127-508: Sredna Gora ( Bulgarian : Средна гора [ˈsrɛdnɐ ɡoˈra] ) is a mountain range in central Bulgaria , situated south of and parallel to the Balkan Mountains and extending from the river Iskar to the west and the elbow of river Tundzha north of the city of Yambol to the east. Sredna Gora is 285 km long, reaching 50 km at its greatest width. Its highest peak is Golyam Bogdan at 1,604 m (5,262 ft). It
254-514: A 10.4 km section of the second class II-66 road in the section Zlati Voyvoda – Kamenovo . There are several important railways in the mountain range served by the Bulgarian State Railways , including railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv– Svilengrad crossing Ihtimanska Sredna Gora in direction northwest-southeast, a significant section of railway line No. 3 Iliyantsi (Sofia)–Karlovo–Sliven– Karnobat – Varna following
381-429: A 55.4 km stretch of the second class II-37 road in the section Zlatitsa – Levski , a 5.9 km stretch of the second class II-64 road in the section Banya– Pesnopoy , a 5.2 km section of the second class II-53 road , a 16 km stretch of the second class II-55 road in the section Panicherevo – Asenovets , a 37 km section of the second class II-56 road in the section Pavel Banya– Zelenikovo and
508-532: A consonant and are feminine, as well as nouns that end in –а/–я (most of which are feminine, too) use –та. Nouns that end in –е/–о use –то. The plural definite article is –те for all nouns except for those whose plural form ends in –а/–я; these get –та instead. When postfixed to adjectives the definite articles are –ят/–я for masculine gender (again, with the longer form being reserved for grammatical subjects), –та for feminine gender, –то for neuter gender, and –те for plural. Both groups agree in gender and number with
635-528: A dialect continuum, and there is no well-defined boundary where one language ends and the other begins. Within the limits of the Republic of North Macedonia a strong separate Macedonian identity has emerged since the Second World War, even though there still are a small number of citizens who identify their language as Bulgarian. Beyond the borders of North Macedonia, the situation is more fluid, and
762-502: A middle ground between the macrodialects. It allows palatalizaton only before central and back vowels and only partial reduction of / a / and / ɔ / . Reduction of / ɛ / , consonant palatalisation before front vowels and depalatalization of palatalized consonants before central and back vowels is strongly discouraged and labelled as provincial. Bulgarian has six vowel phonemes, but at least eight distinct phones can be distinguished when reduced allophones are taken into consideration. There
889-446: A much smaller group of irregular nouns with zero ending which define tangible objects or concepts ( кръв /krɤf/ 'blood', кост /kɔst/ 'bone', вечер /ˈvɛtʃɛr/ 'evening', нощ /nɔʃt/ 'night'). There are also some commonly used words that end in a vowel and yet are masculine: баща 'father', дядо 'grandfather', чичо / вуйчо 'uncle', and others. The plural forms of the nouns do not express their gender as clearly as
1016-490: A number of phraseological units and sayings. The major exception are vocative forms, which are still in use for masculine (with the endings -е, -о and -ю) and feminine nouns (-[ь/й]о and -е) in the singular. In modern Bulgarian, definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun, much like in the Scandinavian languages or Romanian (indefinite: човек , 'person'; definite: човек ът , "
1143-531: A special count form in –а/–я , which stems from the Proto-Slavonic dual : два/три стола ('two/three chairs') versus тези столове ('these chairs'); cf. feminine две/три/тези книги ('two/three/these books') and neuter две/три/тези легла ('two/three/these beds'). However, a recently developed language norm requires that count forms should only be used with masculine nouns that do not denote persons. Thus, двама/трима ученици ('two/three students')
1270-488: A wide range of military and civilian products, such as optical sights; thermal imaging devices; night vision goggles, scopes and systems; surveillance cameras; infrared lenses, etc. Other sectors are machine building and metalworking (Stara Zagora, Ihtiman, Kostenets, Koprivshtitsa), electronics (Stara Zagora), pulp and paper (Kostenets, Belovo), plastics (Panagyurishte), food processing (Stara Zagora, Panagyuriste, Kostenets), textiles (Panagyurishte, Kostenets), etc. Agriculture
1397-595: Is Asarel Medet based in Panagyurishte, which annually extracts and processes over 13 million tons of copper ore and produces 200 thousand tons of copper concentrate sold worldwide, including to the Pirdop copper smelter and refinery in the Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley just north of the mountain range. It is the largest employer in the whole of Pazardzhik Province. Other copper deposits mined in the second half of
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#17327728132051524-567: Is Stara Zagora (pop. 136,144 as of 2022), situated on the southernmost slopes of Sarnena Sredna Gora and the Upper Thracian Plain. Other towns from west to east include Dolna Banya (4,730), Ihtiman (13,617), Momin Prohod (1,422), Kostenets (5,954), Vetren (2,888), Panagyurishte (16,424), Strelcha (4,069), Koprivshtitsa (2,032), Klisura (930), Hisarya (6,642), Banya (3,083) and Pavel Banya (2,639). Due to its strategic location in
1651-635: Is " Ye lena Yankovich" ( Йелена Янкович ). Until the period immediately following the Second World War , all Bulgarian and the majority of foreign linguists referred to the South Slavic dialect continuum spanning the area of modern Bulgaria, North Macedonia and parts of Northern Greece as a group of Bulgarian dialects. In contrast, Serbian sources tended to label them "south Serbian" dialects. Some local naming conventions included bolgárski , bugárski and so forth. The codifiers of
1778-462: Is a 74.2 km section of the first class I-8 road Kalotina – Sofia – Plovdiv – Kapitan Andreevo . Both of them follow the European route E80 along their whole route. Along the northern periphery of the mountain range in direction west-east between the villages of Gorna Malina and Mirkovo passes a 36.8 km stretch of the first class I-6 road Gyueshevo –Sofia– Karlovo – Burgas . Through
1905-647: Is also a significant Bulgarian diaspora abroad. One of the main historically established communities are the Bessarabian Bulgarians , whose settlement in the Bessarabia region of nowadays Moldova and Ukraine dates mostly to the early 19th century. There were 134,000 Bulgarian speakers in Ukraine at the 2001 census, 41,800 in Moldova as of the 2014 census (of which 15,300 were habitual users of
2032-838: Is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe , primarily in Bulgaria . It is the language of the Bulgarians . Along with the closely related Macedonian language (collectively forming the East South Slavic languages ), it is a member of the Balkan sprachbund and South Slavic dialect continuum of the Indo-European language family . The two languages have several characteristics that set them apart from all other Slavic languages , including
2159-496: Is based on a general consensus reached by all major Bulgarian linguists in the 1930s and 1940s. In turn, the 39-consonant model was launched in the beginning of the 1950s under the influence of the ideas of Russian linguist Nikolai Trubetzkoy . Despite frequent objections, the support of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences has ensured Trubetzkoy's model virtual monopoly in state-issued phonologies and grammars since
2286-433: Is common in all modern Slavic languages (e.g. Czech medv ě d /ˈmɛdvjɛt/ "bear", Polish p ię ć /pʲɛ̃tɕ/ "five", Serbo-Croatian je len /jělen/ "deer", Ukrainian нема є /nemájɛ/ "there is not ...", Macedonian пишува ње /piʃuvaɲʲɛ/ "writing", etc.), as well as some Western Bulgarian dialectal forms – e.g. ора̀н’е /oˈraɲʲɛ/ (standard Bulgarian: оране /oˈranɛ/ , "ploughing"), however it
2413-405: Is currently no consensus on the number of Bulgarian consonants, with one school of thought advocating for the existence of only 22 consonant phonemes and another one claiming that there are not fewer than 39 consonant phonemes. The main bone of contention is how to treat palatalized consonants : as separate phonemes or as allophones of their respective plain counterparts. The 22-consonant model
2540-581: Is divided in three parts by the rivers Topolnitsa and Stryama, both left tributaries of the Maritsa ;— Ihtimanska Sredna Gora to the west, Sashtinska Sredna Gora in the middle and Sarnena Sredna Gora to the east. Ihtimanska Sredna Gora is limited to the west by the valley of the Iskar, to the north by the valleys of Sofia, Saranska, Kamarska and Zlatitsa–Pirdop, to the east by the Topolnitsa, to
2667-488: Is important in the valleys and the lower hilly areas of Sredna Gora. Along the southern slopes of Sashtinska and Sarnena Sredna Gora there are significant areas with vineyards , producing grapes . In the region around Strelcha and Breznik and in some of the valleys north of the mountain range there are favourable conditions for industrial crops , mainly for extraction of essential oils , such as Rosa × damascena , lavender and mint . The extensive pastures support livestock,
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#17327728132052794-405: Is influenced not only by the geographical distribution of the soil types, but also by the nature of the climatic conditions, as well as by some features of the relief and human economic activity. The alluvial soils along the river valleys are accompanied by hydrophilous grass and forest vegetation ( alders , willows , poplars ), and the areas of the vertisols and a significant part of the lands of
2921-612: Is located eastwards of the Zmeyovski Pass and reaches the easternmost point of the mountain range at Zaychi Vrah; its highest peak in Moruley (895 m). The third section is formed by the Chirpan Heights located south of Bratanski Section, which reaches a maximum heights of 651 m at Kitka. Sredna Gora falls within the temperate continental climatic zone . Yet, the uneven altitude, the significant segmentation and
3048-849: Is mainly inhabited by Central European species. Of the large herbivore mammals typical representatives are roe deer , red deer and wild boar . Of the predators, the red fox is common, while the grey wolf and the brown bear are rare, the later being vagrant from the neighbouring Balkan Mountains. Common small mammals include southern white-breasted hedgehog , red squirrel , European edible dormouse , wood mouse , etc. Typical bird species are middle spotted woodpecker , rock partridge , sombre tit , great tit and many others. Reptiles and amphibians are represented by Aesculapian snake , smooth snake , common European viper , horned viper , grass snake , common wall lizard , European copper skink , yellow-bellied toad , European green toad , common toad , common frog , fire salamander . The Alpine newt
3175-817: Is mainly split into two broad dialect areas, based on the different reflexes of the Proto-Slavic yat vowel (Ѣ). This split, which occurred at some point during the Middle Ages, led to the development of Bulgaria's: The literary language norm, which is generally based on the Eastern dialects, also has the Eastern alternating reflex of yat . However, it has not incorporated the general Eastern umlaut of all synchronic or even historic "ya" sounds into "e" before front vowels – e.g. поляна ( polyana ) vs. полени ( poleni ) "meadow – meadows" or even жаба ( zhaba ) vs. жеби ( zhebi ) "frog – frogs", even though it co-occurs with
3302-479: Is not represented in standard Bulgarian speech or writing. Even where /jɛ/ occurs in other Slavic words, in Standard Bulgarian it is usually transcribed and pronounced as pure /ɛ/ – e.g. Boris Yeltsin is "Eltsin" ( Борис Елцин ), Yekaterinburg is "Ekaterinburg" ( Екатеринбург ) and Sarajevo is "Saraevo" ( Сараево ), although – because of the stress and the beginning of the word – Jelena Janković
3429-478: Is one more to describe a general category of unwitnessed events – the inferential (преизказно /prɛˈiskɐzno/ ) mood. However, most contemporary Bulgarian linguists usually exclude the subjunctive mood and the inferential mood from the list of Bulgarian moods (thus placing the number of Bulgarian moods at a total of 3: indicative, imperative and conditional) and do not consider them to be moods but view them as verbial morphosyntactic constructs or separate gramemes of
3556-734: Is part of the Srednogorie mountain chain system , which extends longitudinally across the most country from west to east, between the Balkan Mountains and the Sub-Balkan valleys to the north and the Kraishte , Rila and the Upper Thracian Plain to the south. The mountain is divided into three parts by the rivers Topolnitsa and Stryama — Ihtimanska Sredna Gora to the west, Sashtinska Sredna Gora in
3683-401: Is perceived as more correct than двама/трима ученика , while the distinction is retained in cases such as два/три молива ('two/three pencils') versus тези моливи ('these pencils'). Cases exist only in the personal and some other pronouns (as they do in many other modern Indo-European languages ), with nominative , accusative , dative and vocative forms. Vestiges are present in
3810-509: Is preserved in Hisarya and Stara Zagora, the former containing 2.3 km long well-preserved defensive walls. The remains of medieval fortresses are scattered along the mountain range, including Urvich , Gate of Trajan and Krasen . With its conserved national revival architecture, Koprivshtitsa is an architectural-historical reserve and one of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria . It contains two churches, schools and numerous houses, many of
3937-527: Is situated the Ihtiman Valley at an altitude of 620 m to 700 m. Sashtinska Gredna Gora spans from the valley of the Topolnitsa in the west to the river Stryama in the east. It spans a territory of 2,300 km and has an average elevation of 656 m. Sashtinska Sredna Gora is limited to the north by the southern reaches of the Zlatitsa–Pirdop and Karlovo valleys, and to the south by
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4064-418: Is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns , adjectives , numerals , pronouns and verbs . Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs , prepositions , conjunctions , particles and interjections . Verbs and adverbs form
4191-652: Is the Service of Saint Cyril from Skopje (Скопски миней), a 13th-century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern Macedonia according to which St. Cyril preached with "Bulgarian" books among the Moravian Slavs. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in
4318-544: Is the elevation of Zaychi Vrah (256 m) along the southwestern limits of the Sliven Valley just southwest of the bend of the river Tundzha. Along its northern borders, Sredna Gora is linked to the Balkan Mountains through five north-south ridges — Negushevski Rid, Oporski Rid, Galabets, Koznitsa and Strazhata. To the west, the river Iskar and the Pancharevo Gorge separate Sredna Gora from Plana and
4445-606: Is the oldest regulated spa resort in Bulgaria since 1882 and is used for treatment and recreation. It has 22 springs with a total discharge of 70 L/sec and temperature of 47.8 °С. There are over 2,340 beds in hotels and sanatoria in the town; in 2019 it was visited by almost 140 thousand overnight tourists. In Pavel Banya there are seven mineral springs with a discharge of 15 L/sec and temperature of 19 °С to 61 °С. The resort receives 30 thousand visitors annually. Starozagorski bani, located 15 km northwest of
4572-457: Is the summit of Golyam Bogdan at 1,604 m; the average elevation is 608 m. It is part of the Srednogorie mountain system that from west to east includes the mountain ranges of Greben (1,156 m in Bulgarian territory), Zavalska Planina (1,181 m), Viskyar (1,136 m), Lyulin (1,256 m), Vitosha (2,290 m), Plana (1,338 m) and Sredna Gora, as well as
4699-592: Is the westernmost point of the whole mountain range, Vakarelska (1,090 m) and Belitsa (1,221 m). The river Gabra forms a small valley between Lozen and Vakarelska. Shipochansko–Eledzhiski section is located between the Samokov Valley in the west and the Topolnitsa in the east and links with Rila and Konstenets–Dolna Banya Valley in the south. It includes the ridges of Shipochanski Rid (1,312 m), Shumnatitsa (1,392 m), Septemvriyski (1,275 m) and Eledzhik (1,186 m). Between these two sections
4826-399: Is used, and the choice between them is partly determined by their ending in singular and partly influenced by gender; in addition, irregular declension and alternative plural forms are common. Words ending in –а/–я (which are usually feminine) generally have the plural ending –и , upon dropping of the singular ending. Of nouns ending in a consonant, the feminine ones also use –и , whereas
4953-447: Is very rare, found only in the vicinity of the summit of Malak Bogdan. Of Bulgaria's 90 nature reserves and managed nature reserves , only one is situated in the mountain range, Bogdan Reserve . None of the national or nature parks in the country extends to Sredna Gora. Sredna Gora has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years. Neolithic dwellings dating back to the 6th millennium BC have been discovered near Stara Zagora on
5080-604: Is well developed. The region is an important national hub of copper extraction and processing industry, as well as of optical industry , both centered in and around the town of Panagyurishte . The largest city in Sredna Gora is Stara Zagora , one of the biggest economic centers of Bulgaria. Sredna Gora has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years. In the 5th millennium BC it was largest mining center in Europe, extracting significant amounts of copper. The mountain range
5207-424: The Balkan Mountains and north of the Upper Thracian Plain . It extends from the river Iskar in the west to the elbow of the river Tundzha north of the city of Yambol in the east. The main orographic ridge extends from west to east, where the mountain range reaches a total length of 285 km; its maximum width from north to south is 50 km. The total area of Sredna Gora is 5,950 km. Its highest point
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5334-551: The Balkan language area (mostly grammatically) and later also by Turkish , which was the official language of the Ottoman Empire , in the form of the Ottoman Turkish language , mostly lexically. The damaskin texts mark the transition from Middle Bulgarian to New Bulgarian, which was standardized in the 19th century. As a national revival occurred toward the end of the period of Ottoman rule (mostly during
5461-628: The Black Sea . They are separating the Balkan Mountains from a chain of other mountains known as Srednogorie which includes Vitosha and Sredna Gora . There is great abundance of mineral waters. They are divided into two parts: Western (higher) and Eastern (lower). The western valleys include: Burel Valley ; Sofia Valley ; Saranska Valley ; Kamarska Valley . The eastern valleys are: Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley ; Karlovo Valley ; Kazanlak Valley ; Tvarditsa Valley ; Sliven Valley ; Karnobat Valley ; Aytos Valley . This Bulgaria location article
5588-714: The Bulgarian Empire introduced the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script , developed around the Preslav Literary School , Bulgaria in the late 9th century. Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the beginning and the middle of
5715-836: The Byzantine–Bulgarian treaty of 716 . In 976 the Bulgarian army under emperor ( tsar ) Samuel (r. 997–1014) dealt a crushing defeat to the Byzantines under emperor Basil II in the battle of the Gates of Trajan in the homonymous mountain pass of Sredna Gora. With the fall of the First Empire in 1018, the region was included in the Byzantine Empire until the Uprising of Asen and Peter in 1185, which restored
5842-575: The Greek hagiography of Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century). During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Slavonic case system , but preserving the rich verb system (while the development was exactly the opposite in other Slavic languages) and developing a definite article. It was influenced by its non-Slavic neighbors in
5969-1284: The Luda Yana , the Potoka , the Pyasachnik , the Srebra , the Brezovska reka , the Omurovska reka , the Tekirska reka, the Merichlerska reka, the Martinka and the Sazliyka , as well as two right tributaries of the Tundzha , the Tukiyska reka and the Gyurlya. In the narrowest section of the Topolnitsa gorge is located the Topolnitsa Reservoir . The Topolnitsa river basin has the highest average river flow at 8.2 L/s per km. There are numerous mineral springs all over
6096-797: The Maritsa river drainage of the Aegean Sea basin, with the exception of the westernmost and northwesternmost areas, which belong to the Iskar river drainage of the Black Sea basin. The rivers that originate from the mountain range include the right tributaries of the Iskar, the Lesnovska reka and Shipochanitsa, the left tributaries of the Maritsa, the Topolnitsa and its tributary the Mativir ,
6223-595: The National Railway Infrastructure Company began the modernisation of railway line No. 1 along the whole Sredna Gora section that includes the construction of entirely new route with 13 tunnels with a total length of over 20 km, the longest being 6.7 km, as well as 24 bridges and viaducts. The planned investment is 665 million euro. The economy is based on industry, services, agriculture and tourism. Sredna Gora contains major reserves of copper ore. The largest mining company
6350-597: The Ottoman rule Sredna Gora was an important center of resistance and the Bulgarian National Revival . It was the focal point of the April Uprising of 1876 . Although many settlements in the region were destroyed in the aftermath of the rebellion, it had a decisive role for the subsequent Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. Sredna Gora is situated in central Bulgaria, south of and parallel to
6477-611: The Terter dynasty based in Kran to the east. The Ottoman invasion of the Balkans in the 14th century was met with stiff resistance in Sredna Gora. In 1355 the crown prince Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria was killed in the battle of Ihtiman against the invading Ottomans. The region was firmly included in the Ottoman Empire after the fall of Sofia in 1382 or 1385. During Ottoman rule there were many haiduts based in Sredna Gora, with
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#17327728132056604-564: The accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union , following the Latin and Greek scripts . Bulgarian possesses a phonology similar to that of the rest of the South Slavic languages, notably lacking Serbo-Croatian's phonemic vowel length and tones and alveo-palatal affricates. There is a general dichotomy between Eastern and Western dialects, with Eastern ones featuring consonant palatalization before front vowels ( / ɛ / and / i / ) and substantial vowel reduction of
6731-445: The person") or to the first nominal constituent of definite noun phrases (indefinite: добър човек , 'a good person'; definite: добри ят човек , " the good person"). There are four singular definite articles. Again, the choice between them is largely determined by the noun's ending in the singular. Nouns that end in a consonant and are masculine use –ът/–ят, when they are grammatical subjects , and –а/–я elsewhere. Nouns that end in
6858-405: The " Big Excursion " of 1989. The language is also represented among the diaspora in Western Europe and North America, which has been steadily growing since the 1990s. Countries with significant numbers of speakers include Germany , Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom (38,500 speakers in England and Wales as of 2011), France , the United States , and Canada (19,100 in 2011). The language
6985-422: The 1960s. However, its reception abroad has been lukewarm, with a number of authors either calling the model into question or outright rejecting it. Thus, the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association only lists 22 consonants in Bulgarian's consonant inventory . The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in ten types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. The difference
7112-411: The 19th century during the efforts on the codification of Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov , gained prominence in the 1870s. The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945, when the letters yat (uppercase Ѣ, lowercase ѣ) and yus (uppercase Ѫ, lowercase ѫ) were removed from its alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30. With
7239-461: The 19th century), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged that drew heavily on Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian (and to some extent on literary Russian , which had preserved many lexical items from Church Slavonic) and later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkan loans. Today one difference between Bulgarian dialects in the country and literary spoken Bulgarian is the significant presence of Old Bulgarian words and even word forms in
7366-399: The 1st century BC, many earlier Thracian settlements saw further expansion as Roman cities, such as Beroe/Augusta Traiana (modern Stara Zagora), Diocletianopolis (Hisarya), Cabyle (near Yambol), etc. The strategic Roman road Via Militaris that connected Central Europe and Constantinople crossed the western section of Sredna Gora, where several road stations and forts were located. With
7493-528: The 20th century or in the early 2000s were at Medet, Elshitsa and Tsar Asen . At the village of Gabra is situated the Chukurovo mine — the oldest coal mine in Bulgaria, active since the mid 19th century, extracting lignite . Manufacturing industry in centred in Stara Zagora and Panagyurishte. The latter is the hub of the Bulgarian optical industry with two main companies — Opticoelectron and Optix . These companies operate production facilities in Panagyurishte, Strelcha and Popintsi and manufacture
7620-435: The 5th millennium BC. According to researchers' calculations it was possible to produce 1,000 tons of metal, a huge amount for that period. Copper from this deposit was used for the manufacture of Varna culture artifacts but has been discovered as far away as the middle Volga river. The Thracians inhabited the whole mountain range and archaeological remains of their presence have been discovered throughout Sredna Gora and
7747-403: The Bulgarian Empire . In the 13th century Sredna Gora along with several of the Sub-Balkan valleys to the north were the center of an important feudal domain ruled by the Smilets dynasty . In the period 1292–1298 the local boyar Smilets ruled as emperor of Bulgaria. After his death the lands in Sredna Gora were divided between his brother Voysil based in Kopsis to the west, and Aldimir of
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#17327728132057874-413: The Ottomans crushed the uprising, thousands were massacred and many settlements were pillaged and burned, including Panayurishte. The European-wide public outcry following the rebellion led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , which saw action in Sredna Gora. Following the battle of Stara Zagora in July 1877, when the Russian–Bulgarian forces had to retreat to the Shipka Pass , the Ottomans burned down
8001-424: The Upper Thracian Plain. It is subdivided in two sections — Bunaysko–Bogdanski and Panagyursko–Strelchanski. The former is the highest past of the mountain range and is located to the north. From west to east it includes the summits of Bratia (1,519 m), Bunaya (1,572 m) and Golyan Bogdan (1,604 m). In its middle is located the high altitude Koprivshtitsa Valley (1,000 m). The elevation lowers to
8128-402: The Zmeyovski Pass in Sarnena Sredna Gora in direction north-south between the village of Yagoda and the city of Stara Zagora there is a 14.1 km section of the first class I-5 road Ruse – Veliko Tarnovo –Stara Zagora– Haskovo – Makaza . There are also a number of second and third class roads, including the entire 86.3 km length of the second class II-82 road Samokov –Kostenets–Sofia,
8255-403: The center of Bulgaria, Sredna Gora is crossed by several transportation arteries of national and international importance. Its settlements are served by numerous roads. In the west, a 79 km stretch of the Trakia motorway crosses Ihtimanska Sredna Gora in direction northwest-southeast between the villages of Novi Han and Kalugerovo. Almost parallel to the motorway between Hovi Han and Belovo
8382-430: The center, and Sarnena Sredna Gora to the east. Compared to most other mountain ranges in Bulgaria, Sredna Gora has lower average altitude, which determines higher temperatures and lower precipitation. There is an abundance of mineral springs all over Sredna Gora with many spa resorts , such as Hisarya , Starozagorski bani , Pavel Banya , etc. Sredna Gora is rich in mineral resources and especially copper . The economy
8509-480: The cinnamon forest soils are arable land covered with farms and pastures, where the range of natural vegetation is significantly reduced. In the places with no arable land on the cinnamon forest soils, the vegetation is represented by oaks, while hornbeams grow on the northern slopes of the hilly and low-mountain terrain. In the higher zones, the brown forest soils support beech forest vegetation; in some areas of Sashtinska Sredna Gora there are old-growth beech forests. On
8636-420: The city Stara Zagora, one of Bulgaria's largest at the time, and subjected its population to indiscriminate slaughter . The Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 left Sredna Gora in the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia , outside the borders of the reestablished Bulgarian state, the Principality of Bulgaria . On 2 September 1885 protests in Panagyurishte sparked the beginning of the Bulgarian unification , which
8763-485: The climate is Alpine . In the lower parts of Sarnena Sredna Gora, and especially along its southernmost slopes is the transitional zone between the temperate continental and the continental Mediterranean climate . Due to the uneven altitude, the average January temperature in the lowest parts fluctuates in the range from 0 °C to −4 °C, lowering significantly in the range between −5 °C and −8 °C at higher altitudes. Temperature inversions regularly occur in
8890-412: The completion of the action of the verb and form past perfective (aorist) forms; imperfective ones are neutral with regard to it and form past imperfective forms. Most Bulgarian verbs can be grouped in perfective-imperfective pairs (imperfective/perfective: идвам/дойда "come", пристигам/пристигна "arrive"). Perfective verbs can be usually formed from imperfective ones by suffixation or prefixation, but
9017-412: The converted to museums, belonging to important revolutionaries and cultural cultural figures, such as Georgi Benkovski , Todor Kableshkov , Lyuben Karavelov , Nayden Gerov , etc. Another historical settlement with preserved traditional architecture is the village of Svezhen . The town of Panagyurishte was burned down by the Ottomans in 1876 and contains only a few surviving historical edifices, such as
9144-679: The division of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, the region became part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire . In the Middle Ages the eastern areas of Sredna Gora were part of the region Zagore . Following the foundation of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 north of the Balkan Mountains, Zagore was the first territory annexed by Bulgaria under the reign of khan Tervel (r. 700–721) and confirmed under
9271-667: The early 5th century BC and the 1st century BC, Seuthopolis , was situated in Kazanlak Valley on the northern foothills of the mountain range. Evidence of the wealth and power of the Thracian civilization in the region is the Panagyurishte Treasure dated from the 4th to 3rd century BC, consisting of nine vessels weighing over 6 kg of 24-karat gold . As the region was annexed by the Roman Empire by
9398-564: The eastern dialects prevailed, and in 1899 the Bulgarian Ministry of Education officially codified a standard Bulgarian language based on the Drinov-Ivanchev orthography. Bulgarian is the official language of Bulgaria , where it is used in all spheres of public life. As of 2011, it is spoken as a first language by about 6 million people in the country, or about four out of every five Bulgarian citizens. There
9525-439: The elimination of case declension , the development of a suffixed definite article , and the lack of a verb infinitive . They retain and have further developed the Proto-Slavic verb system (albeit analytically). One such major development is the innovation of evidential verb forms to encode for the source of information: witnessed, inferred, or reported. It is the official language of Bulgaria , and since 2007 has been among
9652-462: The flat ridges of Sashtinska Sredna Gora, on the mountain-meadow soils, grass formations is widely developed, represented by extensive meadows and pastures. In terms of vegetation zones, at highest elevation predominate forest of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), at places mixed with common hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ), silver fir ( Abies alba ) and European hop-hornbeam ( Ostrya carpinifolia ) at more stony areas. At lower elevation, mostly on
9779-544: The group of the verb or the verbal group. Nouns and adjectives have the categories grammatical gender , number , case (only vocative ) and definiteness in Bulgarian. Adjectives and adjectival pronouns agree with nouns in number and gender. Pronouns have gender and number and retain (as in nearly all Indo-European languages ) a more significant part of the case system. There are three grammatical genders in Bulgarian: masculine , feminine and neuter . The gender of
9906-555: The heights of Bakadzhitsite and Hisar further east. To the north, Sredna Gora extends to eight of the eleven Sub-Balkan valleys — from the southeastern limits of the Sofia Valley in the west, eastwards through the valleys of Saranska , Kamarska , Zlatitsa–Pirdop , Karlovo , Kazanlak , Tvarditsa and Sliven . The valleys of Karlovo and Kazanlak are also collectively known as the Rose Valley . Its easternmost point
10033-489: The historical yat vowel or at least root vowels displaying the ya – e alternation. The letter was used in each occurrence of such a root, regardless of the actual pronunciation of the vowel: thus, both ml ya ko and ml e kar were spelled with (Ѣ). Among other things, this was seen as a way to "reconcile" the Western and the Eastern dialects and maintain language unity at a time when much of Bulgaria's Western dialect area
10160-699: The house of Rayna Knyaginya . The Panagyurishte Museum of History exhibits at times the original Panagyurshte gold treasure along with the Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum and the National Historical Museum in Sofia. Bulgarian language Rup Moesian Bulgarian ( / b ʌ l ˈ ɡ ɛər i ə n / , / b ʊ l ˈ -/ bu(u)l- GAIR -ee-ən ; български език , bŭlgarski ezik , pronounced [ˈbɤɫɡɐrski] )
10287-725: The language), and presumably a significant proportion of the 13,200 ethnic Bulgarians residing in neighbouring Transnistria in 2016. Another community abroad are the Banat Bulgarians , who migrated in the 17th century to the Banat region now split between Romania, Serbia and Hungary. They speak the Banat Bulgarian dialect , which has had its own written standard and a historically important literary tradition. There are Bulgarian speakers in neighbouring countries as well. The regional dialects of Bulgarian and Macedonian form
10414-576: The language, but its pronunciation is in many respects a compromise between East and West Bulgarian (see especially the phonetic sections below). Following the efforts of some figures of the National awakening of Bulgaria (most notably Neofit Rilski and Ivan Bogorov ), there had been many attempts to codify a standard Bulgarian language; however, there was much argument surrounding the choice of norms. Between 1835 and 1878 more than 25 proposals were put forward and "linguistic chaos" ensued. Eventually
10541-409: The latter. Russian loans are distinguished from Old Bulgarian ones on the basis of the presence of specifically Russian phonetic changes, as in оборот (turnover, rev), непонятен (incomprehensible), ядро (nucleus) and others. Many other loans from French, English and the classical languages have subsequently entered the language as well. Modern Bulgarian was based essentially on the Eastern dialects of
10668-481: The literary norm regarding the yat vowel, many people living in Western Bulgaria, including the capital Sofia , will fail to observe its rules. While the norm requires the realizations vidyal vs. videli (he has seen; they have seen), some natives of Western Bulgaria will preserve their local dialect pronunciation with "e" for all instances of "yat" (e.g. videl , videli ). Others, attempting to adhere to
10795-475: The low vowels / ɛ / , / ɔ / and / a / in unstressed position, sometimes leading to neutralisation between / ɛ / and / i / , / ɔ / and / u / , and / a / and / ɤ / . Both patterns have partial parallels in Russian, leading to partially similar sounds. In turn, the Western dialects generally do not have any allophonic palatalization and exhibit minor, if any, vowel reduction. Standard Bulgarian keeps
10922-399: The masculine ones usually have –и for polysyllables and –ове for monosyllables (however, exceptions are especially common in this group). Nouns ending in –о/–е (most of which are neuter) mostly use the suffixes –а, –я (both of which require the dropping of the singular endings) and –та . With cardinal numbers and related words such as няколко ('several'), masculine nouns use
11049-519: The most important being sheep and cattle. The rich natural, cultural, historical and architectural heritage of the mountain range is favourable for tourism and hospitality industry. The abundant mineral springs have been used for millennia and are now the backbone of the region's spa and health tourism. Nine of the nation's 19 spa resorts of national importance are located in Sredna Gora, almost half of them. The most developed resorts include Hisarya, Pavel Banya and Starozagorski bani among others. The former
11176-477: The most significant exception from the above are the relatively numerous nouns that end in a consonant and yet are feminine: these comprise, firstly, a large group of nouns with zero ending expressing quality, degree or an abstraction, including all nouns ending on –ост/–ест -{ost/est} ( мъдрост /ˈmɤdrost/ 'wisdom', низост /ˈnizost/ 'vileness', прелест /ˈprɛlɛst/ 'loveliness', болест /ˈbɔlɛst/ 'sickness', любов /ljuˈbɔf/ 'love'), and secondly,
11303-452: The mountain range, situated mainly along fault lines . On its southern slopes from west to east are located the mineral springs at Dolna Banya , Pchelin , Kostenets , Banya , Panagyurishte, Strelcha , Krasnovo , Staro Zhelezare , Hisarya , Starozagorski bani and Korten . On the northern slopes in the same direction are Banya , Pavel Banya , Yagoda , Novozagorska Banya and Slivenski Mineralni Bani . The vegetation of Sredna Gora
11430-542: The mountain range, such as Chetinyova Mogila and Horizont near Starosel, the former is the largest excavated Thracian tumulus, while the latter is the only Thracian tomb with columns. Other important Thracian sites include Zhaba Mogila near Strelcha, the Smilovene Sanctuary deep in the mountain between Koprivshtitsa and Strelcha and the Kozi Gramadi complex north of Starosel. Important Roman heritage
11557-489: The mountain regions in the transitional climatic zone, where the influence of the Mediterranean is stronger, the precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year and is also the lowest, reaching 550–600 mm annually. In most of Sredna Gora, the rivers originating from the mountain range have predominantly rain-snow feed and high water in early spring, due to the less pronounces snow retention and
11684-421: The names of at least 80 voivodes known only from Sashtinska Sredna Gora from the 18th and 19th centuries. By the late 18th and early 19th century many towns in the area, such as Panagyurishte and Koprivshtitsa , achieved some economic prosperity and actively participated in the Bulgarian National Revival , with many revolutionary, cultural and spiritual leaders based in the region. In 1876 western Sredna Gora
11811-572: The newspaper Makedoniya : "Such an artificial assembly of written language is something impossible, unattainable and never heard of." After 1944 the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began a policy of making Macedonia into the connecting link for the establishment of a new Balkan Federative Republic and stimulating here a development of distinct Macedonian consciousness. With
11938-447: The norm, will actually use the "ya" sound even in cases where the standard language has "e" (e.g. vidyal , vidyali ). The latter hypercorrection is called свръхякане ( svrah-yakane ≈"over- ya -ing"). Bulgarian is the only Slavic language whose literary standard does not naturally contain the iotated e /jɛ/ (or its variant, e after a palatalized consonant /ʲɛ/ , except in non-Slavic foreign-loaned words). This sound combination
12065-740: The northern foothills of Sredna Gora or the Sub-Balkan Valleys along most of their length in direction west-east, as well as part of railway line No. 4 Ruse– Gorna Oryahovitsa –Stara Zagora– Podkova along the Zmeyovski Pass in direction north-south. Crossing through the ridges connecting Sredna Gora to the Balkan Mountains along line No. 3 are the two longest tunnels in Bulgaria, Koznitsa (5,808 m) and Galabets (3,034 m). In addition, there are sections of two secondary railway lines in Sashtinska Sredna Gora, No. 81 Plovdiv–Panagyurishte and No. 82 Plovdiv–Karlovo. In 2021
12192-603: The northern slopes, there are forests of common hornbeam and sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ). On the southern slopes of the lowest easternmost parts of Sredna Gora there are sparse xerothermic forests, dominated by the largest woods of the Mediterranean turpentine tree ( Pistacia terebinthus ) in Bulgaria. In the lowest slopes, especially in the east, there are xerothermic forests of Austrian oak ( Quercus cerris ), Hungarian oak ( Quercus frainetto ) and pubescent oak ( Quercus pubescens ). In terms of fauna, Sredna Gora
12319-659: The noun can largely be inferred from its ending: nouns ending in a consonant ("zero ending") are generally masculine (for example, град /ɡrat/ 'city', син /sin/ 'son', мъж /mɤʃ/ 'man'; those ending in –а/–я (-a/-ya) ( жена /ʒɛˈna/ 'woman', дъщеря /dɐʃtɛrˈja/ 'daughter', улица /ˈulitsɐ/ 'street') are normally feminine; and nouns ending in –е, –о are almost always neuter ( дете /dɛˈtɛ/ 'child', езеро /ˈɛzɛro/ 'lake'), as are those rare words (usually loanwords) that end in –и, –у, and –ю ( цунами /tsuˈnami/ ' tsunami ', табу /tɐˈbu/ 'taboo', меню /mɛˈnju/ 'menu'). Perhaps
12446-994: The noun they are appended to. They may also take the definite article as explained above. Pronouns may vary in gender, number, and definiteness, and are the only parts of speech that have retained case inflections. Three cases are exhibited by some groups of pronouns – nominative, accusative and dative. The distinguishable types of pronouns include the following: personal, relative, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinitive, summative and possessive. A Bulgarian verb has many distinct forms, as it varies in person, number, voice, aspect, mood, tense and in some cases gender. Finite verbal forms are simple or compound and agree with subjects in person (first, second and third) and number (singular, plural). In addition to that, past compound forms using participles vary in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and voice (active and passive) as well as aspect (perfective/aorist and imperfective). Bulgarian verbs express lexical aspect : perfective verbs signify
12573-536: The official languages of the European Union . It is also spoken by the Bulgarian historical communities in North Macedonia , Ukraine , Moldova , Serbia , Romania , Hungary , Albania and Greece . One can divide the development of the Bulgarian language into several periods. Bulgarian was the first Slavic language attested in writing. As Slavic linguistic unity lasted into late antiquity,
12700-470: The oldest manuscripts initially referred to this language as ѧзꙑкъ словѣньскъ, "the Slavic language". In the Middle Bulgarian period this name was gradually replaced by the name ѧзꙑкъ блъгарьскъ, the "Bulgarian language". In some cases, this name was used not only with regard to the contemporary Middle Bulgarian language of the copyist but also to the period of Old Bulgarian. A most notable example of anachronism
12827-429: The past pluperfect subjunctive. Perfect constructions use a single auxiliary "be". The traditional interpretation is that in addition to the four moods (наклонения /nəkloˈnɛnijɐ/ ) shared by most other European languages – indicative (изявително, /izʲəˈvitɛɫno/ ) imperative (повелително /poveˈlitelno/ ), subjunctive ( подчинително /pottʃiˈnitɛɫno/ ) and conditional (условно, /oˈsɫɔvno/ ) – in Bulgarian there
12954-604: The pockets of speakers of the related regional dialects in Albania and in Greece variously identify their language as Macedonian or as Bulgarian. In Serbia , there were 13,300 speakers as of 2011, mainly concentrated in the so-called Western Outlands along the border with Bulgaria. Bulgarian is also spoken in Turkey: natively by Pomaks , and as a second language by many Bulgarian Turks who emigrated from Bulgaria, mostly during
13081-475: The precipitation has a well-defined summer maximum and a winter minimum. The average annual precipitation in the territory with temperate continental climate varies between 600–800 mm, while in the Alpine zone it reaches 800–1,000 mm. There, together with the increase of altitude and precipitation also increases the amount of solid precipitation, with snow cover reaching an average of four to five months. In
13208-420: The predominantly pluvial element in the river flow, compared to the higher Bulgarian mountain ranges. In its lowest areas in the east, the rivers are almost exclusively with rain feed. Most of these rivers have temporary flow and in places with deforested or eroded watersheds, at times, they also have a pronounced brief torrential flow. In the highest parts of Sredna Gora the river flow is 15 L/s per km, due to
13335-704: The proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as part of the Yugoslav federation, the new authorities also started measures that would overcome the pro-Bulgarian feeling among parts of its population and in 1945 a separate Macedonian language was codified. After 1958, when the pressure from Moscow decreased, Sofia reverted to the view that the Macedonian language did not exist as a separate language. Nowadays, Bulgarian and Greek linguists, as well as some linguists from other countries, still consider
13462-624: The region's largest city Stara Zagora, contains springs with a total discharge of 18 L/sec and temperature of 51.5 °С. The Neolithic Dwellings Museum in Stara Zagora preserves some Europe's earliest and best conserved building remains from the early Neolithic . There are many sanctuaries and megaliths from the Neolithic, such as the Buzovgrad Megalith . A number of Thracian burial and cult sites have been preserved in
13589-589: The relatively small amount of precipitation, lower snow retention and stronger evaporation. At lower elevation, particularly in the east, this amount is reduced to 1 L/s per km, due to the small precipitation, the significant evaporation, the negligible slopes and the permeable ground. The average river flow for the whole mountain range is 4.7 L/s per km. The water resources in Sredna Gora are more limited compared to other mountain ranges in Bulgaria, due to lower average altitude, higher temperature and lower snow retention. The rivers in most of Gredna Gora belong to
13716-466: The resultant verb often deviates in meaning from the original. In the pair examples above, aspect is stem-specific and therefore there is no difference in meaning. In Bulgarian, there is also grammatical aspect . Three grammatical aspects are distinguishable: neutral, perfect and pluperfect. The neutral aspect comprises the three simple tenses and the future tense. The pluperfect is manifest in tenses that use double or triple auxiliary "be" participles like
13843-649: The ridges Shipochanski Rid and Shumnatitsa link it to the Rila mountain range . From there, its southern limits follow the northern edge of the Kostenets–Dolna Banya Valley to the Momina Klisura Gorge of the river Maritsa to the town of Belovo . From Belovo begins its border with the Upper Thracian Plain, which roughly follows a line through the settlements of Vetren , Kalugerovo , Blatnitsa , Krasnovo , Starosel , Chernichevo and reaching
13970-473: The river Stryama at the village of Pesnopoy . From there it continues further east close to the villages of Varben , Zelenikovo and Veren , from where the Chirpan Heights from a bulge in southern direction to the town of Chirpan and then the mountain range continues eastwards near Stara Zagora , Korten and Kamenovo , reaching the elevation of Zaychi Vrah northwest of Yambol . Sredna Gora
14097-525: The singular ones, but may also provide some clues to it: the ending –и (-i) is more likely to be used with a masculine or feminine noun ( факти /ˈfakti/ 'facts', болести /ˈbɔlɛsti/ 'sicknesses'), while one in –а/–я belongs more often to a neuter noun ( езера /ɛzɛˈra/ 'lakes'). Also, the plural ending –ове /ovɛ/ occurs only in masculine nouns. Two numbers are distinguished in Bulgarian– singular and plural . A variety of plural suffixes
14224-457: The south by the Rila mountain range. It covers an area of 1,370 km with an average elevation of 750 m, thus being the smallest in territory and the highest in average altitude of the three divisions. Ihtimanska Sredna Gora is subdivided in three sections — Vakarelsko–Belishki, Shipochansko–Eledzhiski and Ihitmanski. The first section includes the mountains of Lozen (1,190 m) which
14351-511: The south into the valleys of the towns of Panagyurishte and Strelcha , as well as the middle courses of the rivers Luda Yana , Potoka and Pyasachnik . Sarnena Sredna Gora is the lowest in the range, with most hilly terrain, spanning to the Stryama in the west to the Tundzha in the east. It has an area of 2,280 km and an average elevation of 416 m. It is limited to the north by
14478-528: The southeastern foothills of the mountain range. The eastern parts of Sredna Gora were the center of the Neolithic Karanovo culture that flourished between the 6th and the 4th millenium BC and has influenced the Thracian civilization . The Chalcolithic copper mines from Sredna Gora in the hamlet of Mechi Kladenets at 8 km northwest of Stara Zagora were the largest mining center in Europe in
14605-409: The southern reaches of the valleys of Karlovo, Kazanlak, Tvarditsa and Sliven; in the south it gradually descents to the Upper Thracian Plain. There are three sections — Bratanski, Kortenski and Chirpanski. The former is the highest in elevation, spans from the Stryama in the west to the Zmeyovski Pass (430 m) in the east and is dominated by the summit of Bratan (1,236 m). Kortenski section
14732-481: The standard Bulgarian language, however, did not wish to make any allowances for a pluricentric "Bulgaro-Macedonian" compromise. In 1870 Marin Drinov , who played a decisive role in the standardization of the Bulgarian language, rejected the proposal of Parteniy Zografski and Kuzman Shapkarev for a mixed eastern and western Bulgarian/Macedonian foundation of the standard Bulgarian language, stating in his article in
14859-543: The surrounding valleys. Only in the limited area of the valleys of Panagyurishte and Strelcha there are about 600 Thracian mounds. An important Thracian burial and cult complex was situated in the Chetinyova Mogila tumulus near Starosel on the southern slopes of Sredna Gora, which includes the largest underground temple in the Balkans. The capital of the Thracian Odrysian kingdom that thrived between
14986-418: The varied exposure of the relief of Sredna Gora, together with the climate-forming impact of the transformative air masses from the neighbouring territories, determine the marked differentiation of the climatic conditions in the mountain range. The continental climate is prevails in the mountain zone up to 1,000 m along the northern slopes and up to 1,500 m along the southern slopes. Above this elevation
15113-545: The various Macedonian dialects as part of the broader Bulgarian pluricentric dialectal continuum . Outside Bulgaria and Greece, Macedonian is generally considered an autonomous language within the South Slavic dialect continuum. Sociolinguists agree that the question whether Macedonian is a dialect of Bulgarian or a language is a political one and cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, because dialect continua do not allow for either/or judgements. In 886 AD,
15240-535: The verb class. The possible existence of a few other moods has been discussed in the literature. Most Bulgarian school grammars teach the traditional view of 4 Bulgarian moods (as described above, but excluding the subjunctive and including the inferential). There are three grammatically distinctive positions in time – present, past and future – which combine with aspect and mood to produce a number of formations. Normally, in grammar books these formations are viewed as separate tenses – i. e. "past imperfect" would mean that
15367-422: The verb is in past tense, in the imperfective aspect, and in the indicative mood (since no other mood is shown). There are more than 40 different tenses across Bulgarian's two aspects and five moods. Sub-Balkan valley The Sub-Balkan Valleys ( Bulgarian : Подбалкански котловини , romanized : Podbalkanski kotlovini ) are row of 11 valleys running from the Bulgarian border with Serbia east to
15494-478: The well-enclosed valleys in Sredna Gora during winter and have contributed for the absolute minimum temperature at the towns of Panagyurishte (−32.4 °C), Koprivshtitsa (−32.0 °C). and Ihtiman (−31.8 °C). The significant climatic variation of the mountain range is also manifested by the uneven quantitative distribution of the average annual precipitation and its different regime. In those parts of Sredna Gora with temperate continental and Alpine climate
15621-461: The yat alternation in almost all Eastern dialects that have it (except a few dialects along the yat border, e.g. in the Pleven region). More examples of the yat umlaut in the literary language are: Until 1945, Bulgarian orthography did not reveal this alternation and used the original Old Slavic Cyrillic letter yat (Ѣ), which was commonly called двойно е ( dvoyno e ) at the time, to express
15748-550: Was among the centers of the ancient Thracian civilization , with numerous burial and cult remains being preserved from that period. The renown Thracian Panagyurishte Treasure has been discovered in Sredna Gora. In the Middle Ages the mountain range was part of the Bulgarian Empire since the early 8th century until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks during the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars in the late 14th century. During
15875-430: Was controlled by Serbia and Greece , but there were still hopes and occasional attempts to recover it. With the 1945 orthographic reform, this letter was abolished and the present spelling was introduced, reflecting the alternation in pronunciation. This had implications for some grammatical constructions: Sometimes, with the changes, words began to be spelled as other words with different meanings, e.g.: In spite of
16002-521: Was formally announced a few days later and successfully defended in the Serbo-Bulgarian War . The unification had a decisive impulse for the subsequent political and economic development of Bulgaria. There are numerous settlements in Sredna Gora and on its foothills, including 13 towns and many villages. Administratively, it falls in the provinces of Sofia , Pazardzhik , Plovdiv , Stara Zagora and Sliven . The largest city in Sredna Gora
16129-654: Was the center of the April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire. The beginning of the uprising was decided at an assembly in the Oborishte locality near Panagyurishte, which is considered as a precursor of the Bulgarian National Assembly , laying the foundations of the parliamentary democracy in Bulgaria. More than 30 settlements in the region rebelled and part of the decisive battles took place in Sredna Gora, at Eledzhik and Panagyuriste. When
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