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46-542: The Springfield Science Museum was founded in December 1859 at Springfield's City Hall, originally as a natural history museum and curiosities collection. It was moved to the City Library in 1871, when the library gained its own building separate from City Hall. Early exhibits included geological displays of rocks and minerals, and Revolutionary War relics. In the early 1890s the museum was moved once again, this time to

92-467: A Tlingit can inherit one but they can also pass it down to someone they trust, who becomes responsible for caring for it but does not rightfully own it. Like other Northwest Coast native peoples, the Tlingit did practice hereditary slavery . Tlingit thought and belief, although never formally codified, was historically a fairly well organized philosophical and religious system whose basic axioms shaped

138-472: A crosswalk on State Street, where the Central branch is located. The pickets were a response to the death of librarian Gayle Ball, who was struck and killed by a driver while crossing the street to the employee parking lot. Tlingit The Tlingit or Lingít ( English: / ˈ t l ɪ ŋ k ɪ t , ˈ k l ɪ ŋ k ɪ t / TLING -kit, KLING -kit ) are Indigenous peoples of

184-448: A hundred known examples. The helmet had been given to the museum sometime in 1899, but was miscatalogued as an "Aleution hat". The Central Council of Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska announced at the time they intended to request repatriation of the helmet. According to NAGPRA , the museum had 148 Native American remains in the 1990s. A 2004 report from the museum reported that 84 remains were made available for return. 2007 marked

230-574: A library, although it was still privately funded until 1885, when a city appropriation removed all fees. Private donations and gifts totaling $ 100,000 allowed for the creation of a Gothic-style building, located on the corner of State Street and Chestnut Street. The land was donated by George Bliss , the former Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and President of the Massachusetts Senate . By 1892,

276-403: Is considered contemptible among the Tlingit and a sign of poverty. Indeed, shamans and their families were required to abstain from all food gathered from the beach, and men might avoid eating beach food before battles or strenuous activities in the belief that it would weaken them spiritually and perhaps physically as well. Thus for both spiritual reasons as well as to add some variety to the diet,

322-598: The Alaskan Panhandle , to the lakes in interior Yukon, as being Lingít Aaní , the Land of the Tlingit. The extant Tlingit territory can be roughly divided into four major sections, paralleling ecological, linguistic, and cultural divisions: These categories reflect differents in cultures, food harvesting, and dialects. Tlingit groups trade among themselves with neighboring communities. These academic classifications are supported by similar self-identification among

368-899: The Carcross/Tagish First Nation in Yukon and the Sitka Tribe of Alaska are of Tlingit heritage. Taku Tlingit are enrolled in the Douglas Indian Association in Alaska and the Taku River Tlingit First Nation in Canada. The Tlingit have a matrilineal kinship system , with children born into the mother's clan , and property and hereditary roles passing through the mother's line. Their culture and society developed in

414-536: The Pacific , including the Alsek , Tatshenshini , Chilkat , Taku , and Stikine rivers. With regular travel up these rivers, the Tlingit developed extensive trade networks with Athabascan tribes of the interior, and commonly intermarried with them. From this regular travel and trade, a few relatively large populations of Tlingit settled around Atlin , Teslin , and Tagish Lakes , whose headwaters flow from areas near

460-819: The Tlingit language (Lingít [ɬɪ̀nkítʰ] ), which is a branch of the Na-Dené language family . Lingít has a complex grammar and sound system and also uses certain phonemes unheard in almost any other language. Tlingit has an estimated 200 to 400 native speakers in the United States and 100 speakers in Canada. The speakers are bilingual or near-bilingual in English. Tribes, institutions, and linguists are expending extensive effort into revitalization programs in Southeast Alaska to revive and preserve

506-551: The temperate rainforest of the southeast Alaskan coast and the Alexander Archipelago . The Tlingit have maintained a complex hunter-gatherer culture based on semi-sedentary management of fisheries. Hereditary slavery was practiced extensively until it was outlawed by the United States Government. The Inland Tlingit live in the far northwestern part of the province of British Columbia and

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552-549: The 1851 Massachusetts Public Library Law, which authorized cities and towns to establish and maintain public libraries, as well as an 1855 petition by residents requesting funding for a library. Prior to this, the Springfield Library Company ran a private library, which had been founded as early as 1796 and contained over 300 volumes. The City Library Association provided a room in City Hall to be used as

598-506: The Alaska territory for thousands of years, leading to the Tlingit. Human culture with elements related to the Tlingit originated around 10,000 years ago near the mouths of the Skeena and Nass Rivers . The historic Tlingit's first contact with Europeans came in 1741 with Russian explorers. Spanish explorers followed in 1775. Tlingits maintained their independence but suffered from epidemics of smallpox and other infectious diseases brought by

644-583: The Art museum. The museum's collections began being moved to its own building in February 1899, and it opened as the Springfield Ethnological and Natural History Museum on October 16, 1899. In 1928, the museum received Miss Oita, one of 58 Japanese friendship dolls , which has remained in the museum's collection up to the present day. Exhibits present in the 1930s, which are still present in

690-622: The Europeans. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed about 60% of the Mainland Tlingit and 37% of the Island Tlingit. Food is a central part of Tlingit culture, and the land is an abundant provider. Most of the richness of intertidal life found on the beaches of Southeast Alaska can be harvested for food. Though eating off the beach could provide a fairly healthy and varied diet, eating nothing but "beach food"

736-716: The Interior Tlingit communities, such as Atlin, British Columbia (Taku River Tlingit), Teslin, Yukon ( Teslin Tlingit Council ), and Carcross, Yukon ( Carcross/Tagish First Nation ) have reserves . Tlingits in Alaska lack Indian reservations because the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) established regional corporations throughout Alaska with complex portfolios of land ownership rather than bounded reservations administered by Tribal Governments. The corporation in

782-524: The Library had outgrown the building, and plans began to construct a new library building. In order to provide continuous library service to Springfield residents during the construction, Charles R. Trask was hired to move the original building 200 feet to make space for the new building. This task was completed over three weeks, using twelve steel rollers and a team of twelve men, moving the building an average of ten feet per day. The city allocated $ 18,498 for

828-610: The Pacific Northwest Coast of North America and constitute two of the 231 (As of 2022) federally recognized Tribes of Alaska . Most Tlingit are Alaska Natives ; however, some are First Nations in Canada . Their language is the Tlingit language ( Łingít , pronounced [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] ), Tlingit people today belong to several federally recognized Alaska Native tribes including the Angoon Community Association, Central Council of

874-608: The Springfield Memorial Square branch, now used as a Greek cultural center. With an additional $ 155,000 contributed by Springfield residents, construction on the Central Library began in April 1910 for a Renaissance Revival style building designed by Edward Lippincott Tilton . A trestle designed by city librarian Hiller C. Wellman was used to transport books from the old building to the new one, and

920-673: The Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes, Chilkat Indian Village , Chilkoot Indian Association, Craig Tribal Association, Hoonah Indian Association, Ketchikan Indian Corporation, Klawock Cooperative Association, the Organized Village of Kasaan, the Organized Village of Kake, the Organized Village of Saxman, Petersburg Indian Association, Skagway Village, the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe , and the Wrangell Cooperative Association. Some citizens of

966-651: The Tlingit extended from the Portland Canal along the present border between Alaska and British Columbia , north to the coast just southeast of the Copper River delta in Alaska. The Tlingit occupied almost all of the Alexander Archipelago , except the southernmost end of Prince of Wales Island and its surroundings, where the Kaigani Haida moved just before the first encounters with European explorers. The Coastal Tlingit tribes controlled one of

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1012-739: The Tlingit harvest many other resources for food besides those they easily find outside their front doors. No other food resource receives as much emphasis as salmon ; however, seal and game are both close seconds. Halibut , shellfish , and seaweed traditionally provided food in the spring, while late spring and summer bring seal and salmon . Summer is a time for gathering wild and tame berries, such as salmonberry , soap berry , and currants . In fall, sea otters are hunted. Herring and eulachon are also important staples, that can be eaten fresh or dried and stored for later use. Fish provide meat, oil, and eggs. Sea mammals, such as sea lions and sea otters, are used for food and clothing materials. In

1058-531: The Tlingit language and its culture. Sealaska Heritage Institute, Goldbelt Heritage Institute and the University of Alaska Southeast have Tlingit language programs, and community classes are held in Klukwan and Angoon . Tlingit tribes historically built plank houses made from cedar and today call them clanhouses; these houses were built with a foundation such that they could store their belongings under

1104-426: The Tlingit region is Sealaska Corporation , which serves the Tlingit, Haida , and Tsimshian in Alaska. Tlingit people participate in the commercial economy of Alaska, and typically live in privately owned housing and land. Many also possess land allotments from Sealaska or from earlier distributions predating ANCSA. Their current residences are within their historical homelands. Land around Yakutat , south through

1150-628: The Tlingit. The Tlingit culture is multifaceted and complex, a characteristic of Northwest Pacific Coast people with access to easily exploited rich resources. In Tlingit culture a heavy emphasis is placed upon family and kinship, and on a rich oratory tradition. Wealth and economic power are important indicators of rank, but so is generosity and proper behavior, all signs of "good breeding" and ties to aristocracy. Art and spirituality are incorporated in nearly all areas of Tlingit culture, with even everyday objects such as spoons and storage boxes decorated and imbued with spiritual power and historical beliefs of

1196-685: The Tlingits. Tlingit society is divided into two moieties , the Raven and the Eagle. These in turn are divided into numerous clans , which are subdivided into lineages or house groups. They have a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and inheritance passed through the mother's line. These groups have heraldic crests, which are displayed on totem poles , canoes , feast dishes, house posts, weavings, jewelry, and other art forms. The Tlingits pass down at.oow (s) or blankets that represented trust. Only

1242-529: The branch officially opened on January 10, 1912. The library claims to be one of the first to feature open shelving, and to circulate phonograph records. In 1974, the Central Library was put on the National Register of Historic Places. The Indian Orchard Branch was added to the Register in 1999. Major renovations at the Central Library were completed in 2019 to improve accessibility, replace

1288-664: The construction of the new building, and in 1905, Andrew Carnegie donated $ 260,000 to the City Library Association to assist with the Central Library construction, as well as three additional branches. These included the Springfield Indian Orchard Branch , designed by John Donahue in a Georgian Revival style and opened in 1909, as well as the Forest Park Library, frequently visited by Theodor S. Geisel as child, and

1334-499: The current building, include the Native American Hall, with a diorama of two Native American men and one woman engaged in tool-making and cooking, and Habitat Hall, which features dioramas of taxidermied animals in their natural habitats. A Bird Hall also existed, with various local specimens and a case of extinct species (including the passenger pigeon , heath hen , and Carolina parakeet ). Another since-removed area

1380-416: The face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including smallpox , many Tlingit people converted to Orthodox Christianity . Russian Orthodox missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language. It has been argued that they saw Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life", which was associated with Presbyterianism . After

1426-583: The floors. It is said that these plank houses had no adhesive, nails, or any other sort of fastening devices. Clan houses were usually square or rectangular in shape and had front facing designs and totem poles to represent to which clan and moiety the makers belonged. Many Tlingit men work in the fishing industry while women are employed at canneries or in the local handicraft industry. These handicrafts include items like wood carvings and woven baskets which are sold for practical or tourist consumption. Various cultures of indigenous people have continuously occupied

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1472-642: The forests near their homes, Tlingit hunted deer, bear, mountain goats and other small mammals. Genetic analyses of HLA I and HLA II genes as well as HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 gene frequencies links the Ainu people of Japan to some Indigenous peoples of the Americas , especially to populations on the Pacific Northwest Coast such as Tlingit. The scientists suggest that the main ancestor of the Ainu and of

1518-544: The gutter system, and install an outdoor plaza. In 2005, the Springfield Library Foundation was formed and incorporated as a 501(c)3 not-for-profit corporation, helping to support the purchase of books and materials, facility improvements, and staff development initiatives. City library employees, who are unionized, picketed the Central Library in July, 2023 to protest inaction in construction of

1564-524: The headwaters of the Taku River. Delineating the current territory of the Tlingit is complicated because they live in both Canada and the United States, they lack designated reservations, other complex legal and political concerns make the situation confusing, and their population is highly mobile. They also share territory with Athabascan peoples such as the Tahltan , Kaska , and Tagish . In Canada,

1610-415: The introduction of Christianity , the Tlingit belief system began to erode. Today, some young Tlingits look back towards their traditional tribal religions and worldview for inspiration, security, and a sense of identity. While many elders converted to Christianity, contemporary Tlingit "reconcile Christianity and the 'traditional culture.'" The Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada speak

1656-401: The most recent year of repatriation , at which point 78% of all reported remains had been made available for return to tribes. In 2023, the museum reported having repatriated 25 additional remains, although these are not documented by NAGPRA. At one point, the museum had more than 600 objects associated with funerals; as of January 2023, 562 had been made available for return. As of October 2023,

1702-798: The mountain passes into the Yukon interior; they were divided into three tribes: the Chilkat Tlingit ( Jilḵáat Ḵwáan ) along the Chilkat River and on Chilkat Peninsula , the Chilkoot Tlingit ( Jilḵoot Ḵwáan ) and the Taku Tlingit ( Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan: ) along the Taku River . Inland, the Tlingit occupied areas along the major rivers that pierce the Coast Mountains and Saint Elias Mountains and flow into

1748-530: The museum have covered a variety of topics, from natural gas (1993), to extinction (1998), to the history of bicycles (2002). The African Hall features multiple taxidermied Savanna species, including a chimpanzee who lived at the Forest Park Zoo until 1967, and a giraffe, acquired in 1985, that died at a park in Oklahoma . The Dinosaur Hall includes a lifesize Tyrannosaurus rex model, which

1794-501: The museum in 1921. The collection was loaned to Southington for a year and opened there in September 1985. The museum announced their intentions to repatriate two Seneca masks in 1997, and Klamath jewelry and a Navajo pouch In 2002. The museum repatriated one set of human remains to Hawaii in 1997. In 2013, the museum's curator found a mid-19th century Tlingit war helmet in the museum's collection, making it one of fewer than

1840-557: The museum self-reported having 31 human remains and 109 associated funerary objects. Springfield City Library (Massachusetts) The Springfield City Library is a public library system in Springfield, Massachusetts . The system includes ten branches across the city, with the Central branch located at 220 State Street, next to Merrick Park . In 1857, the City Library Association was formed in Springfield in response to

1886-416: The planetarium's "star ball", as they were unable to afford equipment from Zeiss . In 1979 or 1980, the museum received a taxidermied polar bear , Snowball, who had lived at the Forest Park Zoo for 29 years. In 1986, a Massachusetts man stole "Indian artifacts" from the museum, as well as from five other Massachusetts museums; the artifacts were recovered in February 1987. Temporary exhibits hosted by

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1932-496: The southern Yukon in Canada. Their autonym, Łingít, means "People of the Tides". The Russian name Koloshi ( Колоши , from a Sugpiaq-Alutiiq term kulut'ruaq for the labret worn by women) or the related German name Koulischen may be encountered referring to the people in older historical literature, such as Grigory Shelikhov 's 1796 map of Russian America . The greatest territory historically occupied by

1978-444: The way Tlingit people viewed and interacted with the world around them. Tlingits were traditionally animists , and hunters ritually purified themselves before hunting animals. Shamans , primarily men, cured diseases, influenced weather, aided in hunting, predicted the future, and protected people against witchcraft. A central tenet of the Tlingit belief system is the reincarnation of both humans and animals. Between 1886 and 1895, in

2024-465: Was installed in April 1975. The hall also includes a cast of Stegosaurus , and both a legbone of Alamosaurus and fragment of a tyrannosaurid believed to represent a new species, both collected in a 1920s Amherst College expedition led by Fred Brewster Loomis . The museum's planetarium , Seymour Planetarium, which opened in November 1937, was one of a few of the era not built by Zeiss . It

2070-574: Was remodeled and officially reopened in April 2023. The museum has its own observatory with a 20-inch (51 cm) telescope that is periodically open to the public. In 1985, a Southington council member requested that the museum return the Luman Andrews collection, a collection of Native American objects collected by a Southington resident, to the Connecticut town from which he originated. The collection had originally been donated to

2116-475: Was the Hall of Ethnology, which showcased Native American baskets and tools, traditional Greenlandic clothing, musical instruments from around the world, and dolls from around the world. Although not ready at the time of the museum's 1934 re-opening, the building did leave space for a planetarium, which would ultimately open in November 1937. The museum turned to Chicopee locals Frank and Stanley Korkosz to create

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