Heritage status and the more than 800,000 overnight guests a year in the city alone, tourism, hotels and gastronomy also play a central role in the city's economy. In the 2010s, Bamberg's gross domestic product increased by a total of 17.7%. The city of Bamberg generated €5.1 billion in 2021 (€66,543 per capita). In the 2016 Future Atlas, Bamberg

7735-535: The city were hit: the Erlöserkirche or Church of the Redeemer at the Kunigundendamm which was almost completely destroyed (only the tower remained), the historic Altane on the Grüner Markt and the Alte Maut or Old Toll. A follow-up attack was planned for February 23, but ultimately cancelled due to bad weather. After that, low-flying Allied aircraft continued to attack Bamberg, threatening large gatherings of people and sometimes also dropping leaflets mocking National Socialism and its propaganda. Another 67 people died as

7854-476: The company's second-largest location with more than 2,000 employees. Another important company is Wieland Electric in the field of electrical engineering. The company was founded in Bamberg in 1910 and is considered a pioneer in electrical connection technology and is still the world market leader for pluggable installation technology in the building sector. Rudolf Zimmermann Bamberg (RZB), with over 800 employees worldwide, produces lights and lighting systems near

7973-428: The conservation of the Spix's. In 2007 and 2008, two farms totalling 2,780 hectares (6,900 acres) in Curaçá, State of Bahia, Brazil were purchased by the Lymington Foundation (with contributions from ACTP and Parrots International) and Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. These compose a small but important part of the natural habitat of the Spix, in the vicinity where the last known wild Spix nest existed. Efforts to clear

8092-456: The continent and then back to the coast of Salvador. They crossed the dry Caatinga in northeast Brazil, suffering from different severe diseases, and almost dying several times of thirst. During the whole journey, they collected and described animals and plants, but also everything else of scientific interest. They also described indigenous people and their habits, as well as anything of possible economic importance. They additionally investigated

8211-407: The dry interior of the northeast. With the passage of the Brazil Wildlife Protection Act in 1967, Brazil forbade the export of its wildlife, and in 1975 became a party to the CITES treaty. These actions barely affected the illicit bird trade, but Spix owners were forced underground (consequently complicating the later effort to initiate a captive recovery program). The bird had not been studied in

8330-426: The encyclopedic Handbook of the Birds of the World , volume 4 (1997). A 2011 study by the same authors which includes key genera of macaws further elucidates the macaw taxonomy: the clade diagram of that study places C. spixii in a clade including the macaw genera which is sister to a clade containing the Aratinga s and other smaller parakeets. Within the macaw clade, C. spixii was the first taxon to diverge from

8449-432: The entire plumage is ashy-bluish, calls like a parrot. Fruit it loves, especially Passionfruit.") – by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave when he worked in Pernambuco in 1638. Spix's macaw is named for German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected the first specimen in April 1819 near the São Francisco River in the vicinity of Juazeiro Recent authorities cite the type locality as Curaca, but others say

8568-553: The evidence collected in Melância Creek indicated that the Spix's macaw was a specially adapted inhabitant of the disappearing woodland galleries. Ornithologist Tony Silva mentions that "where Caraibeiras have been felled, as in the Pernambuco side of the São Francisco River, the species has disappeared". Much remains uncertain about the extent of the bird's original range, because most of its woodland habitat

8687-803: The giant Bendegó meteorite. They discovered fossil fishes of the Santana Formation . The last part of the expedition was the journey up to the Amazon River , then in the Captaincy of Grão-Pará. There Spix and Martius went on separate routes to explore the region. Spix went to Tabatinga , to the border of Peru, and from Manaus up the Negro River . Martius travelled by boat to the Yupurá River, and from there he brought to Munich two Brazilian indigenous children from two different tribes,

8806-433: The habitat of introduced predators and restore the natural Caraibeira seedlings and important creek systems are ongoing on the land. In May 2012, Brazil's ICMBio formulated and published a 5-year National Action Plan (PAN) for conservation and reestablishment of the species in the wild. Highlights of the plan are to increase the captive population to 150 specimens (expected by 2020), build a breeding facility in Brazil within

8925-512: The land was under the spiritual authority of the Diocese of Würzburg . In 1007, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II made Bamberg a family inheritance, the seat of a separate diocese . The Emperor's purpose in this was to make the Diocese of Würzburg less unwieldy in size and to give Christianity a firmer footing in the districts of Franconia , east of Bamberg. In 1008, after long negotiations with

9044-475: The last 100 years. Contributing factors were the anthropic introduction of invasive and predatory species of black rats , feral cats , mongooses and marmoset monkeys which prey on the eggs and young, and goats, sheep and cattle which destroy the regenerative growth of the woodland trees, particularly the Caraibeira seedlings. Other recent evidence has shown that anthropic changes that occurred on

9163-564: The list: Maytenus rigida and Geoffroea spinosa . Combretum leprosum may also be a possibility. Captive bred Spix's macaws reach sexual maturity at seven years of age. A paired female born at the Loro Parque Fundación laid eggs at the age of five years, but these were infertile. It is suspected that late maturity in captivity may be due to inbreeding or other artificial environmental factors, as other parrots of similar size reach sexual maturity in two to four years. In

9282-411: The locality can't be known with certainty. . Spix wrote: "habitat gregarius, rarissimus licet, propre Joazeiro in campis riparüs fluminis St. Francisci, voce tenui insignis" ("it lives in flocks, although very rare, near Joazeiro in the region bordering the rio São Francisco, [and is] notable for its thin voice"). The next reported sighting of the bird was not for 84 years, in 1903 by Othmar Reiser of

9401-701: The main line No. 18 (Munich – Nuremberg – Halle – Berlin / – Hamburg) run on the Nuremberg–Bamberg and the Bamberg–Hof lines through the Bamberg station . It takes less than two hours to Munich on the train and with the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway through the Thuringian mountains finished in 2017 less than three hours to Berlin. Two intercity trains of line no. 17 (Vienna – Warnemünde) and line no. 61 (Leipzig – Nuremberg – Karlsruhe) also run through Bamberg. East-west connections are poorer. Bamberg

9520-493: The marble tomb of the founder and his wife, considered one of the greatest works of the sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider , and carved between 1499 and 1513. Another treasure of the cathedral is an equestrian statue known as the Bamberg Horseman ( Der Bamberger Reiter ). This statue, possibly depicting the emperor Conrad III , most likely dates to the second quarter of the 13th century. The statue also serves as

9639-524: The middle of the 13th century onwards, the bishops were princes of the Empire and ruled Bamberg, overseeing the construction of monumental buildings. This growth was complemented by the obtaining of large portions of the estates of the Counts of Meran in 1248 and 1260 by the sea, partly through purchase and partly through the appropriation of extinguished fiefs. Bamberg lost its independence in 1802, following

9758-502: The misidentification of another species such as red-bellied macaw ( Orthopsittaca manilatus ). The Caatinga vegetation of northeastern Bahia (which hosts the Spix habitat) is stunted trees, thorny shrubs and cacti, dominated by plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. This macaw lived in the hottest and driest part of the " Caatinga " within Caraiba, or Caribbean trumpet tree ( Tabebuia caraiba ) woodland galleries. The Caraibeira constitutes

9877-473: The name collided with Psittacus hyacinthinus , the name assigned to the hyacinth macaw described by John Lathan in 1790. Spix's mistake was noticed in 1832 by German Professor of Zoology Johann Wagler , who realized that the 1819 specimen was smaller and a different colour from the hyacinth macaw and he designated the new species as " Sittace spixii ". It wasn't until 1854 that naturalist Prince Charles Bonaparte properly placed it in its own genus, designating

9996-603: The north and east of the city. In the north, around the Bamberg harbor, there is a large industrial area that partly extends into the Hallstadt urban area. Bosch operates its largest plant in Germany in the east and is also the city's most important employer. Relevant economic sectors in Bamberg are the automotive supply industry, electrical engineering and the food industry. The traditional industry of market gardening with large inner-city cultivation areas, which has characterized

10115-432: The northern shore of the São Francisco River, such as a broad scale conversion into agricultural lands and flooding following the construction of Sobradinho Dam starting in 1974, have changed the flora structure and displaced the Spix's macaw away from that portion of its original range. The decline of the species in the 1970s and early 80s is attributed to hunting and trapping of the birds, unsustainable harvesting of

10234-452: The notes of Spix and himself. Spix described and named many birds, primates, bats, and reptiles. Altogether he described some 500 to 600 species and subspecies. Furthermore, several species are named after him. Among Spix's most renowned discoveries is the species Spix's macaw , named after the explorer by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave . He died on 13 May 1826 in Munich, possibly from a tropical disease acquired on his expedition. Spix

10353-554: The parties involved. In 2004 a committee was re-formed and re-structured under the title of "The Working Group for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw". Since 1987, the Loro Parque Foundation financed the field program to protect and study the last wild male, to protect and restore key habitat, and other important actions. In 1997, the Loro Parque Foundation returned the ownership to the Government of Brazil of all

10472-456: The port of Bamberg. Over 70 companies are located on the 100 hectares of the port. In 2023, over 416,000 tons of goods were loaded at the port, especially foodstuffs and bulk goods. In addition, over 700 river cruise ships docked here. The Bamberg asphalt mixing plant and a Schwenk concrete plant are also located in the immediate vicinity. Bamberg is also home to numerous small and medium-sized companies in other sectors. One special feature here

10591-607: The post- Roman centuries of Germanic migration and settlement, the region later included in the Diocese of Bamberg was inhabited for the most part by Slavs . The town, first mentioned in 902, grew up by the castle Babenberch which gave its name to the Babenberg family. On their extinction, it passed to the Saxon house. The area was Christianized chiefly by the monks of the Benedictine Fulda Abbey , and

10710-417: The remoteness of its natural range. It is listed on CITES Appendix I , which makes international trade prohibited except for legitimate conservation, scientific or educational purposes. The IUCN regard the Spix's macaw as extinct in the wild . Its last known stronghold in the wild was in northeastern Bahia, Brazil and sightings were very rare. After a 2000 sighting of a male bird, the next and last sighting

10829-473: The rule of Prince-Bishop Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim. The famous Drudenhaus (witch prison), built in 1627, is no longer standing today; however, detailed accounts of some cases, such as that of Johannes Junius , remain. In 1647, the University of Bamberg was founded as Academia Bambergensis . Bambrzy ( Posen Bambergers ) are German Poles who are descended from settlers from

10948-485: The sea coast of Normandy in Northern France. Later he travelled to Southern France and Italy, collecting animals for the zoological collection of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities and investigating marine animals. In 1810, Spix came back to Munich where he sorted the zoological collection and wrote his first publication on starfish and other marine animals. After this first fundamental publication,

11067-407: The secularization of church lands, becoming part of Bavaria in 1803. The town was first connected to the German rail system in 1844, which has been an important part of its infrastructure ever since. After a communist uprising took control over Bavaria in the years following World War I , the state government fled to Bamberg and stayed there for almost two years before the Bavarian capital of Munich

11186-521: The see obtained large portions of the estates of the Counts of Meran , partly through purchase and partly through the appropriation of extinguished fiefs. The old Bishopric of Bamberg was composed of an unbroken territory extending from Schlüsselfeld in a northeasterly direction to the Franconian Forest , and possessed in addition estates in the Duchies of Carinthia and Salzburg , in

11305-500: The short-tailed Amazon and allied parrots and a few miscellaneous genera make up subfamily Arinae of Neotropical parrots in family Psittacidae of true parrots . In 1638 Georg Marcgrave was the first European naturalist to observe and describe the species; however, it is named for Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected the type specimen in April 1819 in Brazil, but gave it the misnomer Arara hyacinthinus not realizing till later that

11424-565: The site in 1995 was killed by collision with a power line after seven weeks. The last wild male disappeared from the site in October 2000; his disappearance was thought to have marked the extinction of this species in the wild. However, wild Spix's macaws may have been sighted in 2016. While the IUCN Red List views its status as Critically Endangered and possibly extinct in the wild, ornithologist Nigel Collar of BirdLife International ,

11543-540: The skulls of many different animals, including men, primates, reptiles, birds, and others. This book, the Cephalogenesis , published in 1815, was written in Latin and illustrated with beautiful lithographs. In 1817, Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius travelled to Brazil with a group of Austrian naturalists who accompanied Maria Leopoldina of Austria . First they went to Rio de Janeiro, but they soon left

11662-494: The sound "whichaka". The sound is made by creating a low rumble in the abdomen bringing the sound up to a high pitch. Its voice is a repeated short grating. It also makes squawking noises. Its lifespan in the wild is unknown; the only documented bird (the last wild male), was older than 20 years. The eldest bird in captivity died at age 34. Various accounts relate that the birds were more common in Pernambuco than in Bahia through

11781-525: The southern part of the state of Maranhão . Other ornithologists reporting the bird in various parts of the state of Piauí further extended the range to a vast area of the dry interior of northeast Brazil. Study of the lone bird discovered at Melância creek in 1990 revealed substantive information about its habitat. It had been previously assumed that the Spix's macaw had a vast range in the interior of Brazil embracing several different habitat types, including buriti palm swamps, cerrado, and dry Caatinga. But

11900-471: The start of the Caatinga January to April rainy season. In the wild, Spix's were believed to lay three eggs per clutch; in captivity, the average number is four eggs, and can range from one to seven. Incubation period is 25–28 days and only the female performs incubation duties. The chicks fledge in 70 days and are independent in 100–130 days. The mating call of Spix's macaw can be described as

12019-543: The subfamily Arinae ( Neotropical parrots ), part of the family Psittacidae (the true parrots). It was first described by German naturalist Georg Marcgrave , when he was working in the State of Pernambuco , Brazil in 1638 and it is named for German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix , who collected a specimen in 1819 on the bank of the Rio São Francisco in northeast Bahia in Brazil. This bird has been completely extirpated from its natural range, and following

12138-636: The then-young Nazi party . Bamberg was chosen for its location in Upper Franconia, reasonably close to the residences of the members of the dissident northern Nazi faction but still within Bavaria. During the Bombing of Bamberg , the city was hit a total of nine times by Allied warplanes between 1944 and 1945. While Bamberg was not attacked as badly as nearby Nuremberg , 4.4% of the city ended up being destroyed and 378 civilians died. The biggest and deadliest bombing run happened on February 22 1945. In

12257-452: The wild until the 1970s. In 1974, Brazilian ornithologist Helmut Sick observed groups of three and four of the birds near Formosa do Rio Preta in northwest Bahia flying over buriti Palms (Mauritia flexuosa). As recently as 1980, Robert Ridgely stated that "there is no available evidence indicating a recent decline in numbers." Beginning around 1980, at the very height of the illegal bird trade, traders and trappers removed dozens of Spix's from

12376-510: The wild, and by the early 80s, it was generally believed to be extinct in the wild. Naturalist Dr. Paul Roth conducted field surveys of the bird in the Curacá region from 1985 to 1988. Roth found only 5 birds in 1985, three in 1986, and only two after May 1987. Two of the birds were captured for trade in 1987. A single male, paired with a female blue-winged macaw , was discovered at the site in 1990. A female Spix's macaw released from captivity at

12495-478: The wild, mating involves elaborate courtship rituals, like feeding each other and flying together. This process is known to possibly take several seasons in other large parrots, and it may also be the case for the Spix's. They make their nests in the hollows of large mature Caraibeira trees, and reuse the nest year after year. The breeding season is November to March, with most eggs hatching in January to coincide with

12614-406: The world. Every August there is a five-day Sandkerwa , a kirmess celebrated with beers. The Franconia region surrounding Bamberg is home to more than 200 breweries. In October and early November many of the 70 breweries in and around Bamberg celebrate Bockbieranstiche with special releases of Bock beer. The University of Bamberg , named Otto-Friedrich University, offers higher education in

12733-626: The years since 1987 when naturalists, conservationists and later IBAMA/ICMBio started tracking the Spix, only two sets of birds unknown in 1987 have ever been discovered: Dr. Hämmerli's in 1991, and a single male bird found in Colorado, U.S. in 2002 named Presley. There is no evidence that any others not known in 1987 still exist (though see a cryptic reference to black market dealing in the birds in 1995.) As of 2022 there are approximately 177 Spix's macaws in captivity. Eighty-three of these are participating in an international breeding program managed by

12852-513: Was cleared before naturalists observed either the birds or the Caraiba nesting sites. The historical range is now believed to have encompassed portions of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco in a 50 km (31 mi) wide corridor along a 150–200 km (93–124 mi) stretch of the Rio São Francisco between Juazeiro (or possibly Remanso) and Abaré . Previous observations of the birds from further west are very difficult to explain but conceivably stem from either escaped captive birds or more likely

12971-505: Was founded in 1004 by Emperor Henry II, finished in 1012 and consecrated on 6 May 1012. It was later partially destroyed by fire in 1081. The new cathedral, built by Saint Otto of Bamberg , was consecrated in 1111 and in the 13th century received its present late-Romanesque form. The cathedral is 94 m (308 ft) long, 28 m (92 ft) wide, 26 m (85 ft) high, and the four towers are each about 81 m (266 ft) high. It contains many historic works of art, such as

13090-422: Was honoured and knighted by the king of Bavaria. He worked hard on his zoological materials and prepared a description of the journey together with Martius. This description was printed in three volumes in 1823, 1828 and 1831, translated into English (first volume only) and Portuguese, which are still of great importance. Spix died during the preparation of the second volume, but Martius finished its publication using

13209-510: Was in 2016. The species is now maintained through a captive breeding program at several conservation organizations under the aegis of the Brazilian government. One of these organizations, the Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP), moved birds back from Germany to Brazil in 2020 as part of their plan to release Spix's macaws back into the wild. The Brazilian Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio)

13328-450: Was in all probability extinct in the wild. As of 2019, the IUCN classifies the species as extinct in the wild. In the middle 1980s, by the time fieldwork to locate and understand the habitat of the Spix was completed, it was apparent that the Spix must be nearing extinction in the wild. Conservationists realized that a captive breeding program would be necessary to preserve the species. At

13447-410: Was located, adjacent Riacho Barra Grande, and Riacho da Vargem ~100 km to the north near Abaré all in the State of Bahia south of Rio São Francisco. In 1990, these were all that remained of what was once believed to be a vast filigree of creekside Caraibeira woodland extending 50 km into the Caatinga on either side of the Rio São Francisco along a significant stretch of its middle reaches. There

13566-399: Was named in his honor in 1829. Asolene spixii is named for Spix. The University of Bamberg , Germany, has established an annual international visiting professorship that carries Spix' name. Bamberg Bamberg ( / ˈ b æ m b ɜːr ɡ / , US also / ˈ b ɑː m b ɛər k / , German: [ˈbambɛʁk] ; East Franconian : Bambärch ) is

13685-430: Was ranked 32nd out of 402 districts, municipal associations and independent cities in Germany, making it one of the places with "very high future prospects". The number of business registrations in the city of Bamberg remains at a high level. In the independent city of Bamberg, the number of business registrations in 2023 was 682, compared to 655 registrations the year before. In 2021, 702 new companies were registered with

13804-658: Was ranked first in Germany for cities with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. With an average of 5,155 visitors per hour, the Grüner Markt was the 52nd most popular shopping street in Germany. In 2023, the Grüner Markt had almost 8.5 million passers-by, an increase of 130,000 visitors compared to the previous year. Bamberg recorded 807,294 overnight stays in 2023, an increase of 11% compared to 2022. 85% of overnight guests came from Germany, 15% from abroad. The proportion of travelers from abroad rose particularly sharply in 2023 at 22%. The most important tourist countries of origin are

13923-933: Was retaken by Freikorps units (see Bavarian Soviet Republic ). The first republican constitution of Bavaria was passed in Bamberg, becoming known as the Bamberger Verfassung (Bamberg Constitution). Following the Second World War , Bamberg was an important base for the Bavarian, German, and then American military stationed at Warner Barracks , until closing in 2014. [REDACTED] Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg 1245–1802 [REDACTED]   Electorate of Bavaria 1802–1805 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Bavaria 1805–1918 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED]   West Germany 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990–present During

14042-473: Was the residence of Bamberg's bishops. Destroyed in 1553 by Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach , it was used after scant repairs only as a prison, and increasingly fell into decay. In 1801, A. F. Marcus bought the castle and completely repaired it. His friend, the famous German writer E.T.A. Hoffmann , who was very impressed by the building, lived there for a while. The next owner, Anton von Greifenstein, in 1818 founded an association to preserve

14161-486: Was there he placed the diocese in direct dependence on the Holy See . He also personally consecrated some of Bamberg's churches. For a short time Bamberg was the centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Henry and Kunigunde were both buried in the cathedral. From the middle of the 13th century onwards, the bishops were princes of the Empire and ruled Bamberg, overseeing the construction of monumental buildings. In 1248 and 1260,

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