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139-686: The name SsangYong is taken from the Hanja characters 雙龍, which translate literally to "Double Dragon." Kim Sung-kon established his first manufacturing business, Samkong Fat Ltd., in his native North Gyeongsang Province in 1939, profiting greatly. Kim used the profits to help charter the Koryo Fire & Marine Insurance Company in 1947, through which he acquired the Chosun Spinning Company's factory in Anyang, Gyeonggi , which became

278-623: A Korean-style West Wing while constructing Yeomin Hall 1, and frequently worked there. However, in the second half of his administration, he preferred the office of the main building, and Lee Myung-bak also received reports from the office of the Yeomingwan three or four times. Park Geun-hye did not visit the office of Yeomingwan during his presidency, but Moon Jae-in worked at Yeomingwan again. The construction of Yeomin Hall 1 began in May 2004 and

417-624: A banner with Kim Il Sung's name written in Hanja. Opinion surveys in South Korea regarding the issue of Hanja use have had mixed responses in the past. Hanja terms are also expressed through Hangul, the standard script in the Korean language. Hanja use within general Korean literature has declined since the 1980s because formal Hanja education in South Korea does not begin until the seventh year of schooling, due to changes in government policy during

556-471: A building called Chimryugak. It was originally located at the current site of the official residence but was moved to its current location during the new construction. In addition to Ounjeong Pavilion, there were two to three pavilions in the Cheong Wa Dae precincts that now have been demolished. The date when both Ounjeong Pavilion and Chimryugak Pavilion were built is unknown. However, it seems that it

695-423: A character is called eumhun ( 음훈 ; 音訓 ; from 音 'sound' + 訓 'meaning,' 'teaching'). The word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean (i.e., non-Chinese) origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools ceased the teaching of Hanja in elementary schools in the 1970s, although they are still taught as part of

834-420: A contractor and butler when Park Geun-hye was in office, was investigated by the prosecution. At this time, the structure of the official residence was also known, and according to his statement, the official residence was divided into an inner room and an annex, and the annex was where the bodyguard resided. At that time, the interior had a bedroom, study, fitness room, newsroom, Korean room, powder room, etc., and

973-478: A full letter, which is the default style being used today) first appeared in the same period as government policy. With further adoption, during the 1970s, even when Hanja and mixed script were still used widely in society both as a writing system and as a style option, Koreans mostly gave up on mixed script at least in government documents and memorandums; The use of Hanja in type hindered the speed of writing and printing compared to only-Hangul usage, especially after

1112-588: A hearing on remittance to North Korea, Rep. Uhm Ho-sung of the Grand National Party publicly referenced the conference for the first time. During the Lee Myung-bak administration, there were weekly discussions on economic matters that occurred under the banner of a macro-policy council, involving key figures such as the deputy prime minister for economic affairs, the governor of the Bank of Korea,

1251-581: A large number of Chinese-borrowed words are still widely used in the North (although written in Hangul), and Hanja still appear in special contexts, such as recent North Korean dictionaries . The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some Hanja remain in common usage in some contexts. Each Hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements. The vast majority of Hanja use

1390-570: A leading member of Park's Democratic Republican Party (DRP). Kim became the leader of the so-called "TK group" in the DRP, consisting of himself (as party finance chair), Baek Nam-uck (policy director), Gil Jae-ho (secretary general), and Kim Jin-man (floor leader in the National Assembly). Named for their collective origins in Taegu and Kyongbuk (the spellings of Daegu and North Gyeongsang in

1529-508: A mandatory requirement, it is now considered optional. Though North Korea rapidly abandoned the general use of Hanja soon after independence, the number of Hanja taught in primary and secondary schools is actually greater than the 1,800 taught in South Korea. Kim Il Sung had earlier called for a gradual elimination of the use of Hanja, but by the 1960s, he had reversed his stance; he was quoted as saying in 1966, "While we should use as few Sinitic terms as possible, students must be exposed to

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1668-458: A motion to dismiss Oh Chi-sung, the minister of home affairs and a rival of Kim's. The TK group believed Park would not discipline them as they had backed the constitutional amendment that allowed Park to stand in the 1971 South Korean presidential election , but he summoned Kim and the others who had voted for the motion to the Blue House and had them beaten, leading to their resignation from

1807-536: A partial rapprochement, Park appointed Kim president of the Korea Chamber of Commerce , but Kim died of a stroke in 1975 at the age of 62. The chairmanship of SsangYong passed first to Kim Sung-kon's eldest son, Kim Suk-won , who was only 29. The younger Kim continued SsangYong's aggressive expansion into new industries including construction, motor vehicles, and securities. Sales grew more than 18,000%, to ₩ 14.6 trillion in 1994, when he stepped down to attempt

1946-534: A political career, from ₩79.7 billion in 1974, the year before he took control. His younger brothers Kim Suk-joon and Milton Kim were also deeply involved in the company's operations. Suk-joon became president of Ssangyong E&C in 1983, chairman and CEO of SsangYong Motor in 1994, and group chairman in 1995. Youngest brother Milton began as an assistant manager at SsangYong Investment & Securities in 1990, and rose to CEO in 1995. The brothers sometimes clashed on matters of management and strategy, Suk-won following

2085-662: A rare surname from Seongju ), and 怾 ( 기 ; Gi , an old name referring to Kumgangsan ). Further examples include 巭 ( 부 bu ), 頉 ( 탈 tal ), 䭏 ( 편 pyeon ), 哛 ( 뿐 ppun ), and 椧 ( 명 myeong ). See Korean gukja characters at Wiktionary for more examples. Compare to the parallel development in Japan of kokuji ( 国字 ) , of which there are hundreds, many rarely used. These were often developed for native Japanese plants and animals. Some Hanja characters have simplified forms ( 약자, 略字 , yakja ) that can be seen in casual use. An example

2224-470: A road; it was a habitual traffic accident area, but it was also aimed at strengthening the security of the Blue House. Due to this construction, Jeogyeonggung Palace and Daebingung Palace were moved to their current positions. Chilgung Palace has reopened to the public in connection with Cheong Wa Dae visits in 2001. Seobyeolgwan is a meeting-only building located on the west side of the main building of

2363-483: A separate building on the west side, was the venue for Cabinet meetings and appointment award events, while Chungmu Room, a separate building on the east side, was the venue for medium-sized lunches, dinners, and meetings. The guest house was completed in December 1978 as a building that held large-scale meetings, welcoming foreign state guests, and various official events. It is currently the oldest modern building in

2502-467: A site for livestock farms and greenhouses. After the establishment of the government in 1968, a garden was created when a space was needed to function as an outdoor venue in the Blue House. Initially, the green area was 5,289 m , but it was expanded to 5,620 m in 1985. Currently, Nokjiwon is holding various events such as Children's Day , Parents' Day , and the Day of Persons with Disabilities . Chunchugwan

2641-582: A strictly analytic, SVO structure in stark contrast to the generally polysyllabic, very synthetic, SOV structure, with various grammatical endings that encoded person, levels of politeness and case found in Korean. Despite the adoption of literary Chinese as the written language, Chinese never replaced Korean as the spoken language, even amongst the scholars that had immersed themselves into its study. The first attempts to make literary Chinese texts more accessible to Korean readers were hanmun passages written in Korean word order. This would later develop into

2780-479: A succession of corporate owners until KG Group acquired it in 2022. SsangYong Group continued its restructuring over the next several years, selling its Riverside Cement unit to Texas Industries in 1998, and a share of SsangYong Oil Refining to Saudi Aramco in 1999. Two hotels and the Yongpyong Resort , which SsangYong had acquired in 1983, were also put on the block. Even a share of the cement company

2919-523: A support was built outside the Sinmumun Gate and in the current Cheong Wa Dae. Later, buildings such as Yoongmundang were built in the background, and Gyeongmudang was also renovated at this time. There were 32 buildings in Gyeongmudae, including Oungak, a resting place for the king. In Yoongmundang, a festival and military training was held. Following Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910,

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3058-502: Is [REDACTED] , which is a cursive form of 無 (meaning 'nothing'). Each Hanja character is pronounced as a single syllable, corresponding to a single composite character in Hangul. The pronunciation of Hanja in Korean is by no means identical to the way they are pronounced in modern Chinese, particularly Mandarin , although some Chinese dialects and Korean share similar pronunciations for some characters. For example, 印刷 "print"

3197-585: Is yìnshuā in Mandarin Chinese and inswae ( 인쇄 ) in Korean, but it is pronounced insah in Shanghainese (a Wu Chinese dialect). Blue House Cheong Wa Dae ( Korean :  청와대 ; Hanja :  靑瓦臺 ; lit.  Cyan-tile Pavilion), also known as the Blue House in English, is a public park that formerly served as the presidential residence and

3336-520: Is a Sino-Korean name and the Sino-Korean term for 'princess' was already adopted as a loan word. The hanja ' 主隱 ,' however, were read according to their native pronunciation but was not used for its literal meaning signifying 'the prince steals' but to the native postpositions ( 님 ) nim , the honorific marker used after professions and titles, and eun , the topic marker. In mixed script , this would be rendered as ' 善化公主님은 '. Hanja were

3475-527: Is a civic park built after demolishing the house of Gungjeong-dong in July 1993. Five safe houses were demolished and built, and it is 10,560 m . Mugunghwa Garden faces Cheong Wa Dae, and the back gate faces Changchangmun. In the middle of the hill is a central square and a well. In addition, a stone wall 30m long and 3m high is located at the site of the grand banquet hall in Angana-dong, where Park Chung Hee

3614-434: Is also sometimes used to encompass both concepts. Because Hanja characters have never undergone any major reforms, they more closely resemble traditional Chinese and traditional Japanese characters, although the stroke orders for certain characters are slightly different. Such examples are the characters 教 and 敎 , as well as 研 and 硏 . Only a small number of Hanja characters were modified or are unique to Korean, with

3753-544: Is close to a huge banquet hall used as a venue for luncheon. In the past, there was no space in the Blue House to greet state guests. Therefore, the Chosun Hotel and Walkerhill Hotel were used or the Korean house (content 3) was used as a guest house. In 1958, the Syngman Rhee administration nationalized Jangchungdan Park to build a guesthouse and began construction. Construction was temporarily suspended due to

3892-433: Is said to have used Chunyangmok (Content 4), which is more than 200 years old. Inside, there is a living room made of Daecheongmaru and two ondol rooms. Chun Doo-hwan is said to have frequently met foreign guests and held informal meetings at Sangchunjae. Successive presidents also used it as a venue for informal meetings and meetings with foreign leaders. Park Geun-hye held a New Year's press conference at Sangchunjae for

4031-672: Is the earliest securely dated relic bearing hanmun inscriptions. Hanmun became commonplace in Goguryeo during the 5th and 6th centuries and according to the Book of Zhou , the Chinese classics were available in Goguryeo by the end of the 6th century. The Samguk sagi mentions written records in Baekje beginning in 375 and Goguryeo annals prior to 600. Japanese chronicles mention Baekje people as teachers of hanmun . According to

4170-523: Is the name of the capital, Seoul , a native Korean word meaning 'capital' with no direct Hanja conversion; the Hanja gyeong ( 경 ; 京 , 'capital') is sometimes used as a back-rendering. For example, disyllabic names of railway lines, freeways, and provinces are often formed by taking one character from each of the two locales' names; thus, Most atlases of Korea today are published in two versions: one in Hangul (sometimes with some English as well), and one in Hanja. Subway and railway station signs give

4309-1304: The gwageo required the thorough ability to read, interpret and compose passages of works such as the Analects ( 논어 ; 論語 ; Non-eo ), Great Learning ( 대학 ; 大學 ; Daehak ), Doctrine of the Mean ( 중용 ; 中庸 ; Jung-yong ), Mencius ( 맹자 ; 孟子 ; Maengja ), Classic of Poetry ( 시경 ; 詩經 ; Sigyeong ), Book of Documents ( 서경 ; 書經 ; Seogyeong ), Classic of Changes ( 역경 ; 易經 ; Yeokgyeong ), Spring and Autumn Annals ( 춘추 ; 春秋 ; Chunchu ) and Book of Rites ( 예기 ; 禮記 ; Yegi ). Other important works include Sūnzǐ's Art of War ( 손자병법 ; 孫子兵法 ; Sonja Byeongbeop ) and Selections of Refined Literature ( 문선 ; 文選 ; Munseon ). The Korean scholars were very proficient in literary Chinese. The craftsmen and scholars of Baekje were renowned in Japan, and were eagerly sought as teachers due to their proficiency in hanmun . Korean scholars also composed all diplomatic records, government records, scientific writings, religious literature and much poetry in hanmun , demonstrating that

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4448-503: The gwageo system was maintained by Goryeo until after the unification of Korea at the end of the nineteenth century. The scholarly élite began learning the hanja by memorising the Thousand Character Classic ( 천자문 ; 千字文 ; Cheonjamun ), Three Character Classic ( 삼자경 ; 三字經 ; Samja Gyeong ) and Hundred Family Surnames ( 백가성 ; 百家姓 ; Baekga Seong ). Passage of

4587-585: The Book of Liang , the people of Silla did not have writing in the first half of the 6th century but this may have been only referring to agreements and contracts, represented by notches on wood. The Bei Shi , covering the period 386–618, says that the writing, armour, and weapons in Silla were the same as those in China. The Samguk sagi says that records were kept in Silla starting in 545. Some western writers claimed that knowledge of Chinese entered Korea with

4726-837: The Standard Korean Language Dictionary published by the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL), approximately half (50%) of Korean words are Sino-Korean, mostly in academic fields (science, government, and society). Other dictionaries, such as the Urimal Keun Sajeon , claim this number might be as low as roughly 30%. There is traditionally no accepted date for when literary Chinese ( 한문 ; 漢文 ; hanmun ) written in Chinese characters ( 한자 ; 漢字 ; hanja ) entered Korea. Early Chinese dynastic histories,

4865-404: The gugyeol ( 구결 ; 口訣 ) or 'separated phrases,' system. Chinese texts were broken into meaningful blocks, and in the spaces were inserted hanja used to represent the sound of native Korean grammatical endings. As literary Chinese was very terse, leaving much to be understood from context, insertion of occasional verbs and grammatical markers helped to clarify the meaning. For instance,

5004-640: The April 19 Revolution and the May 16 military coup , but the Shilla Hotel guesthouse was completed in February 1967. However, it was operated mainly by state guests suffered financial difficulties, and was eventually sold to the public in 1973 and became the current Shilla Hotel. Since then, it has been argued that the space for events in the Blue House is not suitable for the national status, and construction of

5143-500: The Blue House raid . In the ensuing melee, 28 North Koreans, 26 South Koreans, and four Americans were killed. On October 26, 1979, Park was assassinated by the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) Director in a safe house in the Blue House grounds. Presidents Park, Choi Kyu-ha , and Chun Doo-hwan used the building both as their office and official residence . While President Roh Tae-woo

5282-499: The Cheong Wa Dae precincts. The first floor is a reception event for foreign guests as a reception room, and the second floor is a place where large-scale luncheon and dinner events are held, decorated with Mugunghwa and laurel trees. However, it is said that the use is not strictly divided. The capacity is about 250 people, but there are no separate accommodations and not enough decorations or facilities to feel Korean style; it

5421-624: The Japanese governor of Korea used the Gyeongbokgung grounds for the Government-General Building . In 1927, many buildings in the background, including Gyeongmudae, were demolished. In July 1939, Japan built an official residence/office for the governor-general on the site of Cheong Wa Dae . Even after liberation, this location was used as his official residence by the U.S. Military Government's John Haji. After

5560-462: The Joseon balmyong jangryohoe 's ( 조선발명장려회 ) Hangul type contest, and Kim Dong Hoon's typewriter winning joint 3rd. During the 50s and 60s, alongside the Korean government's support for typewriting, new Hangul typewriters were developed, distributed, and adopted. Hangul type with both horizontal writing and moa-sseugi (모아쓰기; the style of Hangul where Hangul consonants and vowels mix in together to form

5699-655: The Lee Myung-bak administration, the relocation of the secretary's and security's office was also considered, but it was suspended due to costs and approval needed by the National Assembly. Moon Jae-In made President Gwanghwamun a presidential election pledge, but after taking office, it was canceled due to security and cost issues. Instead, the road in front of Cheong Wa Dae and the fortress road of Bukaksan Mountain, which had been temporarily opened, were completely opened. On March 20, 2022, President-elect Yoon Suk Yeol announced that he would take office on May 10 in

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5838-589: The May 16, 1961 coup which brought Park Chung Hee to power, however, he swiftly pivoted. In 2015, the JoongAng Ilbo published an account by Kim Jong-pil , first director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency and later prime minister , which stated that Kim Sung-kon had requested that records of his earlier involvement with a leftist group in Daegu be suppressed in exchange for his loyalty to Park. Kim Jong-pil agreed to this, and Kim Sung-kon soon became

5977-690: The McCune–Reischauer romanization scheme), the TK group were highly influential in implementing Park's industrial policies during the Third Republic of Korea , channeling lucrative government contracts and adopting policies favorable to associates. Notably, Kim sold Kumsung Textiles in 1962 to invest in cement manufacturing in Gangwon Province . The SsangYong Cement Industrial Company, Ltd. would soon become Kim's most important holding, and

6116-585: The Ministry of National Defense building in the Yongsan District of Seoul , and open the Blue House to the public as a park. In May 2022, following an order issued by Yoon after he took office, the building officially converted into a public park and opened to public visitation for the first time in its 74-year history, with a maximum of 39,000 visitors allowed daily. The visitors can witness cultural performances, tours, and hiking trails that lead to

6255-490: The hanja ' 爲 ' was used for its native Korean gloss whereas ' 尼 ' was used for its Sino-Korean pronunciation, and combined into ' 爲尼 ' and read hani ( 하니 ), 'to do (and so).' In Chinese, however, the same characters are read in Mandarin as the expression wéi ní , meaning 'becoming a nun'. This is a typical example of Gugyeol words where the radical ( 爲 ) is read in Korean for its meaning ( hă —'to do'), whereas

6394-549: The hanja were chosen for their equivalent native Korean gloss. For example, the hanja ' 不冬 ' signifies 'no winter' or 'not winter' and has the formal Sino-Korean pronunciation of ( 부동 ) budong , similar to Mandarin bù dōng . Instead, it was read as andeul ( 안들 ) which is the Middle Korean pronunciation of the characters' native gloss and is ancestor to modern anneunda ( 않는다 ), 'do not' or 'does not.' The various idu conventions were developed in

6533-646: The same sounds , two distinct Hanja words ( Hanjaeo ) may be spelled identically in the phonetic Hangul alphabet . Hanja's language of origin, Chinese, has many homophones, and Hanja words became even more homophonic when they came into Korean, since Korean lacks a tonal system , which is how Chinese distinguishes many words that would otherwise be homophonic. For example, while 道 , 刀 , and 島 are all phonetically distinct in Mandarin (pronounced dào , dāo , and dǎo respectively), they are all pronounced do ( 도 ) in Korean. For this reason, Hanja are often used to clarify meaning, either on their own without

6672-530: The 辛 ( Korean :  신라면 ; Hanja :  辛拉麵 ) used on Shin Ramyŏn packaging. Since June 1949, Hanja has not officially been used in North Korea, and, in addition, most texts are now commonly written horizontally instead of vertically. Many words borrowed from Chinese have also been replaced in the North with native Korean words, due to the North's policy of linguistic purism . Nevertheless,

6811-413: The 20th century Koreans used hanja only for writing Sino-Korean words, while writing native vocabulary and loanwords from other languages in Hangul. By the 21st century, even Sino-Korean words are usually written in the Hangul alphabet, with the corresponding Chinese character sometimes written next to it to prevent confusion if there are other characters or words with the same Hangul spelling. According to

6950-517: The Asian financial collapse made it impossible for the chaebol to refinance their debts, putting the South Korean economy in crisis and leading to a $ 60 billion IMF bailout . Late in 1997, SsangYong Motor was sold to rival Daewoo , as Milton pushed Suk-won to sell the securities firm as well. Daewoo itself would collapse after bankruptcy and a related corruption scandal, and control would pass to

7089-535: The Blue House, facing Chunchugwan with a heliport in between. Yeonpungmun Gate, located right in front of it, is a place where Cheong Wa Dae employees enter and outsiders enter. Secret meetings known as the "Seobyeolgwan Conference" were frequently held within the Blue House due to its secure location and lack of access records, maintaining confidentiality. Originating in 1997 to address the IMF economic crisis, it has since been used in many governments. In October 2002, during

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7228-570: The Blue House, including Sejong-ro 1, 157-94 Samcheong-dong, and 9 other parcels, Sejong-ro 1-91 and 17 parcels, and Gungjeong-dong 1–2, and 43 parcels. From December 2007 to February 2008, the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation covered the leaders of the Roh Moo Hyun government who were about to retire and made the last 100 days of the regime a documentary about Cheong Wa Dae. The program captured secret stories from

7367-594: The Cabinet meetings. Entry is allowed only after showing a pass. The interior was partially unveiled on the day of Moon Jae-In's inauguration. The main building is based on traditional wooden structures and palace architecture. It has single-story annexes arranged on the left and right sides and 150,000 Korean blue tiles on the second floor. In addition to general tiles such as Sukiwa, Amkiwa, Sumaksa, and Ammaksa, decorative tiles can be seen in palaces such as miscellaneous statues, fiddles, dragon heads, and earthenware. On

7506-515: The Cheong Wa Dae precincts and expand the scope of Cheong Wa Dae viewing. The Roh Moo-hyun administration tried to move all government departments, including Cheong Wa Dae, to Sejong City , but failed due to the Constitutional Court's decision to confirm the unconstitutionality of the new administrative capital law. Since then, Roh Moo Hyun has opened Sinmumun Gate, the northern gate of Gyeongbokgung, and Bukaksanseong-ro. During

7645-462: The Goryeo period but were particularly associated with the jung-in ( 중인 ; 中人 ), the upper middle class of the early Joseon period. A subset of idu was known as hyangchal ( 향찰 ; 鄕札 ), 'village notes,' and was a form of idu particularly associated with the hyangga ( 향가 ; 鄕歌 ) the old poetry compilations and some new creations preserved in the first half of

7784-410: The Goryeo period when its popularity began to wane. In the hyangchal or 'village letters' system, there was free choice in how a particular hanja was used. For example, to indicate the topic of Princess Seonhwa, a daughter of King Jinpyeong of Silla was recorded as ' 善化公主主隱 ' in hyangchal and was read as ( 선화공주님은 ), seonhwa gongju-nim-eun where ' 善化公主 ' is read in Sino-Korean, as it

7923-627: The Great promulgated Hangul (also known as Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea) through the Hunminjeongeum . It did not come into widespread official use until the late 19th and early 20th century. Proficiency in Chinese characters is, therefore, necessary to study Korean history. Etymology of Sino-Korean words are reflected in Hanja. Hanja were once used to write native Korean words, in a variety of systems collectively known as idu , but by

8062-503: The Hangul. Aside from academic usage, Hanja are often used for advertising or decorative purposes in South Korea, and appear frequently in athletic events and cultural parades, packaging and labeling, dictionaries and atlases . For example, the Hanja 辛 ( sin or shin , meaning 'spicy') appears prominently on packages of Shin Ramyun noodles. In contrast, North Korea eliminated the use of Hanja even in academic publications by 1949 on

8201-635: The Hanja, but this practice was reversed by post-independence governments in Korea. Since the 1970s, some parents have given their children given names that are simply native Korean words. Popular ones include Haneul ( 하늘 )—meaning 'sky'—and Iseul ( 이슬 )—meaning 'morning dew'. Nevertheless, on official documents, people's names are still recorded in both Hangul and in Hanja. Due to standardization efforts during Goryeo and Joseon eras, native Korean placenames were converted to Hanja, and most names used today are Hanja-based. The most notable exception

8340-553: The Jindo Corporation, and in 1988 the group was rebranded as SsangYong Motor Company. In 1991, Kim Suk-won began a $ 2.5 billion expansion into SUVs and four-wheel drive vehicles. Over the next five years, however, the unit proved to be a financial drag, making ₩505 billion in losses and accumulating ₩3.4 trillion in debt. Cash flow was so tight that production of its first sedan, the SsangYong Chairman ,

8479-493: The Korean scholars were not just reading Chinese works but were actively composing their own. Well-known examples of Chinese-language literature in Korea include Samguk sagi , Samguk yusa , Geumo Sinhwa , The Cloud Dream of the Nine , Akhak gwebeom , Hong Gildong jeon and Domundaejak . The Chinese language, however, was quite different from the Korean language, consisting of terse, often monosyllabic words with

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8618-472: The Koreans themselves. These characters are called gukja ( 국자 ; 國字 , literally 'national characters'). Most of them are for proper names (place-names and people's names) but some refer to Korean-specific concepts and materials. They include 畓 ( 답 ; dap ; 'paddy field'), 欌 ( 장 ; jang , 'wardrobe'), 乭 ( 돌 ; Dol , a character only used in given names), 㸴 ( 소 ; So ,

8757-732: The Kumsung Textile Company. This factory was destroyed in the Korean War in 1950, but Kim rebuilt it in 1954 with assistance from the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency . By the end of the decade, Kumsung was the second largest textile manufacturer in the country. Kim was well-connected politically to the Syngman Rhee regime and was elected to the National Assembly in 1958 with Rhee's Liberal Party . After

8896-562: The Shah of Iran, to build an oil refinery in South Korea. The Korea-Iran Petroleum Co., Ltd. was incorporated in 1976 and began construction of its refinery at Ulsan . The facility received its first oil tanker in 1980, and later that year the company changed its name to the Ssangyong Oil Refining Co., Ltd. In his role as DRP finance chair, Kim pressured Gulf Oil to make contributions to the party. In 1975 testimony before

9035-776: The SsangYong Group include the following: Hanja Hanja ( Korean :  한자 ; Hanja :  漢字 , Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)ntɕ͈a] ), alternatively known as Hancha , are Chinese characters used to write the Korean language . After characters were introduced to Korea to write Literary Chinese , they were adapted to write Korean as early as the Gojoseon period. Hanja-eo ( 한자어 , 漢字 語 ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary , which can be written with Hanja, and hanmun ( 한문 , 漢文 ) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although Hanja

9174-677: The State Reception House Yeongbin-gwan , the Chunchu-gwan , Press Hall, and the Secretariat Buildings. The entire complex covers approximately 250,000 square metres or 62 acres . Cheong Wa Dae was built upon the site of the royal garden of the Joseon period (1392–1910). While the Blue House served as an executive office, it was one of the most protected official residences in Asia. Upon

9313-434: The U.S. Senate, Gulf Oil chair Bob Dorsey revealed that Gulf had paid $ 1 million in 1966 and another $ 3 million in 1970; Kim had originally demanded $ 10 million in 1970. The 1970 payment was transferred to UBS and there is no indication these funds ever reached South Korea. Kim's political career came to an end in 1971, when the TK group and Kim Jong-pil, by then prime minister, joined the opposition New Democratic Party in

9452-419: The additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few Hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. The historical use of Hanja in Korea has had a change over time. Hanja became prominent in use by the elite class between the 3rd and 4th centuries by the Three Kingdoms. The use came from Chinese that migrated into Korea. With them they brought the writing system Hanja. Thus

9591-473: The advent of the Sebeolsik layout ( 세벌식 자판 ) Park's Hanja ban was not formally lifted until 1992 under the government of Kim Young-sam . In 1999, the government of Kim Dae-jung actively promoted Hanja by placing it on signs on the road, at bus stops, and in subways. In 1999, Han Mun was reintroduced as a school elective and in 2001 the Hanja Proficiency Test hanja nŭngryŏk gŏmjŏng sihŏm ( Korean :  한자능력검정시험 ; Hanja :  漢字能力檢定試驗 )

9730-484: The chairman of the Financial Services Commission, and the senior presidential secretary for economic affairs. However, there was often criticism that it was a closed-door agreement because no records, including the duration of the meetings, were left. Controversy escalated when during an annex meeting, 4.2 trillion won worth of funding was given by the Park Geun-hyen government as a way to the support Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering . Criticism also mounted over

9869-407: The current guesthouse on the old site of Gyeongnongjae, which was built to encourage farming during the Joseon period, began in January 1978. The guesthouse was completed at the end of that year; in October 1998, the surrounding old buildings were renovated and then re-renovated in June 2000. The old residence was completed in 1990 as the place where the president lived with his family. Although it

10008-419: The current official residence building was built behind the former main building, incorporating traditional architectural styles to maximize the function of the residential space. The layout included a main building for living space, an annex for hosting events, and the creation of traditional-style gardens and men's quarters in the front yard. Near the official residence, there is a pavilion called Ounjeong and

10147-640: The decision to set economic policies and determine the fate of insolvent conglomerates and banks at secret meetings. As a result, the Seobyeolgwan Conference, which was called the "hotbed of government administration", was no longer held after June 2016, but revived in December 2018 under the name of the Economic Coordination Conference after the inauguration of the Moon Jae-inn government. In November 2019,

10286-607: The diplomatic reception halls of South Korea from 1948 to 2022. It is located in the Jongno district of the South Korean capital Seoul . Cheong Wa Dae is a complex of multiple buildings built largely in the traditional Korean architectural style with some modern architectural elements and facilities. Cheong Wa Dae now consists of the Main Office Hall Bon-gwan , the Presidential Residence,

10425-450: The equivalent Hangul spelling or in parentheses after the Hangul spelling as a kind of gloss. Hanja are often also used as a form of shorthand in newspaper headlines, advertisements, and on signs, for example the banner at the funeral for the sailors lost in the sinking of ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772) . In South Korea, Hanja are used most frequently in ancient literature, legal documents, and scholarly monographs, where they often appear without

10564-466: The equivalent Hangul spelling. Usually, only those words with a specialized or ambiguous meaning are printed in Hanja. In mass-circulation books and magazines, Hanja are generally used rarely, and only to gloss words already spelled in Hangul when the meaning is ambiguous. Hanja are also often used in newspaper headlines as abbreviations or to eliminate ambiguity. In formal publications, personal names are also usually glossed in Hanja in parentheses next to

10703-478: The establishment of the Korean government in 1948, Syngman Rhee named the Governor-General's residence Gyeongmudae 경무대 ; 景武臺 ; lit.  Scenery–force Pavilion), which was the name of one of the few old buildings for former official residence there. He used it as his office and residence. President Yun Bo-seon changed the name to "Cheong Wa Dae" after he was inaugurated in 1960. The name

10842-670: The fact that the word is composed of Hanja often help to illustrate the word's origin. As an example of how Hanja can help to clear up ambiguity, many homophones can be distinguished by using Hanja. An example is the word 수도 ( sudo ), which may have meanings such as: Hanja dictionaries for specialist usage – Jajeon ( 자전 ; 字典 ) or Okpyeon ( 옥편 ; 玉篇 ) – are organized by radical (the traditional Chinese method of classifying characters). Korean personal names , including all Korean surnames and most Korean given names , are based on Hanja and are generally written in it, although some exceptions exist. On business cards,

10981-634: The famous place, so if you rely on Samgaksan Mountain to build a capital, the Dead Sea will come and pay tribute in nine years". After King Taejo of the Joseon Dynasty established the country, the new capital was designated in Hanseongbu. Later, in 1394, a new palace was built; the site was near the palace site of Nanjing, Goryeo . The current Cheong Wa Dae seat corresponds to the north of the former royal palace Gyeongbokgung . At that time, it

11120-594: The first floor of the main building, there is the First Lady's office, the Mugunghwa Room, a reception room, and the Inwang Room used for small lunches, dinners, and refreshments. The second floor features the president's office, reception room, and a white room where people eat. The lawn in front of the building includes a state welcome event, a military honor guard, and a traditional funeral. Sejong Room,

11259-523: The first time in January 2017, when the impeachment trial was underway. After Moon Jae-In took office, Sangchunjae Pass underwent repair due to extensive moisture damage over time. Nokjiwon is a garden in the Cheong Wa Dae precinct that has more than 120 species of trees. During the Japanese colonial period, it was the garden of the official residence of the Governor-General of Korea. It was also used as

11398-403: The fourth year of the reign of King Taejo (r. 1392–1398) as the main palace, and the royal villa lot became the back garden of the palace. It was used as the site for civil service examinations and military training. Feng Shui singer Kim Wi-je said, "Samgaksan Mountain is a scenic view facing north and south. The mountain range that started there is three and four, and they are defending

11537-400: The garden of Cheong Wa Dae, and is used for foreign guests. The meaning of Sangchunjae is "a house where spring always continues". The current site of Sangchunjae Pass was the site of an annex called Maehwasil, a Japanese-style wooden building during the Japanese colonial period. It was about 66 square meters in size. After the establishment of the government, it was changed to Sangchunsil, which

11676-445: The hanja being used came from the characters already being used by the Chinese at the time. Since Hanja was primarily used by the elite and scholars, it was hard for others to learn, thus much character development was limited. Scholars in the 4th century used this to study and write Confucian classics. Character formation is also coined to the idu form which was a Buddhist writing system for Chinese characters. This practice however

11815-430: The holders of such names—but not only them—tend to have one-syllable given names. Traditionally, the given name in turn consists of one character unique to the individual and one character shared by all people in a family of the same sex and generation (see Generation name ). During the Japanese administration of Korea (1910–1945), Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese-style names , including polysyllabic readings of

11954-498: The inauguration of President Yoon Suk Yeol in May 2022, Cheong Wa Dae was relieved of its duties as the official residence and executive office of the president. The president's office and residence were moved to the Ministry of National Defense building in the Yongsan District of Seoul, and Cheong Wa Dae was fully converted into a public park. The Blue House dates back to the Goryeo Dynasty. The location of Cheong Wa Dae

12093-417: The interior structure of the annex was remodeled while keeping its appearance intact. It was an underdeveloped and closed building, and there was a lack of conference rooms in the Cheong Wa Dae precincts. The purpose was to relocate secretive meetings from the closed-door chamber to Yangji, converting it into a meeting venue accommodating both high-level and working-level officials. During the remodeling process,

12232-428: The last day of their terms and served as presidents until midnight. Meanwhile, Choi Kyu-hah and Park Geun-hye stepped down before a successor was decided, both of whom stayed at Cheong Wa Dae for a few more days after their presidential terms ended. Previous presidents moved in at the same time as they took office, but Moon Jae-In did not move in until the third day of his inauguration due to facility maintenance. This

12371-407: The main building, where the president's office is located, to the official residence and the Yeomingwan. Lee Myung-bak also made and released his documentary video shortly before his retirement, and the interior of the Blue House, including the official residence, was also released to some extent. Moon Jae-in opened the office to commemorate the 100th day since his presidency. The main building

12510-898: The mandatory curriculum in grade 6. They are taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools , separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum. Formal Hanja education begins in grade 7 (junior high school) and continues until graduation from senior high school in grade 12. A total of 1,800 Hanja are taught: 900 for junior high, and 900 for senior high (starting in grade 10). Post-secondary Hanja education continues in some liberal-arts universities . The 1972 promulgation of basic Hanja for educational purposes changed on December 31, 2000, to replace 44 Hanja with 44 others. South Korea's Ministry of Education generally encourages all primary schools to offer Hanja classes. Officials said that learning Chinese characters could enhance students' Korean-language proficiency. Initially announced as

12649-584: The mountain Bugaksan , Cheongwadae's scenic backdrop. The Government of South Korea allocated ₩36 billion (about $ 29.5 million) from government reserve funds for the relocation of the office. However, the Ministry of National Defense at the time faced criticism, with concerns raised regarding the potential negative impact on national security, associated costs, and other issues such as heightened nuclear activity in North Korea and challenges to post-pandemic economic recovery. A recent survey revealed that 58% of

12788-649: The mountain Inwangsan was made open to the public. In addition, 12 safe houses located in Gungjeong-dong and Samcheong-dong were demolished, and Mugunghwa Garden, a civic park, was created. Kim Dae Jung also pushed for a plan to set up offices at the Seoul and Gwacheon Government Complex but stopped due to security and cost problems. Instead, measures were taken to open the Chilgung Palace located in

12927-610: The name suggests, it was originally located in Gyeongju, but it is said that Governor Masatake Terouchi moved to the governor's residence during the Japanese colonial period. When the official residence was newly built in the 1930s, the Buddha statue was also moved, and in 1989, when the official residence of the Blue House was newly built, it moved back to its current position. With the inauguration of President Yoon Suk Yeol on May 10, 2022, it lost its function as an official residence and

13066-411: The necessary Chinese characters and taught how to write them." As a result, a Chinese-character textbook was designed for North Korean schools for use in grades 5–9, teaching 1,500 characters, with another 500 for high school students. College students are exposed to another 1,000, bringing the total to 3,000. Because many different Hanja—and thus, many different words written using Hanja—often share

13205-496: The only sources for very early Korea, do not mention a Korean writing system. During the 3rd century BC, Chinese migrations into the peninsula occurred due to war in northern China and the earliest archaeological evidence of Chinese writing appearing in Korea is dated to this period. A large number of inscribed knife money from pre- Lelang sites along the Yalu River have been found. A sword dated to 222 BC with Chinese engraving

13344-406: The orders of Kim Il Sung , a situation that has since remained unchanged. In modern Korean dictionaries, all entry words of Sino-Korean origin are printed in Hangul and listed in Hangul order, with the Hanja given in parentheses immediately following the entry word. This practice helps to eliminate ambiguity, and it also serves as a sort of shorthand etymology, since the meaning of the Hanja and

13483-579: The party and thus the National Assembly. According to some accounts, Gil Jae-ho was forced to use a cane after the torture, and Kim Sung-kon was further humiliated by having his mustache plucked out. After the October Restoration self-coup, when Park assumed near-dictatorial powers, the Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive was adopted as national industrial policy, which heavily favored the chaebol, including SsangYong. In

13622-409: The people opposed this move. The Cheong Wa Dae has a land area of 253,505 m and a floor space of 76,685 pyeong. At the time of the Japanese colonial era, the site area of the Governor-General's office was 644,337 m , but after liberation, it was reduced to 230,980 m , and then increased to the current level with the expansion of related buildings and facilities such as security. 73 parcels belong to

13761-505: The people". On the other hand, Wimin speculates that it means 'politics for the people'. Shortly after its launch, the Moon Jae-in government initially considered retaining the name "Women's Hall" but ultimately reverted to "Yeomin Hall." It aimed to prevent any suggestion of hierarchy, ensuring the people were not perceived as subordinate to the Blue House. The main building and Yeomingwan are about 500m away. Roh Moo-hyun envisioned

13900-468: The plant in Donghae City would expand into the largest cement factory in the world. Kim made further investments in support of the cement concern, purchasing Samwha Paper to package the cement and founding Kumsung Shipping to deliver it, companies which later became SsangYong Paper Co. and SsangYong Shipping Co. After the 1973 oil crisis , Kim negotiated a joint venture with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ,

14039-480: The president's bedroom was equipped with a bed, dressing table, drawer, TV, desk, laptop, and intercom. The annex had a security room, a cooking room, a dining room, and a reception room which consisted of a meeting table, a round table, and a TV. Presidents Chun Doo-hwan , Roh Tae-woo , and Roh Moo-hyun stayed at Cheong Wa Dae on the last day of their terms and left Cheong Wa Dae the next day. Kim Young-sam , Kim Dae-jung , and Lee Myung-bak left Cheong Wa Dae on

14178-478: The president's imperial power, many presidents made efforts to relocate the presidential office and residence. Kim Young-sam was the first to push for relocation as a symbolic break from the previous military dictatorship era. Kim Young-sam pledged to move his office to the Seoul Government Complex near Gwanghwamun but was unable to achieve this. Instead, the road in front of the Blue House and

14317-452: The regime of Park Chung Hee, the Blue House structure had a president's office on the first floor and a living space for the president's family on the second floor. However, as the building was narrow and ageing, a major renovation was carried out during the Park administration. In January 1968, North Korean infiltrators nearly reached the building in a bid to assassinate President Park during

14456-520: The rest being identical to the traditional Chinese characters . By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in mainland China , Malaysia and Singapore have been simplified , and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding Hanja characters. Until the contemporary period, Korean documents, history, literature and records were written primarily in Literary Chinese using Hanja as its primary script. As early as 1446, Sejong

14595-498: The secretary. Since the Roh Moo Hyun administration, security measures have strengthened, resulting in a complete ban on reporters accessing the Blue House grounds; it can only be covered by the Spring and Autumn Hall. Briefings by Cheong Wa Dae officials now take place at Chunchugwan. Under a press pool system, representatives cover events and share content, imposing significant restrictions on Cheong Wa Dae coverage. Mugunghwa Garden

14734-664: The sole means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great invented and tried promoting Hangul in the 15th century. Even after the invention of Hangul, however, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun , although Hangul did see considerable popular use. Idu and its hyangchal variant were mostly replaced by mixed-script writing with hangul although idu was not officially discontinued until 1894 when reforms abolished its usage in administrative records of civil servants. Even with idu , most literature and official records were still recorded in literary Chinese until 1910. The Hangul-Hanja mixed script

14873-504: The spread of Buddhism , which occurred around the 4th century. Traditionally Buddhism is believed to have been introduced to Goguryeo in 372, Baekje in 384, and Silla in 527. Another major factor in the adoption of hanmun was the adoption of the gwageo , copied from the Chinese imperial examination , open to all freeborn men. Special schools were set up for the well-to-do and the nobility across Korea to train new scholar officials for civil service. Adopted by Silla and Goryeo,

15012-510: The station's name in Hangul, Hanja, and English, both to assist visitors (including Chinese or Japanese who may rely on the Hanja spellings) and to disambiguate the name. Hanja are still required for certain disciplines in academia, such as Oriental Studies and other disciplines studying Chinese, Japanese or historic Korean literature and culture, since the vast majority of primary source text material are written in Hanzi , Kanji or Hanja. For

15151-454: The suffix 尼 , ni (meaning 'nun'), is used phonetical. Special symbols were sometimes used to aid in the reordering of words in approximation of Korean grammar. It was similar to the kanbun ( 漢文 ) system developed in Japan to render Chinese texts. The system was not a translation of Chinese into Korean, but an attempt to make Korean speakers knowledgeable in hanja overcome the difficulties in interpreting Chinese texts. Although it

15290-491: The then-official residence was dismantled. Roh Moo-hyun tried to change the structure of the main building to strengthen communication with the staff, but failed. The wartime evacuation facility built by Park Chung Hee in 1975 was repaired in 2003 to create a room (underground bunker) for the National Crisis Management Centre . Because the Cheong Wa Dae has often been regarded as a symbol of

15429-465: The time. In 1956, one study found mixed-script Korean text (in which Sino-Korean nouns are written using Hanja, and other words using Hangul) were read faster than texts written purely in Hangul; however, by 1977, the situation had reversed. In 1988, 65% of one sample of people without a college education "evinced no reading comprehension of any but the most common hanja" when reading mixed-script passages. A small number of characters were invented by

15568-524: The traditional business practices of their father and other chaebol, Milton introducing Western practices such as merit pay. Kim Suk-won was deeply interested in entering the auto manufacturing industry, and in 1986 the SsangYong Group acquired Dong-A Motor, which traced its history to Ha Dong Hwan Motor, founded in 1954. Dong-A manufactured jeeps for the U.S. military, as well as trucks and buses, and had acquired jeep manufacturer Keohwa in 1983. The following year, SsangYong purchased Panther Westwinds from

15707-432: The traditional creative arts such as calligraphy and painting , a knowledge of Hanja is needed to write and understand the various scripts and inscriptions, as is the same in China and Japan. Many old songs and poems are written and based on Hanja characters. On 9 September 2003, the celebration for the 55th anniversary of North Korea featured a float decorated with the scenario for welcoming Kim Il Sung , which including

15846-428: The use and teaching of Hanja in public schools, as well as forbade its use in the military, with the goal of eliminating Hanja in writing by 1972 through legislative and executive means. However, due to public backlash, in 1972, Park's government allowed for the teaching of Hanja in special classes but maintained a ban on Hanja use in textbooks and other learning materials outside of the classes. This reverse step, however,

15985-479: The use of Hanja has plummeted in orthography until the modern day. Where Hanja is now very rarely used and is almost only used for abbreviations in newspaper headlines (e.g. 中 for China, 韓 for Korea, 美 for the United States, 日 for Japan, etc.), for clarification in text where a word might be confused for another due to homophones (e.g. 이사장 ( 李 社長 ) vs. 이사장 ( 理事長 )), or for stylistic use such as

16124-416: The use of Hanja is slowly fading away, with most older people displaying their names exclusively in Hanja while most of the younger generation using both Hangul and Hanja. Korean personal names usually consist of a one-character family name ( seong , 성 ; 姓 ) followed by a two-character given name ( ireum , 이름 ). There are a few two-character family names (e.g. 남궁 ; 南宮 , Namgung ), and

16263-525: Was a commonly used means of writing, and Hangul effectively replaced Hanja in official and scholarly writing only in the 20th century. Hangŭl exclusive writing has been used concurrently in Korea after the decline of literary Chinese. Mixed script could be commonly found in non-fiction writing, news papers, etc., until the enacting of Park Chung Hee 's 5 Year Plan for Hangŭl Exclusivity hangŭl jŏnyong ogaenyŏn gyehuik an ( Korean :  한글전용 5개년 계획안 ; Hanja :  한글專用 5個年 計劃案 ) in 1968 banned

16402-414: Was assassinated . Chilgung is a Joseon-era shrine located right next to the Blue House guesthouse. It is called Chilgung because it enshrines the seven concubines who could not become queens. Due to the security of the Blue House, only those who applied to visit the Blue House are allowed to watch the commentary. In the wake of the January 21 incident, the north of Chilgung Palace was demolished to create

16541-482: Was built afterward, considering that neither building is mentioned in the shape of the northern palace, which is believed to have been built in 1907. Some say it was built during the Rhee Syngman era, but the signboard of Oh Un-Jeong is also handwritten by Syngman Rhee. The so-called handsome stone Buddha, the stone seated Buddha of the square pedestal of Gyeongju, is also located around the official residence. As

16680-496: Was built in September 1991 and used for the president's office. There was also criticism that the space was larger than necessary and that it was closer to a building for protocol than a space for work and communication, so when President Moon Jae-In took office, he decided to see only official work here. The main gate of the Blue House is called the 11th gate; it is a place where ministers and officials of higher rank enter during

16819-537: Was changed to an old residence. Yeomingwan is the place where Cheong Wa Dae aides work and is divided into three buildings. It was changed to Wiminkwan during the presidency of Lee Myung-bak . When President Moon Jae-in took office, it was returned to Yeomingwan, the name of the expansion during the Roh Moo-hyun regime. Yeomingwan is taken from Yeomin Dongrak, a phrase from Mencius, and means "to share joy with

16958-543: Was completed in December. It has a floor space of 974 pyeong with one basement floor and three ground floors. The Chief of Staff's office and the State Affairs Office are located on the second floor, and the President's simple office, small meeting room, and conference room are located on the third floor. Before the establishment of Yeomin Hall 1, Yeomin Hall 2 was referred to as an annex, while Yeomin Hall 3

17097-551: Was completed in September 1990 as a venue for the president's press conference and a newsletter room for reporters. With a floor space of 1,028 pyeong, it has three stories above ground and one basement floor; the roof is covered with earthenware. The name Chunchugwan originated from the Goryeo and Joseon periods. Until the Kim Dae-jung government, reporters could freely go to the secretariat building in Cheong Wa Dae to cover

17236-420: Was delayed 20 days, while development of other products was frozen. Kim Suk-joon, then chairman, began looking to sell parts of the conglomerate to raise cash, including negotiations with Samsung and later Daewoo for the automotive unit. He sold SsangYong Paper Co. to Procter & Gamble in 1997 to raise cash. This infuriated Kim Suk-won, who resigned from the National Assembly and resumed chairmanship, but

17375-536: Was developed by scholars of the early Goryeo Kingdom (918–1392), gugyeol was of particular importance during the Joseon period, extending into the first decade of the twentieth century, since all civil servants were required to be able to read, translate and interpret Confucian texts and commentaries. The first attempt at transcribing Korean in hanja was the idu ( 이두 ; 吏讀 ), or 'official reading,' system that began to appear after 500 AD. In this system,

17514-460: Was in office, a new office building, official residence, and press center, called Chunchu-gwan , was built. The main office building was opened in April 1991. In September 1991, an advisory committee consisting of 22 experts was formed to gather opinions and build the current main building, official residence, and Chunchugwan. In 1993, during Kim Young-sam 's presidency, the building built by Japan for

17653-510: Was introduced. In 2005, an older law, the Law Concerning Hangul Exclusivity hangŭl jŏnyonge gwahak pŏmnyul ( Korean :  한글전용에 관한 법률 ; Hanja :  한글專用에 關한 法律 ) was repealed as well. In 2013 all elementary schools in Seoul started teaching Hanja. However, the result is that Koreans who were educated in this period having never been formally educated in Hanja are unable to use them, and thus

17792-516: Was known as Dong Annex. Completed in 1969 and 1972, respectively, both are older structures. Following a safety assessment rating them as a D-grade, the National Assembly prioritized budget allocation for repair work. The Blue House Library is located in Yeomin Hall 2, and as of January 2018, there are 18,662 books. Books can only be rented, and the library receives applications every month and purchases books after internal review. Sugungteo Site

17931-405: Was limited due to the opinion of Buddhism whether it was favorable at the time or not. To aid in understanding the meaning of a character, or to describe it orally to distinguish it from other characters with the same pronunciation, character dictionaries and school textbooks refer to each character with a combination of its sound and a word indicating its meaning. This dual meaning-sound reading of

18070-516: Was named because the former main building, the official building of the Governor-General of Joseon during the Japanese colonial period, was demolished in November 1993 and restored to its old state. In addition, information boards and commemorative stones of the old main building were made to inform visitors of the origin of the Sugung site. Sangchunjae is a traditional hanok located behind Nokjiwon,

18209-472: Was not well disclosed to reporters in the past, the entrance to the official residence was disclosed in March and November 2003, when Roh Moo-hyun was in office. Lee Myung-bak had also released images related to family life, and while president, Moon Jae-in made several public appearances on his way to work at the entrance of his official residence. Park Geun-hye 's daily life was revealed when Kim Mak-up,

18348-550: Was optional so the availability of Hanja education was dependent on the school one went to. Another reason for the decline is found in the Hangul typewriter, and the keyboard. The push for better Hangul typewriters mainly began in 1949, but as it was long before the Hanja ban, government institutions did not prefer typewriters altogether as they could not write in Hanja nor Mixed script. Kong Byung Wo's notable Sebeolsik type first appeared in March 1949, jointly winning second place in

18487-415: Was reportedly changed as it had ostensibly become associated with authoritarianism and dictatorship. An alternate name "Hwaryeongdae" was proposed alongside "Cheong Wa Dae" as a possible renaming candidate, but the latter was ultimately chosen. After Park Chung Hee came to power, some argued that the colour should be changed to yellow, saying it is a more precious color, but Park Chung Hee dismissed it. At

18626-440: Was said that there were temples such as Chungsundang and Chirojeong Pavilion in this place. Here, descendants of kings and founding contributors gathered to conduct large-scale membership. After Gyeongbokgung was burned down during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea , it was left unattended for a long time. However, during the reign of King Gojong , Gyeongbokgung was rebuilt under the leadership of Heungseon Daewongun , and

18765-629: Was sold, in 2000, to Tokyo-based Taiheiyo Cement . Since the aggressive restructuring, the Kim family has continued to run SsangYong E&C, even after its acquisition by the Korea Asset Management Company (KAMCO) in 2002 and subsequent sale to the Investment Corporation of Dubai in 2015. They however were forced to relinquish control of SsangYong Cement, with Kim Suk-won stepping down in 2004. Past units of

18904-447: Was the first time since the completion of the official residence. Before the construction of the current main building and official residence during Roh Tae-woo's presidency, the old main building's first floor served as the presidential office, while the second floor functioned as the presidential residence. It is said that during this period, there were two shutters on the stairs connecting these floors. Later, under Roh Tae-woo's reign,

19043-457: Was the site of a royal villa in Hanyang , the southern capital of the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392). It was built by King Sukjong (r. 1095–1105) in 1104. Goryeo's principal capital was at Kaesong , and it also maintained a western capital at Pyongyang and an eastern capital at Gyeongju . After the Joseon period (1392–1897) moved its capital to Hanyang, Gyeongbokgung was built in 1395,

19182-628: Was unearthed in Pyongyang . From 108 BC to 313 AD, the Han dynasty established the Four Commanderies of Han in northern Korea and institutionalized the Chinese language. According to the Samguk sagi , Goguryeo had hanmun from the beginning of its existence, which starts in 37 BC. It also says that the king of Goguryeo composed a poem in 17 BC. The Gwanggaeto Stele , dated to 414,

19321-410: Was used as a ritual building for refreshments and dinner events. Later, in March 1978, Sangchunsil was demolished and Sangchunjae, a 73m natural slate roof-style wooden building, was built. In November 1982, the existing Sangchunjae Pass was demolished and a 417.96m hanok was completed in half a year, taking its current shape. It is the first traditional hanok built in the Cheong Wa Dae precincts, and it

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