106-565: Studley Royal Park is an estate in North Yorkshire , England. The site has an area of 800 acres (323 ha) and includes an 18th-century landscaped garden; the ruins of Fountains Abbey ; Fountains Hall , a Jacobean mansion; and the Victorian St Mary's church , designed by William Burges . Studley Royal House, around which the park and gardens were designed, burned down in 1946. The park, as Studley Royal Park including
212-587: A family member would die. A public health report detailed how 76% of children worried daily in 2014, and by 2018, this had dropped to 61%. By 2024, this had risen again to 86%. North Yorkshire has a number of bridge with clusters such as bridges of York or in the Tees Lowlands, over the River Tees . Many are road bridges, railway viaducts or footbridges; such Lendal Bridge in York, Saltburn Viaduct and
318-581: A feature of its landscape. The River Skell runs through the site, cutting through layers of Upper Carboniferous sandstone and Permian Magnesian limestone. The park was formed through the aggregation of the former land-holdings of Fountains Abbey , which were purchased by the Gresham family after the Dissolution, and the estate of Studley Royal. Whilst the prehistoric origins of the land upon which Studley Royal Park now stands are under-researched, there
424-573: A fifth, Stockton-on-Tees . The local authorities of York and North Yorkshire form a combined authority of the same name, and the local authorities of the other three areas are part of the Tees Valley Combined Authority . The county was historically part of Yorkshire . The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors uplands lie to
530-534: A former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail . In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line. York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station
636-419: A formerly monastic site had a responsibility to render it incapable of future religious use. This was done through a programme of demolition and sale of goods, which included the stripping of lead from the buildings, the removal of glass and Nidderdale 'marble' from the church. The property was passed down through several generations of Sir Richard's family, then sold to Stephen Proctor in 1596. This included
742-557: A garden, the garden could be made to accommodate and display the underlying landscape. The park incorporates Fountains Abbey, Fountains Hall, and several other notable historic features. The water garden at Studley Royal created by John Aislabie in 1718 is one of the best surviving examples of a Georgian water garden in England. It was expanded by his son, William who purchased the adjacent Fountains Estate. The garden's elegant ornamental lakes, canals , temples and cascades provide
848-412: A move from his favoured Early-French, to an English style. Pevsner writes of "a Victorian shrine, a dream of Early English glory." The interior is spectacular, exceeding Skelton in richness and majesty. The stained glass is of particularly high quality. St Mary's is Burges' "ecclesiastical masterpiece." Both marquesses and their wives are buried there. Prior to 1346, a chapel dedicated to St Michael
954-610: A northern tour. At the same time the Octagon Tower was also constructed and it was glazed and decorated during 1735; subsequently stuccowork was added by Francesco Vassalli. Other buildings constructed at this time include the Bathing House and the Boathouse. The planting at this time was perhaps sparser than that of the estate in the early twenty-first century: eighteenth-century visitors reported seeing bare rock between
1060-631: A relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs. Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology. Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by
1166-479: A smallpox outbreak in 1733. William's first scheme for the gardens was the construction of a funerary pyramid, modelled on the one at Stowe Gardens. He also extended the designed landscape further down the Skell Valley and introduced in 1745 a 'Chinese house', inspired by fashion at the time. In 1745 William re-married, to Elizabeth Vernon, who was the niece of his step-mother. Perhaps, as a result, Studley Hall
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#17327732529091272-645: A strong sense of social responsibility and in the 1930s established the Fountains Abbey Settlers Society , which provided work and skills to unemployed families. This also included a work scheme that dredged the river. In addition to the scheme on the estate, Vyner also funded the construction of a model village in Swarland , Northumberland. The Settlers Society ended at the outbreak of the Second World War, but its accommodation
1378-483: A succession of dramatic eye-catching vistas. It is also studded with a number of follies including a neo-Gothic tower and a palladian -style banqueting house . St Mary's Church was built by the architect William Burges and commissioned by the family of the First Marquess of Ripon . It has been suggested that the construction of this place of worship was prompted by the death of Frederick Grantham Vyner, who
1484-534: A two-acre, to a three-and-a-half-acre capacity. This period also included the insertion of new garden buildings, such as the Green Arch and the White Seat. In addition, new water features were added to the south-east of the gardens. 1768 also saw Robert Doe, on the instruction of Aislabie, begin to clear and stabilise the abbey ruins; work which continued until at least 1773. Part of this scheme of work included
1590-581: A type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history”. The initial proposal for World Heritage Status only extended to Fountains Abbey and St Mary's Church; it was on the recommendation of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) that the listing extended to include Studley Royal. In 1992, a new visitor centre and car parks were designed by Ted Cullinan to accommodate growing visitor numbers. Lying north-west of
1696-447: Is also attested by the excavation of four skeletons by the vicar of Wath in 1881. Documentary sources and place-name evidence, rather than archaeological excavation, provide insight into the early medieval period in the area. The Venerable Bede recorded that king Alhfrith of Deira granted land for a monastery near Ripon to Eata. Fountains Abbey was founded in 1132 by Benedictine monks who left St Mary's Abbey, York to follow
1802-607: Is evidence for settlement in the area. An excavated flint assemblage from the park demonstrates the presence of people working flint on the site. There is evidence of farming activity dated to 4,500 years ago. Material from the Iron Age is also associated with the site, including a lost gold torc . Iron Age enclosures at Mackershaw date from the sixth to fifth centuries BC. In the later phases of that enclosure, Romano-British material, including an Egyptian glass bangle, has also been discovered. The presence of Romano-British communities
1908-530: Is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum . The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M) , which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough . The other nationally maintained trunk routes are
2014-680: Is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year. The county borders multiple counties and districts: The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and
2120-571: Is responsible for the conservation of the abbey under a guardianship agreement, but managed on a day-to-day basis by the National Trust. St Mary’s Church is owned by the State and managed by the National Trust under a local management agreement. In 1986 the entire estate was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . It gained recognition as it fulfils the criteria of “being a masterpiece of human creative genius , and an outstanding example of
2226-421: Is the preserved core of a once much more substantial Aislabie project, which incorporated the surrounding agrarian landscape that they owned, long-distance views to Ripon and beyond, and rides extending to other designed landscapes including Laver Banks and Hackfall (seven miles from Studley). The gardens and park reflect every stage in the evolution of English garden fashion, from the late seventeenth-century to
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#17327732529092332-551: Is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse". Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has
2438-465: The A168 / A19 , A64 , A66 and A174 . Coach and bus Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus . Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire , Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company , The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District ( East Yorkshire ), Yorkshire Coastliner , First York and the local Dales & District . There are no major airports in
2544-670: The Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby . Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern. The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond , Ripon , Tadcaster , Helmsley , Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were
2650-526: The Infinity Bridge respectively. The Tees Transporter Bridge , opened in 1911 is a symbol of Teesside and is one of few surviving transporter bridges worldwide. Further inland, the Tees Barrage complex (which opened in 1995) incorporates a tidal barrier , road bridge, footbridge and barge lock . Larpool Viaduct near Whitby is a repurposed railway viaduct (footbridge), the viaduct
2756-842: The Scarborough and Whitby Railway , Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon. Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway , between Pickering and Grosmont , which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway . The Wensleydale Railway , which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along
2862-413: The 1780s and beyond. Most unusually both John and William embraced new garden fashions by extending their designed landscape rather than replacing and remaking outmoded parts. As a result, the cumulative whole is a catalogue of significant landscaping styles. This includes John Aislabie's ground-breaking appreciation of natural topographical landforms, for him it was not necessary to level ground and create
2968-598: The Abbey above the valley floor, the new visitor centre incorporated a shop, large restaurant, lecture theatre and exhibition space (currently office space) arranged around an open courtyard. In 2015 stage designer Gary McCann was commissioned to produce work in response to the buildings on the property; the resulting exhibition, entitled Folly!, installed works in spaces such as the Banqueting House. In 2016, Mat Collishaw created Seria Ludo and The Pineal Eye in
3074-488: The Archangel was built on How Hill. This became a minor medieval pilgrimage site. Visitors to the site could see both York Minster and Ripon Cathedral from its summit. The flooring was made of mosaic tiles, similar to those attributed to a painted pavement dating to between 1236 and 1247. The chapel was repaired by Marmaduke Huby between 1494 and 1526. Post-reformation the chapel continued to be used between 1551–54 for
3180-537: The Cistercian order. During the medieval period, monastic landholding steadily increased. For example, in the 1220s, Cassandra de Aleman donated land at Swanley to become part of the monastic grange. After the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 by Henry VIII , the Abbey buildings and over 40% of the former monastic estate was sold by the Crown to Sir Richard Gresham , a merchant. The Greshams, as new owners of
3286-594: The City of York district and parts of the three adjoining districts ( Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority . On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished the remaining seven district councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council. The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and
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3392-513: The Coffin Lawn dates to 1775, and it is likely the former was used to infill the latter. The canalisation of the Skell near the Abbey was undertaken in 1773, which used the river as a framing device for the view of the abbey from Anne Boleyn's Seat (constructed c. 1789–91). William also added ornamentation to parts of the ruins, adding detailing, but most significantly recreating the location of
3498-703: The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. George Frederick Samuel Robinson, the Marquess of Ripon died in 1909 and his son Frederick Oliver inherited the estate. On the death of Frederick Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon in 1923, the estate was acquired by his cousin Clare George Vyner. Visitor income became more significant for the Vyner family than it had been for the Robinsons, yet the family had
3604-604: The Mallorie (or Mallory) and then Aislabie families, after the marriage of Mary Mallory and George Aislabie. The estates were combined on 22 December 1767, when William Aislabie purchased the Fountains estate from John Messenger. In 1966, the property came into public ownership after its purchase by West Riding County Council . In 1983, it was acquired by the National Trust . The gardens and park reflect every stage in
3710-622: The National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs. The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to
3816-660: The North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby , Kirkby Overblow , and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate. The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park , and the Nidderdale AONB . It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne . The belt
3922-609: The South Sea Company were grafted to the East India Company , of which his brother William was a director. Aislabie returned to Yorkshire and from 1723 devoted himself to the landscaping of the estate. This included the construction of a boundary wall along the western side of the valley between the Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estates. This wall had at least one viewing platform and connected to
4028-759: The Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole. The county is less than 10 miles from Morecambe Bay at its closest point. North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along
4134-462: The Temple of Piety. In 2018, Charles Holland, Lucy Orta and Flea Folly Architects created artworks to reimagine lost follies in the landscape. In 2021, Steve Messam created three artworks in an exhibition entitled These Passing Things and in 2022 Joe Cornish created a photographic exhibition Still Time to Wonder in various buildings on the property. Studley Royal, under National Trust ownership,
4240-517: The UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness". During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales
4346-740: The Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary . The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into
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4452-416: The Vyner family, who could not afford repairs to it. Instead, the splendid Georgian stable block, built for John Aislabie’s racehorses between 1728 and 1732, was converted into an elegant Palladian country house set in 2½ acres of private formal gardens on high ground overlooking the deer park towards Ripon Cathedral in the distance. Built of stone under a slate roof with distinctive pavilion towers in each of
4558-410: The buck deer moved in a group, so that they "resemble a moving forrest [sic]". Studley Royal House (or Hall) stood in the north-west corner of the park. Originally a medieval manor house , there is a record from the 1220s of an extensive garden created by Cassandra de Aleman. It consisted of a main block with forward projecting wings, it burned down in 1716 and was rebuilt by John Aislabie. He filled in
4664-722: The capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line . LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough . The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton . Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham. Northern operates
4770-465: The cascade and the fishing lodges is attributed to Roger Morris , who worked with Colen Campbell . The cascade and the canal was described in 1729 by Stephen Switzer in his volume of engineering, Hydrostatics. Aislabie and Morris's works did not just extend to the water gardens, but also to other areas of the estate. By 1728 work was also underway on the High Stables, which can still be seen in
4876-406: The centre, to which his son William added a portico in 1762 to complete its Palladian appearance. It was altered and developed by the First Marquess of Ripon , who created a new entrance hall, a royal suite, and the reorganisation of the domestic service areas. He also added a Catholic chapel at the western side of the house in 1878. The house burnt down in 1946, and its remains were demolished by
4982-499: The churching of women, until falling into ruin. A tower was constructed next to the ruins, and reusing some of their masonry by, John Aislabie. Likely designed by Sir John Vanburgh , the view from the tower extended across the Studley estates, and York could even be seen twenty-six miles away. In 1810 an estate survey recorded a farmhouse on the site, but by 1822 the description had changed to 'How Hill House & Tower'. Presumably,
5088-537: The city of York (141,685) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and had a total population of 376,663 in 2011. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (75,515) in the south and Scarborough (59,505) in the east. For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas— North Yorkshire , Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland , and York —and part of
5194-407: The city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic. Tourism in the county was expected to increase after
5300-451: The combined authority are governed from County Hall , Northallerton . The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities ; Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham ), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham. In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture
5406-772: The county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK. Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves . Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine
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#17327732529095512-747: The county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International ( Darlington ), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford . The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University . There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough , a campus of Coventry University , and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees. The county receives terrestrial television from four main transmission towers. Bilsdale Mast transmits in
5618-459: The county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that
5724-578: The county's north from near Helmsley in the county; providing BBC North East and Cumbria , ITV Tyne Tees and BBC Radio Tees . Emley Moor Mast transmits in the county's south, between Selby and Northallerton, from West Yorkshire and Oliver's Mount Mast transmits Scarborough and Filey providing BBC Yorkshire , ITV Yorkshire and BBC Radio York . Settle and the county's far west is served by BBC Radio Lancashire , BBC North West and ITV Granada from Winter Hill Mast , Lancashire. Stephen Proctor Too Many Requests If you report this error to
5830-492: The deer park. During the 1730s and 1740s, there were a number of head gardeners employed by Aislabie. William Fisher worked on the estate from at least 1717 to 1732, when he was paid off. He was followed by John Hossack (left 1738), Mathias Mitchell (dismissed 1742) and then James Lockey (died 1744). Another significant employee was Robert Doe, who was a builder, mason and later head gardener too. Doe later worked on building projects for Castle Howard and for Swinton Castle . This
5936-574: The demolition of the Lay Brothers' Cloister. It also included construction: the Gazebo was built under the east Window, which provided visitors with an elevated view of the nave. Anne Boleyn's Hill is first named as part of the gardens in 1771, where an antiquarian headless statue looked out on the valley. The statue moved and was restored to its location in 2004. The last mention of the Rotondo and
6042-410: The east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills . Further east, the county has a coastline on the North Sea. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales , an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse / Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county before reaching the Humber estuary in
6148-424: The economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations. York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in
6254-423: The estate passed to his nephew, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, the Marquess of Ripon , and later the Viceroy of India . He redeveloped areas of Studley Hall, as well as renovating the gardens near the house. He also constructed the Pheasantry at the edge of the estate, as well as building a golf course, whose first professional was Harry Vardon . He also built St Mary's church in the park. During his ownership of
6360-421: The estate passed to his sisters: the eldest Mary, who was married to George Aislabie, as well as Jane and Elizabeth. Aislabie was the son of a farmer from Osgodby in North Yorkshire. He worked as a clerk for William Turbutt in the church courts at York. As part of Turbutt's household, Aislabie inherited £200 at his death in November 1648. After Turbutt's death Aislabie remained as part of the household, working for
6466-422: The estate was purchased by West Riding County Council from Broadlands Properties, and the property was reopened to the public in 1967. However, resource pressures meant that the local authority was keen to find another owner for the estate. There had been previous appeals to the National Trust to undertake running the site, including in 1923. In 1983 the property was acquired by the National Trust. English Heritage
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#17327732529096572-419: The estate, three structures were added: Studley tea room, an oval island in the lake, and the High Seat in the west of the gardens. During this period, more exotic trees were introduced as part of the planting scheme – for example, a Wellingtonia gigantea was planted by the Prince of Wales in 1863. In 1886 a pageant was held on the estate, celebrating Ripon's millennium; a similar event was repeated in 1896 for
6678-467: The estate. The Messengers were never wealthy, and in 1676 William Messenger had to arrange mortgages on the estate in order to pay for his daughters' marriages. Other financial troubles led William to leave his family, and he died in Paris in 1680, leaving his three-year-old son, John Messenger, to inherit. He married Margaret Scrope in 1698, a year after he came of age, and around this time he began re-building works on Fountain Hall. He rented out areas of
6784-447: The evolution of English garden fashion, from the late 17th century to the 1780s and beyond. Most unusually, both John and William embraced new garden fashions by extending their designed landscape rather than replacing and remaking outmoded parts. As a result, the cumulative whole is a catalogue of significant landscaping styles. Studley Royal Park is an estate in North Yorkshire, England. The land broadly slopes and east-facing views are
6890-469: The family's perhaps long held plans, to landscape the park, to begin. This included the construction of a tower on How Hill, and the canal and cascade that became the foundation of the Water Garden. Aislabie was a principal sponsor of the South Sea Company scheme, the bill for which was promoted by him personally. In 1720 this vast financial operation collapsed, and in 1721 he was expelled from Parliament and disqualified for life from public office. Stocks from
6996-505: The far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping . North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire , Lune , Ribble , Swale , Ure , and Wharfe . The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of
7102-426: The façade a deep coffin-shaped lawn was introduced, who sightlines connected the building and the Rotondo. Above the Banqueting House, amongst the trees, is an oval platform, which is likely to be the Dial Lawn, which is described in accounts in 1730s. North Yorkshire North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to
7208-459: The fine was attempted by selling off his wife's family estate, as well as other property, including a mill at Galphay and a farm at Nunwick . However, despite this, when John died in January 1656, and his son William inherited, aged only eight years old, debts had mounted up to £10,000. During this time it was John's widow, Mary, who managed the estate and managed to bring it within its means once more. However, in 1667, William died aged nineteen and
7314-446: The first mayor was elected in May 2024. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales , two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks . Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills . The highest point is Whernside , on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to
7420-431: The first museum for the site was opened in the Muniments Room, above the Warming House. The 1850s also saw major events held at the estate for the first time. These raised funds for a variety of causes, such as the Ripon Mechanics Institute, to celebrate peace in Crimea, and a 'Great Musical Celebration' in 1868. In 1869 the third-earliest bicycle race to be held in England ran through the estate. On de Grey's death in 1859,
7526-419: The first surviving survey of the estate. This listed land-holdings and it demonstrated that the estate formerly extended beyond the park. During the English Civil War, William Mallory and his son John, were loyal to the Crown; John commanded a force that defended Skipton Castle. They only surrendered in December 1645. William died in 1646 and John was fined by Parliament for half the value of the estate. Paying off
7632-411: The formality of his father's work. Between them, the two created what is arguably England's most important 18th-century landscape gardens. On 22 December 1767, William Aislabie purchased the Fountains estate from John Messenger, combining the Studley and Fountains estates. In February 1768, the gardens were flooded, which resulted in repairs and renovations. Subsequently, the reservoir was expanded from
7738-580: The former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. When Cleveland was abolished on 1 April 1996, these areas ( Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees ) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region. Also on 1 April 1996,
7844-685: The former county borough of York . Northallerton , as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region. From 1974 to 1996 the area of the non-metropolitan county was the same as the area of the ceremonial county. The county was divided into eight districts ( York , Craven , Hambleton , Harrogate , Richmondshire , Ryedale , Scarborough and Selby ). Some areas which were part of
7950-440: The former abbey, including the mill; however these leases excluded mineral extraction, which were kept by Messenger. The family were also keenly interested in the ruins of the abbey itself, and allowed people to visit from as early as 1655. In 1736, William's son Michael James married Elizabeth Sayer and took responsibility for the estate. He commissioned the first measured survey of the abbey in 1758. The family's financial position
8056-417: The four corners, the pristine, 11,708sq ft house surrounds a central square courtyard overlooked by all the main rooms and dominated by the working clock tower. The deserted medieval village of Studley Magna mainly lies within the boundaries of the park. Excavation demonstrated that the village was aligned with the important road to Aldfield . The earliest ceramics from the site date to c.1180–1220, whilst
8162-602: The high altar through the repositioning of medieval tiles found throughout the site. He also added planting to the cloister, in the form of shrubs and flowers. Greater security was also introduced to the abbey, with lockable doors and gates. However, there was contemporary criticism of these changes, in particular from William Gilpin , who visited Studley on a tour of the north of England. William died on 17 May 1781 in London. The estate passed to his elder daughter, Elizabeth Allanson, after his two sons predeceased him. Whilst she spent
8268-543: The latest finds date from c.1300. The site included a large two-storey miller's house with a stone fireplace that was rare for the period. The house was sold in 1362 by Widow Horner to Richard Tempest. Documentary evidence suggests that the Banqueting House was being completed in 1731, and is described in the estate accounts as 'the new building'. The structure had several phases of alteration after construction, and other documents refer to it as 'the Greenhouse'. In front of
8374-519: The majority of her time as owner at her home in Twickenham, Elizabeth did continue her family's civic work in Ripon – donating to the poor, funding streetlighting and building Ripon Town Hall . However, although she appointed Christopher Hall as agent, during her ownership, and her lack of presence at the estate, many areas of the designed landscape became neglected. Elizabeth died on 8 March 1808 and
8480-529: The north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. The county is the largest in England by land area, at 8,654 km (3,341 sq mi), and had a population of 1,158,816 in 2021. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (148,215) in the north-east and
8586-444: The path known as High Walk. Boundaries including ha-has were also constructed at this time. It is possible the design was influenced by his kinsman William Benson's knowledge of neo-Palladian design. Other early features included The Upper Canal and Drum Falls. Flooding subsequently damaged these early developments, and by 1726 approximately 100 men were working to create water features, which included canals and ponds. The design of
8692-418: The precinct, Fountains Park and Swanley Grange. It was Proctor who built Fountains Hall probably between 1598 and 1604. The hall is a Jacobean mansion, built partly with stone from the Abbey ruins. Proctor was subsequently imprisoned and sold Fountains Park to pay his legal fees. In April 1622 the Fountains estate was re-combined by Timothy Whittingham, who re-mortgaged it the same year to Humphrey Wharton. Over
8798-464: The re-establishment of an enlarged park with Studley Royal in its centre. Studley Great Gate, now more commonly known as East Gate, the largest probable remnant of his plans. George Aislabie's wife, Mary, preserved the estate, but by the time of her death in 1683 was in debt. Trustees to the estate were appointed until the heir, Mallorie Aislabie, came of age: William Robinson, husband of the eldest daughter Mary and Arthur Ingram. Mallorie died in 1685 and
8904-405: The regions roads, which was also mirrored in road accidents, which totalled 948 in 2020, a drop of 7% on the previous year which had 1,021 accidents. Additionally, miles travelled by all types of vehicle dropped, with cars having the largest drop, LCV and HGV less so, but pedal bicycle usage slightly increased. Post-pandemic health effects included children worrying more about life and whether
9010-755: The remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line , Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton , the Hull to York Line via Selby , the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and
9116-704: The restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small , a TV series about the vet James Herriot , based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020. The lockdowns affected traffic volumes across
9222-473: The ruins of Fountains Abbey , has been designated a World Heritage Site . It has also been designated a grade I listed park and garden by Historic England , and various structures within it are individually listed. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Fountains estate was owned by the Gresham, Proctor, and Messenger families. At the same time, the adjacent Studley estate was separately held by
9328-572: The site had lost its significance as a garden building in a designed landscape and was commissioned to a more functional use. Whilst its role as a home stopped in the 1930s, there was another use-change: during the Second World War the Home Guard used it as an observation post. The deer park, where the church stands, is home to deer, and a wealth of other flora and fauna . At Studley there are three types of deer: Red Deer , Fallow Deer and Sika Deer . John Clerk, visiting in 1738, described how
9434-590: The south. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside , at 2,415 feet (736 m). North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire , as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire , northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and
9540-640: The subsequent two years, parts of the estate were ceded to several creditors, but ultimately Wharton regained control. The 1627 estate sale includes details for a lead casting workshop in the Warming House; the estate was bought by Richard Ewens and his son-in-law John Messenger. During the English Civil War Messenger reputedly fought at the Battles of Marston Moor and at Naseby . In 1655 Ewens' grandson, William Messenger, inherited
9646-660: The trees. The late 1730s also saw a revision of the statuary scheme in the gardens, which included the introduction of a statue of Neptune , centrally located in the Moon Pond. After Aislabie's death on 18 June 1742, his son William inherited, and whilst little is known about William's life, it is known that he set out on a Grand Tour in 1720, which was thwarted by political turmoil in France. In 1724 he married Lady Elizabeth Cecil, with whom he had six children: two sons and four daughters. Elizabeth and two of their daughters died in
9752-461: The unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses". York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking
9858-427: The widowed Elizabeth Turbutt. There is a suggestion made by John Richard Walbran that the pair may have had a romantic attachment, but this is unproven. Nevertheless he was the primary beneficiary of Turbutt's will when she died in 1662 – a result of which he purchased Treasurer's House in York. It was around this time that he married Mary Mallorie. George was killed in a duel in 1676. It was George who began plans for
9964-424: Was a Gothic garden room. In addition to new buildings, existing ones had a change of character: for example the Temple of Venus had family portraits installed in it and its name changes to that of 'Banqueting House'. In the 1750s the network of footpaths around the gardens were also much greater than the modern-day lay-out. Overall, William extended the landscaped area in the picturesque romantic style, contrasting with
10070-520: Was affected by the Beeching cuts in 1965 with the rail-line connecting Whitby to Scarborough axed. It was opened in 1885, closed in 1965 then repurposed and re-opened in 2000. The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton , Thirsk and York . Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway , Northern Rail , TransPennine Express and Grand Central . LNER and Grand Central operate services to
10176-458: Was also a period of expansion, during which Aislabie changed the lease on Mackershaw – making it permanent, rather than leased for agriculture. During this phase, the Grotto was constructed and changes were made to footpaths around its location; the Temple of Piety was also built. In 1738 the first known plan of the gardens was made by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik , who was visiting them as part of
10282-539: Was declining and by 1765 Michael was selling oaks from the estate. Michael James died in 1766 and his son John Michael inherited. On 22 December 1767, John Michael sold the Fountains estate to William Aislabie for £18,000. From 1452 onwards, Studley Royal was inhabited by the Mallory family, most notably by MPs John Mallory and William Mallory . A depiction of the enclosed park first appeared on Christopher Saxton 's 1577 map of Yorkshire. In 1607 John Mallory commissioned
10388-484: Was first drawn up from the 1950s. The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts. North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate , like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate . Overall, with
10494-600: Was furthered by the opening of curative springs nearby in Harrogate bringing a large tourism audience with it. Management of the huge increases in the numbers of tourists entailed the creation of new routes, including the De Grey Walk and the Well Walk. In 1847 a new one shilling entrance fee was introduced. The first record of a school trip to the site was from St Peter's School, Dallowgill , in September 1851. In 1858
10600-466: Was kidnapped and killed in Greece in 1870. Burges' appointment as architect was most likely due to the connection between his greatest patron, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute and Vyner, who had been friends at Oxford. St Mary's, on Lady Ripon's estate at Studley Royal, was commissioned in 1870 and work began in 1871. The church was consecrated in 1878. As at Skelton, Burges' design demonstrates
10706-526: Was renovated, which included the decoration of two rooms in a chinoiserie style. In the 1750s a gardeners house was built near the Kitchen Garden and two ice houses were constructed. A private garden with aviary was also created next to Studley Hall during this period. William also added new architectural features to the park: an obelisk at the western end of the main avenue and the Belvedere, which
10812-591: Was repurposed to house German and Polish refugees. During the war much of the estate's land was cultivated for the first time in 600 years, as part of the ' Dig For Victory' campaign. Studley Hall after doing war service as the home of Queen Ethelburga's School , was destroyed by fire in April 1946. After the war, the upkeep of the estate became too expensive for the Vyner family, who sold it to Broadlands Properties for £1,250,000. They subsequently also sold Fountains Hall to West Riding County Council in 1969. In 1966 much of
10918-528: Was succeeded as heir by his brother George, who inherited but then died in 1693. The third brother, John Aislabie inherited the Studley estate. A survey in 1694 describes both an 'old park' and a 'new park' which invites consideration of expansion under his father. By 1695 John Aislabie was the Tory Member of Parliament for Ripon , and in 1718 became Chancellor of the Exchequer . This enabled some of
11024-478: Was succeeded by her niece, Elizabeth Sophia Lawrence , who lived at Studley from 1808 until her death in 1845. An influential woman in the area, she used her position to influence (and punish) voters. Under her ownership, she made further additions to the grounds, which included the stone Obelisk, as well as Robin Hood's Well, which enclosed a small spring. She also made repairs to the abbey, including to Huby's Tower. It
11130-408: Was under her ownership that John Richard Walbran first undertook excavations in 1840. In her will she left bequests totalling £237,000, including £1000 to fund a dispensary in Ripon. The estate then devolved to Thomas Philip, 2nd Earl de Grey , a distant relative. Under de Grey, Walbran undertook further excavation. These excavations in the 1850s also piqued public interest further in the site. This
11236-451: Was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example. This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling. Unemployment in
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