104-526: Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sports and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology ( exercise physiology ), psychology ( sport psychology ), anatomy , biomechanics ( sports biomechanics ), biochemistry , and kinesiology . Sport scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers, with
208-479: A Physical Education teacher , Dietician or Nutritionist , Performance Analyst, Sports coach, Sports therapist, Fitness center manager, Sports administrator, Strength and Conditioning specialist, or retail manager of a sports store. Graduates may also be well-positioned to undertake further training to become an accredited Physiotherapist, Exercise Physiologist, Research Scientist and Sports Medical Doctor. Sports science may also be useful for providing information on
312-493: A midfielder in the Portuguese leagues , Mourinho finished playing at age 24 and moved into coaching. He was first an interpreter for Bobby Robson at Sporting CP and FC Porto , before gaining success as an assistant at Barcelona under Robson and then his successor, Louis van Gaal . After brief stints as manager at Benfica and União de Leiria , Mourinho returned to Porto in 2002, winning two Primeira Liga titles,
416-652: A 27–5–2 record, 11 points clear of Benfica, the team he quit two years earlier. The total of 86 points out of the possible maximum of 102 was a Portuguese record, until the 2015–16 season won by Benfica (88 points), since the rule of three points per win was introduced. Mourinho also won the Taça de Portugal , beating former club Leiria in the final , and the UEFA Cup final against Celtic , both in May 2003. The following season witnessed further successes: he led Porto to victory in
520-653: A bell and visual stimuli. In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard 's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as " homeostasis " by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929. By homeostasis, Cannon meant "the maintenance of steady states in
624-405: A controversial statistical method which has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none. Physiology Physiology ( / ˌ f ɪ z i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i / ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( phúsis ) 'nature, origin' and -λογία ( -logía ) 'study of')
728-503: A distinct subdiscipline. In 1920, August Krogh won the Nobel Prize for discovering how, in capillaries, blood flow is regulated. In 1954, Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley, alongside their research team, discovered the sliding filaments in skeletal muscle , known today as the sliding filament theory. Recently, there have been intense debates about the vitality of physiology as a discipline (Is it dead or alive?). If physiology
832-429: A few major signings in the summer. By the end of the transfer window, he had brought three new players to the side: Brazilian winger Mancini (€13 million), Ghanaian midfielder Sulley Muntari for a reported €14 million and Portuguese winger Ricardo Quaresma for a cash/player exchange fee of €18.6 million plus young Portuguese midfielder Pelé . In his first season as Inter head coach, Mourinho won
936-468: A football manager who won UEFA Champions League twice, reflected his studies of sport science as "sometimes it is difficult to understand if it is sport or if it is science". A 2018 study criticized the field of exercise and sports science for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of both null and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency. Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of magnitude-based inference ,
1040-566: A large offer from Roman Abramovich and pledged his immediate future to Chelsea. On 2 June 2004, Mourinho moved to Chelsea on a three-year contract, after a £1.7 million compensation package was agreed with Porto, making him the first Portuguese manager in the Premier League. In a press conference upon joining the English side, Mourinho spoke on Chelsea's credentials, stating: "We have top players and, sorry if I'm arrogant, we have
1144-656: A long-serving former player at Chelsea, who had also performed an assistant managerial-type role under previous managers at the club. In terms of spending, Mourinho carried on where his predecessor Claudio Ranieri left off, as, bankrolled by Roman Abramovich, he spent in excess of £70 million in transfer fees on players such as Tiago (£10 million) from Benfica, Michael Essien (£24.4 million) from Lyon, Didier Drogba (£24 million) from Marseille , Mateja Kežman (£5.4 million) from PSV and Porto pair Ricardo Carvalho (£19.8 million) and Paulo Ferreira (£13.3 million). Under Mourinho, Chelsea built on
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#17327753675411248-459: A medical field originates in classical Greece , at the time of Hippocrates (late 5th century BC). Outside of Western tradition, early forms of physiology or anatomy can be reconstructed as having been present at around the same time in China , India and elsewhere. Hippocrates incorporated the theory of humorism , which consisted of four basic substances: earth, water, air and fire. Each substance
1352-533: A new contract before the expiry of his current deal in June 2010, or if Chelsea were to sack him. Didier Drogba had the highest scoring season of his career that year and this led to his newly signed strike partner Andrey Shevchenko to be dropped from the starting line-up towards the end of the season by Mourinho. Notably, in the Champions League semi-final match against Liverpool at Anfield , Shevchenko
1456-497: A path into professional football management in his hometown and became youth team coach at Vitória de Setúbal in the early 1990s. Later, he accepted the position of assistant manager at Estrela da Amadora , then was a scout at Ovarense . Then, in 1992, an opportunity arose to work as a translator for a top foreign coach: Bobby Robson had been appointed as the new manager of Lisbon club Sporting CP and needed an English-speaking local coach to work as his interpreter . His presentation
1560-534: A response to taunts directed towards him whilst Liverpool were leading, before the equalising goal. Chelsea met Barcelona in the Champions League round of 16, a highly contested match where the Blues lost away in the first leg 2–1 but advanced on aggregate, winning at home 4–2. In the quarter-finals against Bayern Munich , Mourinho who was banned from attending the stadium, waited in the dressing room before
1664-652: A row. After the presentation of his championship medal, Mourinho threw Robert Huth's and blazer into the crowd. Mourinho was awarded a second medal for Huth within minutes, which he also threw into the crowd. The 2006–07 season saw growing media speculation that Mourinho would leave the club at the season's conclusion due to alleged poor relations with owner Roman Abramovich and a power struggle with sporting director Frank Arnesen and Abramovich advisor Piet de Visser . Mourinho later cleared doubts regarding his future at Stamford Bridge, stating that there would only be two ways for him to leave Chelsea: if Chelsea did not offer him
1768-437: A seat on the board. In spite of these tensions, the 2007–08 transfer season would see the departure of Dutch winger Arjen Robben to Real Madrid and the arrival of French midfielder Florent Malouda from Lyon. In the first match of the 2007–08 season , Chelsea beat Birmingham City 3–2 to set a new record of 64 consecutive home league matches without defeat. Despite surpassing the record set by Liverpool between 1978 and 1981,
1872-401: A second-half substitute and scored a hat-trick as the team won 17–0, which remains the club's biggest ever victory in the tournament. When his father returned to Rio Ave, Mourinho did not go with him and continued to play in the lower levels of the Portuguese football league system , first with Sesimbra , and then for Comércio e Indústria , where he finished his career. At the latter club, he
1976-497: A series of disagreements with owner Abramovich. The Chelsea board held an emergency meeting and decided it was time to part with their manager. Mourinho left as the most successful manager in Chelsea's history, having won six trophies for the club in three years. He was also undefeated in all home league games. Avram Grant succeeded Mourinho as Chelsea manager but failed to win any trophies in his year in charge and would be sacked at
2080-534: A team that interests everyone and Chelsea does not interest me so much because it is a new project with lots of money invested in it. I think it is a project which, if the club fail to win everything, then [Roman] Abramovich could retire and take the money out of the club. It's an uncertain project. It is interesting for a coach to have the money to hire quality players but you never know if a project like this will bring success. Liverpool offered their managerial position to Rafael Benítez , and Mourinho instead accepted
2184-454: A three-year contract and brought along with him much of his backroom staff who had served him at both Chelsea and Porto. He chose Giuseppe Baresi , a former Inter player and ex-head coach of their youth academy, as his assistant. He spoke solely in Italian in his first press conference as Inter boss, claiming to have learnt it "in three weeks". Mourinho stated that he only intended to make
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#17327753675412288-498: A top manager", before adding, Please don't call me arrogant, but I'm European champion and I think I'm a special one. This comment resulted in the media dubbing him "The Special One", and his braggadocio was widely recognised during his early managerial career. Mourinho recruited his backroom staff from Porto, consisting of assistant manager Baltemar Brito , fitness coach Rui Faria , chief scout André Villas-Boas and goalkeeping coach Silvino Louro . He retained Steve Clarke ,
2392-430: A unified science of life based on the cell actions, later renamed in the 20th century as cell biology . In the 20th century, biologists became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology . Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew . Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become
2496-549: Is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who is currently the head coach of Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe . He is one of the most decorated managers and is widely considered to be among the greatest managers of all time. Mourinho has won league championships in four countries, is one of only six managers to have won the European Cup with two clubs, and is the only manager to have won all three current UEFA club competitions. After an uneventful career as
2600-550: Is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology , plant ecology , phytochemistry , cell biology , genetics , biophysics , and molecular biology . Fundamental processes of plant physiology include photosynthesis , respiration , plant nutrition , tropisms , nastic movements , photoperiodism , photomorphogenesis , circadian rhythms , seed germination , dormancy , and stomata function and transpiration . Absorption of water by roots, production of food in
2704-427: Is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical. Changes in physiology can impact the mental functions of individuals. Examples of this would be the effects of certain medications or toxic levels of substances. Change in behavior as a result of these substances is often used to assess the health of individuals. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology
2808-400: Is essential for diagnosing and treating health conditions and promoting overall wellbeing. It seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at
2912-469: Is known for having a corresponding humor: black bile, phlegm, blood, and yellow bile, respectively. Hippocrates also noted some emotional connections to the four humors, on which Galen would later expand. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece . Like Hippocrates , Aristotle took to
3016-580: Is perhaps less visible nowadays than during the golden age of the 19th century, it is in large part because the field has given birth to some of the most active domains of today's biological sciences, such as neuroscience , endocrinology , and immunology . Furthermore, physiology is still often seen as an integrative discipline, which can put together into a coherent framework data coming from various different domains. Initially, women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society. The American Physiological Society , for example,
3120-649: Is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system . As a subdiscipline of biology , physiology focuses on how organisms , organ systems , individual organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system. According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology , and comparative physiology . Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes, homeostatic control mechanisms, and communication between cells. Physiological state
3224-555: Is the condition of normal function. In contrast, pathological state refers to abnormal conditions , including human diseases . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine . Because physiology focuses on the functions and mechanisms of living organisms at all levels, from
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3328-421: The 2007 FA Cup Final , winning in the first final to be played at the rebuilt Wembley . This was his first FA Cup win which meant that he had won every domestic trophy available to a Premier League manager. There was to be further friction between Mourinho and Abramovich when Avram Grant was appointed as director of football, despite objections from Mourinho. Grant's position was further enhanced by being given
3432-466: The Champions League quarter-finals by defeating his former team Chelsea in both legs (2–1 win at San Siro, then followed by a 1–0 win at Stamford Bridge). His difficult relationship with young striker Mario Balotelli and the team's loss of form that led Inter to achieve only seven points in six games (with three of those games, including a shock 1–3 defeat at the hands of Sicilian minnows Catania , happening during Mourinho's ban) were heavily criticised by
3536-711: The Copa Catalunya , which Barcelona won in 2000. The chance to become a top-tier manager arrived in September 2000 when Mourinho was appointed as the replacement for Benfica manager Jupp Heynckes after the fourth week of the Primeira Liga . When I spoke with Van Gaal about going back to Portugal to be an assistant at Benfica, he said: "No, don't go. Tell Benfica if they want a first-team coach you will go; if they want an assistant you will stay." The Benfica hierarchy wanted to appoint Jesualdo Ferreira as
3640-465: The English and Scottish Football Associations. In this period of his life, former Scotland manager Andy Roxburgh took note of the young Portuguese's drive and attention to detail. Mourinho sought to redefine the role of coach in football by mixing coaching theory with motivational and psychological techniques. After leaving his job as a physical education school teacher , Mourinho looked for
3744-585: The La Liga title in 2011–12 , breaking numerous domestic records including for most points, goals and wins in a season, and becoming the fifth coach to win league titles in four countries. Mourinho left Real Madrid in 2013 and rejoined Chelsea, where he won another league title and League Cup , but was dismissed in 2015 after a poor run of results. Mourinho was appointed at Manchester United in 2016 and Tottenham Hotspur in 2019, but his tenures at both clubs ended acrimoniously. Despite this, Mourinho won
3848-468: The San Siro . Mourinho's team improved dramatically after that, as he built a formidable midfield with Sneijder at the heart of it and the likes of new signing Thiago Motta and veterans Javier Zanetti and Dejan Stanković . Inter went on to score more than 30 goals before the end of November, thrashing derby rivals Milan 4–0, with new signings Diego Milito and Motta both scoring, and hammering Genoa 5–0,
3952-758: The Serie A title in his first season before winning a continental treble of Serie A, the Coppa Italia and the UEFA Champions League in 2010, a first in history for an Italian club. This made him one of five coaches to have won the European Cup with two clubs, and later that year saw him crowned the inaugural FIFA World Coach of the Year . Mourinho then moved to Real Madrid in Spain, where he won
4056-594: The Supercoppa Italiana , beating Roma on penalties, and finished top of Serie A. Inter were eliminated 2–0 on aggregate by Manchester United in the first knock-out round of the Champions League , and he also failed to win the Coppa Italia , losing 3–1 on aggregate to Sampdoria in the semi-finals. As UEFA was beginning to push the larger clubs in top leagues to play more homegrown players, Mourinho regularly played 18-year-old Italian forward Mario Balotelli and promoted academy defender Davide Santon to
4160-679: The Taça de Portugal , the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . That success earned him a move to England with Chelsea in 2004, where he famously remarked "I think I'm a special one" at his first press conference, which led to the British media dubbing him "The Special One". With Chelsea, Mourinho won two Premier League titles, an FA Cup and two League Cups in three seasons, before he departed in 2007 amid reports of disagreements with owner Roman Abramovich . In 2008, Mourinho joined Italian club Inter Milan . He led them to
4264-506: The UEFA Europa League and League Cup with Manchester United and led Tottenham to a League Cup final, but was fired less than a week before it. He was the manager of Roma between 2021 and 2024, where he won the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League in his first season: it was the club's first European title and first trophy since 2008 and made Mourinho the first manager to win a major European competition with four clubs and
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4368-773: The Instituto Superior de Educação Física (ISEF) to study physical education . After 1989, the Higher Institute of Physical Education (ISEF) became the Faculdade de Motricidade Humana (FMH), or Faculty of Human Kinetics, in English, and since then it was a part of the Technical University of Lisbon that would award a honoris causa doctorate degree to Mourinho in 2009. After he concluded his education in ISEF, he attended coaching courses held by
4472-742: The Portuguese's love of planning and training combined with Robson's direct man-management. The Barcelona attack was led by a prime Ronaldo – whom Mourinho regards as the best player post-Diego Maradona. The partnership was fruitful and Barcelona finished the season by winning the European Cup Winners' Cup , the Copa del Rey and Supercopa de España . Robson moved clubs the following season but this time Mourinho did not follow, as Barcelona were keen to retain him as assistant manager. The two remained good friends and Mourinho later reflected on
4576-726: The Serie A title after runners-up Milan lost to Udinese . This loss left the Nerazzurri seven points above their crosstown rivals with only two games remaining. They would eventually finish 10 points clear of Milan. On 28 July 2009, Mourinho was reported to have shown interest in taking over at Manchester United when Alex Ferguson retired. He was quoted as saying, "I would consider going to Manchester United but United have to consider if they want me to succeed Sir Alex Ferguson. If they do, then of course." Adriano left Inter in April 2009, and
4680-452: The aging body. Older adults are aware of the benefits of exercise, but many are not performing the exercise needed to maintain these benefits. Sports science provides a means of allowing older people to regain more physical competence without focusing on doing so for the purposes of anti-aging. Sports science can also provide a means of helping older people avoid falls and have the ability to perform daily tasks more independently. In Australia,
4784-579: The assistant manager's role at Newcastle United . Such was Robson's desperation for Mourinho to join him he offered to step down after two years in charge and hand over the reins to Mourinho. Mourinho turned the offer down and said he knew Robson would never step down at the club he loved. Mourinho and Mozer proved a popular combination, enjoying a 3–0 win against rivals Sporting CP in December. Their reign appeared to be at risk after Benfica's election turned against club president João Vale e Azevedo and
4888-630: The backbone of what he believed would be a perfect Porto team: Vítor Baía, Ricardo Carvalho , Costinha , Deco , Dmitri Alenichev and Hélder Postiga . He recalled captain Jorge Costa after a six-month loan to Charlton Athletic . Signings from other clubs included Nuno Valente and Derlei from União de Leiria; Paulo Ferreira from Vitória de Setúbal; César Peixoto from Belenenses ; Pedro Emanuel from Boavista; and Edgaras Jankauskas and Maniche , who both had been out of contract at Benfica. In 2003, Mourinho won his first Primeira Liga with
4992-418: The blood . Santorio Santorio in 1610s was the first to use a device to measure the pulse rate (the pulsilogium ), and a thermoscope to measure temperature. In 1791 Luigi Galvani described the role of electricity in the nerves of dissected frogs. In 1811, César Julien Jean Legallois studied respiration in animal dissection and lesions and found the center of respiration in the medulla oblongata . In
5096-421: The body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated." In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment. William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology. Nineteenth-century physiologists such as Michael Foster , Max Verworn , and Alfred Binet , based on Haeckel 's ideas, elaborated what came to be called "general physiology",
5200-478: The club failed to improve on the performances of his predecessor Roberto Mancini in the Champions League. Inter put in a series of lacklustre group stage performances that included a shock 1–0 home loss to Panathinaikos and an away draw with Cypriot minnows Anorthosis Famagusta . Inter qualified for the knockout stages of the Champions League but failed to make it to the quarter-finals after being defeated by Manchester United. On 16 May 2009, Inter mathematically won
5304-542: The death rate from surgery by a substantial amount. The Physiological Society was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club. The American Physiological Society (APS) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887. The Society is, "devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences." In 1891, Ivan Pavlov performed research on "conditional responses" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to
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#17327753675415408-461: The effect Robson had had upon him: One of the most important things I learnt from Bobby Robson is that when you win, you shouldn't assume you are the team, and when you lose, you shouldn't think you are rubbish. He began working with Robson's successor, Louis van Gaal , and he learned much from the Dutchman's conscientious style. Both assistant and head coach combined their studious approach to
5512-566: The election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of the book "Women Physiologists: Centenary Celebrations And Beyond For The Physiological Society." ( ISBN 978-0-9933410-0-7 ) Prominent women physiologists include: Human physiology Animal physiology Plant physiology Fungal physiology Protistan physiology Algal physiology Bacterial physiology Jos%C3%A9 Mourinho José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix GOIH ( European Portuguese: [ʒuˈzɛ moˈɾiɲu] ; born 26 January 1963)
5616-478: The end of the 2007–08 season. Grant's squad managed to reach the final of the Champions League (something Mourinho failed to achieve in his three years at Chelsea), reach the final of the League Cup and maintained the unbeaten home streak at Stamford Bridge. Grant's Chelsea also finished second in the Premier League. On 2 June 2008, Mourinho was appointed the successor of Roberto Mancini at Inter Milan on
5720-526: The ever-increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible. Through the scientific study of sports, researchers have developed a greater understanding of how the human body reacts to exercise, training, different environments, and many other stimuli. Sports science can trace its origins back to Ancient Greece. The noted ancient Greek physician Galen (131–201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles. New ideas upon
5824-518: The exit of the Brazilian striker was followed by the Argentine duo Julio Cruz and Hernán Crespo . Legendary Portuguese attacking midfielder and veteran Luís Figo retired. Figo was on the verge of leaving Inter under Mancini due to a lack of playing time, but in his final season Mourinho used him frequently. Mourinho signed Argentine striker Diego Milito , who fell just one goal short of winning
5928-413: The first leg between Manchester United and Porto, United manager Alex Ferguson confronted Mourinho after Roy Keane received a red card for stamping on Vítor Baía. In the second leg at Old Trafford , Porto were on the verge of an away-goals defeat when Costinha scored in the 89th minute to win the tie. Mourinho flamboyantly celebrated the goal by leaving his dugout, punching the air as he sprinted down
6032-568: The first team permanently, installing an Italian contingent into a team previously composed of mostly foreign players. Both teenagers played a part in the Scudetto -winning season and played enough games to earn their first senior trophy. Despite his domestic successes in winning the Scudetto by a 10-point margin, Mourinho's first season in Italy was viewed as disappointing by some Inter fans, as
6136-607: The first volume of the American Journal of Physiology . Other articles and reviews subsequently appeared in prestigious journals. The German applied physiology publication, Internationale Zeitschrift fur Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitphysiologie (1929–1940; now known as the European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology), became a significant journal in the field of research. A number of key figures have made significant contributions to
6240-413: The following years. With Robson as head coach and Mourinho as his assistant, Porto reached the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League semi-finals and won the 1993–94 Taça de Portugal , the 1994–95 and 1995–96 Portuguese championship , and the 1994, 1995 and 1996 Portuguese Super Cup , the latter with a 5–0 victory over arch-rivals Benfica , in what proved to be Robson's last game at Porto, earning Robson
6344-471: The game and Barcelona won La Liga twice in Van Gaal's first two years as coach. Van Gaal saw that his number two had the promise to be more than a skilled assistant. He let Mourinho develop his own independent coaching style and entrusted him with the coaching duties of Barcelona B . Van Gaal also let Mourinho take charge of the first team (acting as Mourinho's assistant himself) for certain trophies, like
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#17327753675416448-502: The humoral theory of disease, which also consisted of four primary qualities in life: hot, cold, wet and dry. Galen ( c. 130 –200 AD) was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body. Unlike Hippocrates, Galen argued that humoral imbalances can be located in specific organs, including the entire body. His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses. Galen also played off of Hippocrates' idea that emotions were also tied to
6552-458: The humors, and added the notion of temperaments: sanguine corresponds with blood; phlegmatic is tied to phlegm; yellow bile is connected to choleric; and black bile corresponds with melancholy. Galen also saw the human body consisting of three connected systems: the brain and nerves, which are responsible for thoughts and sensations; the heart and arteries, which give life; and the liver and veins, which can be attributed to nutrition and growth. Galen
6656-410: The individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as appareils ). In 1858, Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result, decreased
6760-491: The largest margin of victory in the Serie A that season. Mourinho was sent off in the December Derby d'Italia away fixture after he sarcastically applauded the referee for what he felt was a dubious free-kick given to Juventus and Inter went on to lose 2–1, courtesy of a Claudio Marchisio winner in the second half. Mourinho achieved what was hailed as one of his career highlights after Inter managed to progress to
6864-417: The league (six wins, two draws) since 25 November 2001. And the team was in fourth place, one point ahead of Porto , one point behind Benfica and six points behind the top of the league table. Mourinho's successes at Leiria did not go unrecognised and he caught the attention of larger Portuguese clubs. Mourinho was then chosen by Porto to replace Octávio Machado on 23 January 2002. At this time, Porto
6968-402: The leaves, and growth of shoots towards light are examples of plant physiology. Human physiology is the study of how the human body's systems and functions work together to maintain a stable internal environment. It includes the study of the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, as well as cellular and exercise physiology. Understanding human physiology
7072-449: The level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It
7176-563: The majority of sports science research from 1983 to 2003 was done in laboratories and nearly half of the research was done with sub-elite or elite athletes. Over two-thirds of the research was done regarding four sports: rowing, cycling, athletics, and swimming. In America, sports play a big part of the American identity, however, sports science has slowly been replaced with exercise science. Sports science can allow athletes to train and compete more effectively at home and abroad. José Mourinho ,
7280-421: The match to talk to his players, then he hid in a laundry basket to leave the stadium. Later on, he missed the chance of back-to-back Champions League successes when Chelsea were knocked out of the competition by a controversial goal in the semi-finals by eventual winners Liverpool. Under Mourinho, Chelsea secured their first top-flight domestic title in 50 years, setting a string of English football records in
7384-518: The midfield and addressing these shortcomings in the transfer market became a priority for Inter. Inter's lack of a creative playmaker, or trequartista , had been blamed for the Champions League failure. In an attempt to deal with this issue, Inter signed Dutch midfielder Wesley Sneijder from Real Madrid. Inter struggled in their first two matches of the new season. The team lost the Supercoppa to Lazio 2–1 and drew 1–1 with newly promoted Bari at
7488-455: The molecular and cellular level to the level of whole organisms and populations, its foundations span a range of key disciplines: There are many ways to categorize the subdisciplines of physiology: Although there are differences between animal , plant , and microbial cells, the basic physiological functions of cells can be divided into the processes of cell division , cell signaling , cell growth , and cell metabolism . Plant physiology
7592-462: The new assistant coach, but Mourinho refused and picked Carlos Mozer , a retired Benfica defender, as his right-hand man instead. Mourinho was highly critical of Ferreira, whom he had first encountered as his teacher at ISEF and later lambasted the veteran coach by stating, "This could be the story of a donkey who worked for 30 years but never became a horse." Only weeks after being given the job at Benfica, Mourinho's mentor, Bobby Robson, offered him
7696-594: The newly elected Manuel Vilarinho said that he would instate ex-Benfica player Toni as his new coach. Although Vilarinho had no intention of firing him immediately, Mourinho used the victory over Sporting to test the president's loyalty and he asked for a contract extension. Vilarinho refused the demand and Mourinho resigned from his position immediately. He left the club on 5 December 2000 after just nine league games in charge. Upon later reflection, Vilarinho rued his poor judgement and expressed his frustration at losing Mourinho: [Put me] back then [and] I would do exactly
7800-583: The nickname "Bobby Five-O" in Portugal. After two years at Porto, the duo moved again, joining Barcelona in 1996. Mourinho gradually became a prominent figure of the club's staff by translating at press conferences, planning practice sessions and helping players through tactical advice and analyses of the opposition. Robson and Mourinho's styles complemented each other: the Englishman favoured an attacking style, while Mourinho covered defensive options, and
7904-409: The notion of physiological division of labor, which allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of Adam Smith , Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of
8008-468: The one-match Portuguese Super Cup , beating Leiria 1–0. They lost the UEFA Super Cup 1–0 to Milan , with Andriy Shevchenko scoring the only goal. The team was dominant in the Primeira Liga and finished the season with a perfect home record, an eight-point advantage and a 27-match unbeaten run that ran from the start of the season until early April, when they lost to Gil Vicente . They secured
8112-496: The opposite: I would extend his contract. Only later I realised that one's personality and pride cannot be put before the interest of the institution we serve. Mourinho found a new managerial post in July 2001 with União de Leiria . During his time at União de Leiria, the team was on a run contesting places as high as third and fourth. After a 1–1 draw against Santa Clara on 20 January 2002, Mourinho recorded eight matches unbeaten in
8216-495: The physical education college as was his wish, but later on, after finishing high school in the special examination period of September, his mother enrolled him in a private business school because there weren't vacant places for him in the physical education college and, in addition, his mother believed business school would bring him to a more successful career path . Mourinho dropped out business school on his first day, deciding he would rather focus on sport, and chose to attend
8320-608: The potential developed in the previous season. By early December, they were at the top of the Premier League table and had reached the knock-out stages of the Champions League . He secured his first trophy by winning the League Cup against Liverpool 3–2 ( AET ) in Cardiff . Towards the end of the match, Mourinho was escorted from the touchline after putting his finger to his mouth in the direction of Liverpool fans, as
8424-434: The process, including the most points ever achieved in the Premier League (95) and the fewest goals conceded (15). Chelsea started the next season well: they defeated Arsenal 2–1 to win the 2005 FA Community Shield and topped the Premier League from the first weekend of the 2005–06 season. Chelsea beat rivals Manchester United 3–0 to win their second consecutive Premier League title and Mourinho's fourth domestic title in
8528-486: The quadruple was brought to an end on 1 May 2007 when Liverpool eliminated Chelsea from the Champions League on penalties at Anfield, following a 1–1 aggregate draw. Days later, Chelsea drew 1–1 with Arsenal at the Emirates , which secured the Premier League title for Manchester United. This was Mourinho's first season without a league title win in five years. Mourinho led Chelsea to a 1–0 victory against Manchester United in
8632-489: The reserves, Mourinho was usually tasked with scouting other teams for his father. He was rarely selected by his father, but he made his debut for the club in the third round of the Taça de Portugal, in a 2–1 extra time win over Salgueiros . On the final day of the campaign against champions-elect Sporting CP , a defender was injured in the pre-match warm up, so he was told to get changed. Club president José Maria Pinho, fearing
8736-602: The same year, Charles Bell finished work on what would later become known as the Bell–Magendie law , which compared functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord . In 1824, François Magendie described the sensory roots and produced the first evidence of the cerebellum's role in equilibration to complete the Bell–Magendie law. In the 1820s, the French physiologist Henri Milne-Edwards introduced
8840-478: The senior level, he left the club in 1980 to sign for Rio Ave , where he played for the reserve team, and in 1981, was joined by his father, who was named first team manager. There, he struck up a prolific partnership with veteran striker Mário Reis . According to former teammate Baltemar Brito (who would become an assistant to Mourinho early on his managerial career), the duo scored around 100 goals, with Mourinho netting forty-seven times. In addition to playing for
8944-516: The sideline near to his celebrating players. Mourinho's Porto win over Ferguson's United was a preview of his move to the Premier League managing Chelsea , where the two men would enjoy a competitive but respectful relationship. In 2005, after Chelsea clinched the Premier League title, Ferguson had his players form a guard of honour at Chelsea's next game at Old Trafford, a favour that Mourinho returned in 2007 at Stamford Bridge , after Ferguson's squad were confirmed league champions. Liverpool are
9048-671: The simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians, and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory, and digestive systems. Furthermore, by the middle of the 19th century, early medical schools (such as the Harvard Medical School , formed 1782) began appearing in the United States, whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research. Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period. In 1898, three articles on physical activity appeared in
9152-573: The start to the 2007–08 season was less successful than previous starts. The team lost at Aston Villa and followed this with a goalless draw at home to Blackburn Rovers . Their opening game in the UEFA Champions League saw them only manage a 1–1 home draw against the Norwegian team Rosenborg in front of only 24,973 (an almost half-empty stadium), which included an unimpressed owner Roman Abramovich. Mourinho unexpectedly left Chelsea on 20 September 2007 "by mutual consent", although there had been
9256-502: The study of sports science: A notable amount of research in the field of sports science is completed at universities or dedicated research centers. Higher-education degrees in Sports Science or Human Physiology are also becoming increasingly popular, with many universities now offering both undergraduate, postgraduate and distance learning degrees in the discipline. Opportunities for graduates in these fields include employment as
9360-478: The summer. Eto'o got off to a promising start with Inter by scoring two goals in the first two matches of the season. Ricardo Quaresma's signing from Mourinho's old club Porto was viewed as providing a previously missing link in the Inter squad, but his play disappointed the club and led him to be loaned out to Chelsea midway through the season, ironically Mourinho's other former club. Mancini also failed to dominate in
9464-583: The third manager to win all UEFA club competitions . He then joined Fenerbahçe. Mourinho was named Portuguese Coach of the Century by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) in 2015. Due to his tactical knowledge, charismatic and controversial personality, and a reputation for prioritising results over attractive football, he has drawn comparisons, by both admirers and critics, with Argentine manager Helenio Herrera . Mourinho
9568-496: The threat of nepotism, overruled the decision to do so; the incident saw the pair leave to join Belenenses in the summer. Mourinho mostly spent the season playing for the reserve team, and he played for the first team in the second round of the Taça de Portugal against Clube Desportivo de Vila Franca, an amateur club from Vila Franca do Campo , São Miguel Island , Azores. With Belenenses 8–0 up at half-time, Mourinho came on as
9672-471: The title five weeks before the end of the season. Porto lost the 2004 Taça de Portugal Final to Benfica in May 2004, but two weeks later, Mourinho won a greater prize: the UEFA Champions League , with a 3–0 win over Monaco in Germany. The club had eliminated Manchester United , Lyon and Deportivo de La Coruña and their sole defeat of the competition came against Real Madrid in the group round. In
9776-476: The top scorer award with Genoa , as well as Thiago Motta and Wesley Sneijder , to bolster the midfield. Perhaps his most notable signing of the summer of his second season was a swap deal of Zlatan Ibrahimović in exchange for Barcelona's Cameroonian striker Samuel Eto'o and a reported £35 million. This transfer was the second most expensive in the history of the transfer market, after Cristiano Ronaldo moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid earlier in
9880-484: The working and functioning of the human body emerged during the Renaissance as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories. These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of Gutenberg 's printing press in the 15th century. Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were forming all around the world. Importantly, these new scholars went beyond
9984-424: Was captain of the team and would save the life of a teammate who had gotten trapped in a car that had caught on fire. Mourinho decided that he lacked the requisite pace and power to become a professional and chose to focus on becoming a football coach instead. Mourinho failed in the subject of mathematics during the final year of high school, and this prevented him of finishing high school at time to enroll at
10088-494: Was a primary school teacher from an affluent background; her uncle funded the construction of the Vitória de Setúbal football stadium. The Carnation Revolution leading to the fall of António de Oliveira Salazar 's Estado Novo regime in April 1974 also led to the family losing all but a single property in nearby Palmela . Mourinho wanted to follow in his father's footsteps and joined the Belenenses youth team. Graduating to
10192-402: Was also the founder of experimental physiology. And for the next 1,400 years, Galenic physiology was a powerful and influential tool in medicine . Jean Fernel (1497–1558), a French physician, introduced the term "physiology". Galen, Ibn al-Nafis , Michael Servetus , Realdo Colombo , Amato Lusitano and William Harvey , are credited as making important discoveries in the circulation of
10296-509: Was born in 1963 to a large middle-class family in Setúbal (a city in the Lisbon metropolitan area ), Portugal, the son of José Manuel Mourinho Félix, who was known by the name Félix Mourinho , and his wife, Maria Júlia Carrajola dos Santos. His father played football professionally for Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal , earning one cap for Portugal in the course of his career. His mother
10400-955: Was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks. In 1902, the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society. Hyde, a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education, attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine. Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society , which had been founded in 1876. On 3 July 1915, six women were officially admitted: Florence Buchanan , Winifred Cullis , Ruth Skelton , Sarah C. M. Sowton , Constance Leetham Terry , and Enid M. Tribe . The centenary of
10504-471: Was in fifth place in the Liga (behind Sporting CP, Boavista , União de Leiria and Benfica), had been eliminated from the Taça de Portugal and was in last place in their UEFA Champions League second group stage . Mourinho guided the team to third place that year after a strong 15-game run (including 11 wins) and gave the promise of "making Porto champions next year". He quickly identified several key players as
10608-532: Was not even included on the bench. The other high-profile arrival besides Shevchenko was German captain Michael Ballack , a free agent from Bayern Munich who was signed to strengthen the midfield. The Icelandic striker Eiður Guðjohnsen departed the club for Barcelona. Despite the unrest, Chelsea won the League Cup again by defeating Arsenal at the Millennium Stadium . The possibility of
10712-525: Was on 7 July, alongside president Sousa Cintra , manager Robson and Manuel Fernandes . Mourinho began discussing tactics and coaching with Robson in his interpreting role. Robson was sacked by the club in December 1993. When Porto appointed him as their head coach, Mourinho moved with him, continuing to coach and interpret for players at the new club. The Porto team, consisting of players like Ljubinko Drulović , Domingos , Rui Barros , Jorge Costa and Vítor Baía , went on to dominate Portuguese football
10816-410: Was provided by animal experimentation . Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum. Involving evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology , comparative physiology considers the diversity of functional characteristics across organisms. The study of human physiology as
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