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46-470: (Redirected from Studentski Grad ) Studentski grad may refer to: Studentski grad, Sofia , a student campus area for most universities in Sofia, Bulgaria Studentski Grad, Belgrade , an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

92-402: A case, once a passenger exits the marshrutka, the driver will stop for others and allow them on until it is full again. Marshrutkas may be boarded at bus stops, but will usually stop at other places if hailed, and often won't stop at bus stops unless a passenger requests an exit or a prospective passenger hails the marshrutka. Passengers may request to exit at any point but may have to wait until

138-458: A good choice for suburbs where bus services end around midnight, but some marshrutkas continue to run. In Central Asia (at least in Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan ), standing room is allowed on marshrutkas. Indeed, drivers will often encourage passengers to board the marshrutka and cram together until there is not enough space for another passenger to board. In such

184-477: A passenger could enjoy a private ride, the routed taxicab would pick up and drop passengers along its route. During communist rule, state-owned taxicab parks operated all marshrutkas. Outside of Moscow, other large Soviet cities organized routed taxis. For example, Gorky had a routed taxi line between Sormovo and the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin . As of 1939 , the full fare was Rbls  3.50;

230-434: A result unprofitable and cause economic loss. If a marshrutka charges the same fare as a municipal bus, the marshrutka will profit more, since there is an effective doubling of the profit due to there being one or no free pass riders on board. Marshrutka usually operate faster and with greater frequency than ordinary buses. Stopping marshrutka in the city, at established stops, comes out of practice, being difficult because of

276-465: A secondary market, had been used by entrepreneurs as a backup on the busiest routes since the early 1990s, it was not until the auto manufacturer GAZ rolled out in 1996 the first mass-produced Russian minibus, GAZelle , that the modern system took shape. GAZelle was an instant hit as it was a cheap (around US$ 8,000), easy-to-repair, and lease-friendly passenger minibus with a capacity of twelve seated passengers. A lot of individual entrepreneurs entered

322-648: A similar service cost 1 rouble by bus or 50 kopecks by tram. During World War II as the Red Army requisitioned cars, routed taxi services ceased. They resumed in Moscow in 1945. Only by the 1950s did they re-appear in most cities where they had operated before the war. ZiS-110 and GAZ-12 ZIM cars were widely used in this role until the mid-1960s. Routed taxicabs also offered interurban services. From Moscow, they drove to distant cities, such as Simferopol , Kharkiv , Vladimir , Tula , and Riazan . For example,

368-401: Is a common living place for most of the students of Sofia's numerous universities rather than being in the vicinity of one particular university. This helps students from different higher education institutions meet and interact, but on the other hand causes major transportation issues as the bulk of Sofia's university faculties are situated relatively far from the city center and public transport

414-400: Is commonly one and a half or twice the fare of a regular bus. The appeal for the route taxi is that it is considered to be a faster ride in less-crowded conditions than regular transport; the taxi routes that follow cross-city routes are most often the fastest means of mass transport. Also, collapse of municipal transport services in many cities made it absolutely impractical to commute without

460-466: Is famous for its busy nightlife . A variety of taverns and disco clubs make the campus one of the central night entertainment locations of Sofia. Studentski grad hosts a district police department that strives to tackle the fast-growing alcohol-driven offenses, thefts, vandalism, football fans clashing, etc. The brutal murder of the student Stojan Baltov by drunken youths outside a disco club sparked debates on social environment and security issues, including

506-493: Is often unable to cope with Studentski grad's needs. The traffic is frequently congested especially during rush hours in the mornings and late afternoons. Regular buses run on average every ten minutes. Fixed-route minibus taxis called marshrutka alleviate the situation. Sofia municipality plans to connect Studentski grad with its metro system. The neighbourhood is affectionately known as "Stuttgart". The abbreviation from Stud. (Studentski, "student") and grad ("city") resembles

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552-501: Is possible to find marshrutka routes connecting to several nearby small or mid-size cities. In Tbilisi , Georgia , marshrutkas ("მარშრუტკა" marshrutka ; officially, "სამარშრუტო ტაქსი", samarshruto taksi , "route taxi") stop upon passengers' request at designated bus stops. In Marshrutkas, just as in buses, all cabs accept only digital payments, either from the Tbilisi MetroMoney card (pre-loaded city transportation card),

598-503: Is the colloquial form for маршрутное такси , which literally means "routed taxi" ( маршрут referring to a planned route that something follows, and такси meaning "taxi"). The word маршрут is from the German word Marschroute , which is composed of the words Marsch ("a walk, march") and Route ("route"). "Route taxicabs" were introduced in Moscow for the first time in

644-542: Is the poor noise insulation, which means you have to practically scream at the driver to request a stop. Mini marshrutkas were built in Russia in 2019. In Ukraine, the Bogdan A091 and A092 buses are the most common route taxi which can be found operating in towns and cities. Generally the fare is higher than city owned public buses. Alighting the bus is possible regardless of the designated bus stop, but generally this

690-708: Is the student campus area for most universities in Sofia , the capital of Bulgaria , and also one of the 24 districts of Sofia. It was created in the 1980s and now has over 40,000 residents. The real number of people living temporarily there can hardly be estimated. It is one of the most diversified areas in Sofia, with old dwellings from the communist era which are inhabited by the students of different Sofia universities, and new nightclubs , trade, business and residential centres. The construction boom has already taken its toll as overdevelopment appears ubiquitous. Parking lots and green areas remain inadequate. The year 2011 marked

736-500: Is up to driver's discretion. State Automobile inspection (ДАІ) forbids picking up passengers outside of the bus stops. Marshrutkas do not require tickets, although a passenger can ask for a ticket when paying the fare as a receipt for expense claim purposes. Etalons and Bogdans usually have a conductor on board selling the tickets. In the GAZelle or converted van, the fare is paid directly to the driver, either upon pickup or departure of

782-405: Is why there are many times more marshrutkas in the city than ordinary buses, trolleybuses and trams altogether. Since municipally funded buses must transport pass holders for free, pass holders prefer using municipal buses to private buses. The lack of marshrutkas' free-ride obligations is because they are classed as "taxis." Ordinary municipal buses, which are usually "full of free riders", are as

828-574: The USSR in 1938, operated with ZiS-101 limousines. They offered ordinary people a chance to ride in luxurious ZiS cars, otherwise reserved for high officials. At first, they were used mainly for tourists and serviced mostly stations and airports. Unlike ordinary taxicabs using taximeters , routed taxicab rides are charged by zones, like trams , buses , and trolley buses . The fares were cheaper than those of ordinary taxis but higher than those of large-scale public transport. Unlike ordinary taxis, where

874-457: The Japanese minibuses like Toyota Hiace are more popular. Often they (except GAZelle and Japanese vans) are refurbished from vans by special enterprises (such as ST Nizhegorodets, PKF Luidor, Promteh-NN and others) by cutting windows, inserting the glass, installing seats, automatic sliding doors, trim and handrails (are licensed manufacturers of vans for a given activity and are sold through

920-520: The Moscow- Yalta route operated in the summer, taking two days, with a night stop in Belgorod (near Kursk ). In the 1960s, RAF-977 minibusses became the most common routed-taxi vehicles, replacing passenger cars. Municipal authorities operated the routes. The quality and concept varied greatly between regions. The fare gap between buses and routed taxicabs lessened. In Moscow, for example,

966-657: The Travel Card, or any credit or debit card supporting NFC transactions. Historically, marshrutkas ("mikroautobuss" in Latvian) were a common means of transport in larger cities of the Latvian SSR , the RAF-2203 was the only minibus used for this purpose. In today's Latvia , marshrutkas are no longer in service in most cities, including Riga . Minibuses with a fixed schedule and fixed bus stops have taken over as

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1012-590: The business, and prices dropped due to increased competition. Another consequence was a massive response from car and bus manufacturers. Old manufacturers introduced smaller, more maneuverable models (like PAZ or KAZ) and started licensed assembly of minibuses ( KrAZ started assembling Iveco minibuses). Diesel models in the form of the new Isuzu Bogdan , Tata Etalon and others have seen immense popularity. The capacity grew from fifteen sitting passengers to jam-packed small buses of fifty. The busiest routes in major cities now use full-size privately owned buses operating at

1058-562: The capital and to most large cities in the country. Most rutierele are white and have only the roof vent and front windows for airflow. Rutierele will usually seat around 16 people with space for another 15 to 20 to stand while holding railing. In Yerevan , Armenia , marshrutkas ( Armenian : մարշրուտկա maršrutka or երթուղային տաքսի ert’uġayin tak'si ) fares are paid when the passenger exits. There are no tickets issued. Marshrutkas can be hailed anywhere along their route, though they do have specific stops and riders can exit at any point if

1104-543: The city bus system, and operated with smaller buses. In Kaunas, where marshrutka routes were less duplicative, there were attempts to regulare the network, which included a tender to select a single operator, however, the service became unprofitable and was stopped in 2019. The only major city in Lithuania that still operates marshrutkas is Klaipėda, where, since 2018, they are regulated with strict standards, consist of new low-floor stock, and are officially integrated into

1150-402: The city, persons with disabilities, students, law enforcement workers, and civil servants (pass holders) ride for free. Marshrutkas will not take more free passengers (e.g. disabled) than the strictly limited quantity of one per vehicle, while in ordinary buses, trolleybuses and trams the number is not limited and more categories of people (pensioners, etc.) have the right to ride for free. This

1196-503: The development of an integral video surveillance system. Places for eating out vary from high-end restaurants to cheap pizzerias. Particularly popular used to be the so-called Mandzha street where a number of banitsa pastry, burger , Döner kebab and pancake shops were lined up. A multifunctional building has now replaced this once-famous spot. Unlike most campus areas in Western Europe and Northern America , Studentski grad

1242-505: The driver deems that it is convenient to stop. The typical Central Asian marshrutka is usually a white minibus branded " Mercedes ", though may come in any number of colours, sometimes used to distinguish a specific route. The models most commonly used have a vent in the roof that may be opened by passengers if the atmosphere inside becomes too stuffy. Though not the norm, other vehicles are used as well. The normal price per fare in Bishkek

1288-539: The driver is willing to pull over. While the law requires that marshrutkas stop only at designated stops while on major streets, compliance with this law depends on the driver and the degree of police enforcement at any given time. Marshrutkas are the primary form of vehicular intercity transit in Armenia (outside of the Ararat Valley , where some full-sized bus lines operate). From most bus stations in Armenia, it

1334-448: The help of marshrutkas at all. Marshrutkas are banned from operations within Moscow and Saint Petersburg. However, marshrutkas with routes leading to or originating from Moscow Oblast are allowed to operate in the city and are common in the districts bordering Moscow Oblast such as Vykhino-Zhulebino , Novokosino or Levoberezhny . It is relatively cheap and fast to ride a marshrutka. The only drawback, sometimes noted by foreigners,

1380-477: The large number of passengers and the high frequency of the stops. In the 1990s when local authorities temporarily lost their ability to finance city bus work, the bus drivers installed tablets with the inscription "Taxomotor" in their bus windows. That meant that every passenger had to pay the fare. In Minsk , Belarus , the fleet of vehicles is the same as Russia, consisting of Mercedes-Benz Sprinter and Ford Transit . In Moldova , rutierele run all over

1426-424: The market, as well as some larger companies. At this time, licensing for public transportation in particular was not required. The vehicle only had to pass annual safety check-ups, which were relatively easy, since local authorities trusted GAZ cars. Moreover, the GAZelle could be easily equipped to run on natural gas . During this period, most marshrutkas followed well-established public transit routes. Witnessing

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1472-557: The name of the German city of Stuttgart . Marshrutka Marshrutnoye taksi ( Russian : Маршрутное такси ; Ukrainian : Маршрутне таксі , romanized :  Marshrutne taksi , lit.   ' Routed taxicab '), commonly known by the colloquialism Marshrutka ( Russian and Ukrainian : маршру́тка , Russian: [mɐrʂˈrutkə] , Ukrainian: [mɐrʃˈrutkɐ] , plural marshrutki ), are share taxis found in Eastern Europe and

1518-462: The official dealer network). Route taxis congregate at train stations, metro stations, and transfer points at the end of tram and trolley bus routes. Minibuses are also used, such as PAZ-3205 (in small towns), PAZ-3204 , Bogdan , Hyundai County , as well as small buses from China. In the Gazelle, there are no standing places due to a lack of height and if the cabin is filled, they do not stop at

1564-512: The outskirts of the cities, especially in allotments , where the larger city buses simply wouldn't fit or weren't convenient to operate. In Vilnius, various marshrutka companies (all with similarly old stock) used to operate, which saw a gradual decline in growth since the late 2000s, and completely fell out of favour in 2013, when the city municipality reorganised public transport in the city. The duplicate routes were closed, spiritually replaced by express buses, while some unique routes were added to

1610-480: The passenger. It is common etiquette for passengers to relay the fare of fellow passengers to the driver, and the change back on crowded buses. In Kyiv, Ukraine and other cities, marshrutkas evolved into "everybody pays" fast buses. The public route microbuses can be small, medium-size, and sometimes big buses, with a higher fare than on ordinary municipally funded buses. They also do not take month subscription tickets. Marshrutkas do not carry pensioners. Depending on

1656-603: The prevailing means of transport in places where marshrutkas once dominated. In Lithuania , marshrutkas ("maršrutiniai taksi", informally "mikriukai" - lit. "minibuses") had been in service in a variety of cities since the end of the 1980s, with the largest networks in Vilnius and Kaunas , though also present in Klaipėda , Šiauliai and elsewhere, mostly operating on routes in the city limits with some exceptions. They operated in usual hail-and-ride model, with fixed bus stops only at

1702-667: The public transport system, though only a separate, more expensive ticket is valid. In Estonia , marshrutkas ("Marsruuttakso" in Estonian) are used in Tallinn . They are mostly used on routes connecting the city to small towns nearby, such as Saku , Saue and Kose where most people have cars and demand for public transport is lower but the many departure times are still useful. Late evening departures may have higher fares because local trains and other alternative means of transportation are not running. In late evening marshrutkas are also

1748-455: The republics of the former Soviet Union. Usually vans, they drive along set routes, depart only when all seats are filled, and may have higher fares than buses. Passengers can board a marshrutka anywhere along its route if there are seats available. Fares are usually paid before the marshrutka leaves; riders near the driver are responsible for handing up the other passengers' fares and passing back change. The Russian word маршрутка

1794-428: The request of people standing at the bus stops, only stopping when one or more seats become vacant (the driver monitors the filling and turns away extra passengers at the entrance). In other shuttles passengers can board standing places, regardless of occupancy of the seats. The taxi will skip stops if they are not requested and, if operated with a GAZelle or similar, bypass hailing riders until it has empty seats. The fare

1840-573: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Studentski_grad&oldid=984764319 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Studentski grad, Sofia Studentski grad ( Bulgarian : Студентски град [stoˈdɛntski ˈɡrat] , 'Students' town/city')

1886-436: The same price with municipal companies. The original GAZelle saw a few official modifications to its body, length and passenger capacity to better serve buyer demands, including models featuring diesel engines. In Russia, GAZelle , Mercedes-Benz Sprinter , Peugeot Boxer , Fiat Ducato , Renault Master , Volkswagen Crafter , Iveco Daily and Ford Transit vans are usually used as route taxis, although in eastern parts

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1932-813: The set-up of the largest skatepark on the Balkans situated within the park area in front of the University of National and World Economy . Two multifunctional halls, Hristo Botev and the Winter Palace of Sports, host a number of events on regular basis. Recent renovations have brought about improvements in many dormitories, including those hosting foreign students. They are mostly from the Bulgarian diaspora in North Macedonia, Moldova, Ukraine, Serbia, and since 2004, non-Bulgarians from Turkey. The area

1978-568: The standard bus fare was 5 kopecks, and the minibus fare was 15 kopecks on most routes; in Gorky a regular bus-ride was 6 kopecks, and a routed-taxi ride was 10 kopecks. Later, the new model RAF-2203 Latvija (introduced in 1976) replaced the RAF-977 minibusses. Eventually, practically all marshrutka services used RAF-2203 Latvijas ; many people referred to marshrutkas as "Latvias" or "RAFicks". The introduction of market economies greatly changed

2024-432: The start and end of the route, marked with a signpost. In order for the service to be the most profitable, some routes identical to existing bus and trolleybus ones were operated, with the drivers sometimes driving erratically, weaving in and out of traffic, stopping in forbidden locations in order to gain a speed advantage that made them attractive to the passengers. Other kinds of routes were operated on narrow streets in

2070-572: The success of privately owned public transportation led to some reaction from the society. Local authorities responded by toughening safety and licensing requirements—like mandatory free transportation of a certain number of disabled passengers upon request and "package deals" in route licensing—tying the privilege to drive on a lucrative route to the chore of driving several not-so-profitable ones. The market became dominated either by large companies or by unions of owner-operators of individual minibuses. Some of municipal public transportation companies entered

2116-466: The supply of transportation to the urban population in the CIS. The demand for faster and more versatile public transit came to be fulfilled dramatically, while the demand for the underfunded municipal transportation system dropped; people were willing to pay a premium for better service. Although buses (like Ikarus , LAZ , PAZ , RAF , and KAvZ , as well as irregularly imported used minibusses), obtained on

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