72-677: Sturgeon Bay is an arm of Green Bay extending southeastward approximately 10 miles into the Door Peninsula at the city of Sturgeon Bay , located approximately halfway up the Door Peninsula. The bay is connected to Lake Michigan by the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal . The Potawatomi name for Sturgeon Bay is "Na-ma-we-qui-tong". The bay seems to represent the pre-glacial path of the Menominee River , with
144-545: A definitive article) meaning "People of the Sacred Voice". Their name comes from oral traditions that state they are the originators of the many branches of the Siouan language . The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland Period cultures and the successor Oneota culture; they say their ancestors built the thousands of effigy mounds through Wisconsin and surrounding states. Prior to
216-497: A dredging project done by some of the paper companies about 3 miles upstream from the mouth of the Lower Fox River. It removed 80,000 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated sediment, containing 3,400 pounds of PCBs. 2019 marks the 16th year of clean up of the lower Green Bay. River clean up is scheduled for late March depending on ice conditions. Monitoring will continue to study fish, water, and PCB concentrations. [4] Once
288-554: A postal address of Sloan , Iowa, as rural addresses are normally covered by the nearest post office. The 2000 census reported a population of 2,588 people living on these lands. The largest community is the village of Winnebago , with others in Emerson and Thurston , Nebraska. In 2006 their enrolled population was estimated at 4,000. The federally recognized Omaha also have a reservation in Thurston County. Together,
360-703: A reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa. The Winnebago Indian Reservation lies primarily in the northern part of Thurston and a small part of Dixon counties in Nebraska, with an additional portion in Woodbury County , Iowa. A small plot of off-reservation land of 116.75 acres (0.4725 km ) is in southern Craig Township in Burt County , Nebraska. The total land area is 457.857 km (176.78 sq mi). They refer to themselves as Hoocąk nįšoc haci meaning "sacred voice people living on
432-399: A rite of passage at puberty: they fasted for a period during which they were expected to acquire a guardian spirit; without it, their lives would be miserable. Besides having a guardian spirit, men would also try to acquire protection and powers from specific spirits, which was done by making offerings along with tobacco. For example, a man would not go on the warpath without first performing
504-526: A storm on Lake Winnebago during a failed campaign against the Meskwaki , while yet another says it was in a battle against the Sauk . Even with such a serious loss of warriors, the historian R. David Edmunds notes that it was not enough to cause the near elimination of an entire people. He suggests two additional causes. The Winnebago apparently suffered from a widespread disease, perhaps an epidemic of one of
576-444: A wide variety of roots, nuts, and berries, as well as sap from maple trees. In addition, women learned to recognize and use a wide range of roots and leaves for medicinal and herbal purposes. The maple sap was used to make syrup and candy. Women also processed and cooked game, making dried meats combined with berries to sustain their families when traveling. Tanned hides were used to make clothing and storage bags. They used most parts of
648-635: A written constitution and is governed by an elected council. As of 2023 , the current president is Jon Greendeer. Since the late 20th century, the tribe operates six casinos in Wisconsin, in order to raise funds: In February 2013, the Beloit Common Council sold land to the Ho-Chunk Nation for a proposed casino. The council has used revenues to enhance infrastructure, healthcare, and educational support for its people. In 1988,
720-662: Is 1,626 square miles (4,210 km ) in area. At the southern end of the bay is the city of Green Bay, Wisconsin , where the Fox River enters the bay. The Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge (formerly known as the Tower Drive bridge) spans the point where the bay begins and the Fox River ends, as the river flows south to north into the bay. Around mid-bay are Sturgeon Bay and the Peshtigo River . The Sturgeon Bay serves
792-631: Is an arm of Lake Michigan , located along the south coast of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula and the east coast of Wisconsin . It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, the Garden Peninsula in Michigan, and the chain of islands between them, all formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Green Bay is some 120 miles (193 km) long, with a width ranging from about 10 to 20 miles (16 to 32 km); it
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#1732776476788864-525: Is home to Copper Culture State Park , which has remains dated to around 5000-6000 BC. It is a burial ground of the Copper Culture Indians. This burial ground is considered to be the oldest cemetery in Wisconsin and one of the oldest in the nation. The Ho-Chunk believe that they were created on the shores of Green Bay at a place called Red Banks. The French Jesuit , Roman Catholic priest, and missionary, Father Claude-Jean Allouez said
936-456: Is working on language restoration and has developed a Hoocąk-language iOS app and online dictionary. The Ho-Chunk speak a Siouan language , which they believe was given to them by their creator, Mą’ųna (Earthmaker). Their native name is Ho-Chunk (or Hoocạk), which has been variously translated as "sacred voice" or "People of the Big Voice", meaning mother tongue , as in they originated
1008-651: The Algonquian peoples returned to their homelands to the east. The Ho-Chunk were then relieved of that pressure on their territory and after 1741, most returned inland. From a low of perhaps less than 500, the population gradually recovered, aided by intermarriage with neighboring tribes and some of the French traders and trappers. A count from 1736 gives a population of 700; in 1806, they numbered more than 2,900. A census in 1846 reported 4,400 people but by 1848, there were reportedly 2,500. Like other Native American tribes,
1080-532: The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska . Historically, the surrounding Algonquin tribes referred to them by a term that evolved to Winnebago, which was later used as well as by the French and English. The Ho-Chunk Nation have always called themselves Ho-Chunk. The name Ho-Chunk comes from the word Hocaagra ( Ho meaning "voice", cąk meaning "sacred", ra being
1152-569: The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin . The Ho-Chunk in Nebraska have gained independent federal recognition as a tribe and have a reservation in Thurston County . The Ho-Chunk Nation now has a constitution that reinforces its sovereign abilities to negotiate with the US government. Waukon and Decorah , county seats of Allamakee and Winneshiek County, Iowa , respectively, were named after the 19th-century Ho-Chunk Chief Waukon Decorah . Before
1224-527: The Iowa , Missouria , and Otoe tribes, moved south and west because the reduced range made it difficult for such a large population to be sustained. Nicolet reported a gathering of approximately 5,000 warriors as the Ho-Chunk entertained him. Historians estimate that the population in 1634 may have ranged from 8,000 to more than 20,000. Between that time and the first return of French trappers and traders in
1296-596: The Omaha Reservation in Nebraska; The Winnebago Reservation was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin is considered a "non-reservation" tribe, as members historically had to acquire individual homesteads in order to regain title to ancestral territory; they hold land in more than 13 counties in Wisconsin and have land in Illinois. The federal government has granted legal reservation status to some of these parcels, but
1368-519: The Pacific Ocean . They hoped it indicated a passage to China via the great rivers of the Midwest. Before Europeans ventured into Ho-Chunk territory, the Ho-Chunk were known to hunt, farm, and gather food from local sources, including nuts, berries, roots, and edible leaves. They knew what the forest and river's edge had to give and both genders had a role in making best use of resources. With
1440-605: The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska . This tribe is headquartered in Black River Falls, Wisconsin . Formerly known as the Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe , it changed its name to "Ho-Chunk Nation" to take back the traditional Siouan name. Ho-Chunk usually call themselves Hoocąk waaziija haci meaning "sacred voice people of the Pines". They also call themselves wąąkšik – "people". They are the larger of
1512-669: The Wisconsin River and to the Rock River in Illinois . The oral history also indicates that in the mid-16th century, the influx of Ojibwe peoples in the northern portion of their lands caused the Ho-Chunk to move to the south of their territory. They had some friction with the tribes of the Illinois Confederacy as well as fellow Chiwere -speaking peoples splitting from the Ho-Chunk. These groups, who became
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#17327764767881584-637: The "war-bundle feast", which contained two parts. The first part honored the night-spirits and the second part honored the Thunderbird spirit. The blessings these spirits gave the men were embodied in objects that together made the war-bundle. These objects could include feathers, bones, skins, flutes, and paints. Ho-Chunk oral history says they have always lived in their current homelands of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois. Their Siouan language indicates common origin with other peoples of this language group. They say their ancestors built
1656-432: The 17th century before their major losses. At that time, the matriarchs of a clan would name its chief and they could reclaim the position if they disapproved of his actions. The Ho-Chunk may have shifted to the patrilineal system due to marriage into other tribes or under the influence of the male-oriented fur trade. Today there are two federally recognized tribes of Ho-Chunk people, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and
1728-410: The 17th century to a low of perhaps 500 individuals. This has been attributed to casualties of a lake storm, epidemics of infectious disease, and competition for resources from migrating Algonquian tribes. By the early 1800s, their population had increased to 2,900, but they suffered further losses in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. In 1990 they numbered 7,000; current estimates of total population of
1800-730: The 7,192 tribal members as of May 2011, 5,042 lived in Wisconsin. The tribes own 4,602 acres (18.625 km ) scattered across parts of 12 counties in Wisconsin and one in Minnesota. The largest concentrations are in Jackson , Clark , and Monroe counties in Wisconsin. Smaller areas lie in Adams , Crawford , Dane , Juneau , La Crosse , Marathon , Rock , Sauk , Shawano , and Wood counties in Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk Nation also owns land in Lynwood, Illinois . The Ho-Chunk Nation established
1872-710: The AOC to be considered restored and begin the delisting process. [3] Green Bay BUI's: Since 1988 over three quarters of the 120 remedial actions recommended by the lower green bay remedial action plan have been implemented or initiated. Industrialization was a major factor regarding the Lower Green Bay becoming contaminated; significant contributors were land water use (agriculture, logging, industry), high turbidity, sedimentation, frequent algal blooms, degraded fish/wildlife/plant populations and adverse toxicant impacts. Past Emergency Clean Up: In 1999 and 2000, EPA oversaw
1944-530: The BIA to accept surplus lands in trust on behalf of tribes. Finally, through a special act of congress, the Ho-Chunk Nation took control of the 1500 acre parcel in 2015. This is regarded as the first time that the United States' military has ever returned land to an indigenous people. Today, the Ho-Chunk Nation is restoring the prairie that was present at the site before European settlement. The tribe has
2016-464: The European infectious diseases . They had no immunity to the new diseases and suffered high rates of fatalities. Ho-Chunk accounts said the victims turned yellow, which is not a trait of smallpox . Historians have rated disease as the major reason for the losses in all Native American populations. Edmunds notes as a third cause of the population decline the following historic account: decimation by
2088-602: The Ho-Chunk "had one of their main villages on the west bank of the Mississippi River ", and at the mouth of the Watab River in what is now Sartell, Minnesota . The Long Prairie Reservation was dissolved in 1855, and its residents were moved to Blue Earth County, Minnesota . While relating a May 1860 series of raids and revenge killings between the Chippewa and Dakota peoples in which one Ho-Chunk warrior
2160-666: The Ho-Chunk Nation filed a timely claim for transfer of the Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP), which was to be declared surplus under federal regulations. As part of their former traditional territory, the property holds historical, archeological, sacred, and cultural resources important to their people. It is a 1500-acre parcel in Sauk County, Wisconsin . Between 1998 and 2011, the Army spent millions of dollars in environmental assessments and cleanup to prepare
2232-421: The Ho-Chunk have been systematically removed from their homelands, many now occupied by other tribes. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, which at one time consisted primarily of tribal members spread over 13 counties of Wisconsin, have a historical territorial claim in an area encompassed by a line from Green Bay to Long Prairie to St. Louis to Chicago . Some in the federal and state governments have undermined
Sturgeon Bay - Misplaced Pages Continue
2304-406: The Ho-Chunk nation does not have a contiguous reservation in the traditional sense. While related, the two tribes are distinct federally recognized sovereign nations and peoples, each with its own constitutionally formed government and completely separate governing and business interests. Since the late 20th century, both tribal councils have authorized the development of casinos . The Ho-Chunk Nation
2376-585: The Ho-Chunk suffered great losses during the smallpox epidemics of 1757–58 and 1836. In the 19th-century epidemic, they lost nearly a quarter of their population. Today the Ho-Chunk population is about 12,000. The Black Hawk War of 1832 was fought largely on Ho-Chunk land. In early 1832, White Cloud invited the Sauk band to live in the Rock River band's Illinois villages. About 1,200 Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, and others came, from locations such as Saukenuk on
2448-509: The Illinois Confederacy. The Ho-Chunk had been helped at one time by many of their enemies, in particular the Illinois Confederacy, during their time of suffering and famine , aggravated by the loss of their hunters. The Winnebago then attacked the Illinois Confederacy. Enraged, additional Illinois warriors retaliated and killed nearly all the Ho-Chunk. After peace was established between the French and Iroquois in 1701, many of
2520-575: The Iowa reservation, where there was little food. The arrivals included Black Sparrow Hawk , who had been a leading warrior of the British Band during the War of 1812 . Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota , and finally Nebraska . Oral history suggests some of
2592-622: The Missouri River". The Iowa portion was originally west of the Missouri River and within Nebraska boundaries. After the United States Army Corps of Engineers changed the course of the river, some of the reservation land was redefined as falling within the boundaries of Iowa. The tribe successfully argued that the land belonged to them under the terms of the deed prior to diversion of the river. This land has
2664-660: The Native American tribes occupy the entire land area of Thurston County. The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska has a written constitution and is governed by an elected nine-person council. Since 1992 the Winnebago tribe has owned and operated the WinnaVegas Casino on its lands in Iowa. The tribe legalized alcohol sales to keep liquor tax revenue, earmarked for supporting individuals and families affected by alcoholism. More than 60% of federally recognized tribes in
2736-959: The Neutral Ground Reservation in eastern Iowa, where they faced hostile conditions between the warring Dakota people and Sauk peoples. They were removed from Iowa in 1848 into Minnesota, where they were moved twice from Todd County, Minnesota to Blue Earth County, Minnesota . After the Dakota War of 1862 and tensions created by the hate group Knights of the Forest , about 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at Camp Porter in Mankato before being expelled from Minnesota into Crow Creek, South Dakota in 1863. The Ho-Chunk often nonviolently resisted removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for
2808-662: The Siouan language family. Neighboring Siouan tribes refer to the Ho-Chunk by translations of their name into the their language, such as Hotúŋe in the Iowa-Otoe language ) or Hotháŋka in the Dakota language . The term "Winnebago" is a term used by the Potawatomi , pronounced as "Winnipego". The Jesuit Relations of 1659–1660 said: He started, in the month of June of the year one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight, from
2880-568: The US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12 clans (see table). In pre-contact Ho-Chunk society, clans were typically associated with specific social roles; for instance, the Thunderbird Clan was the clan from which chiefs were appointed, while the Bear Clan enforced discipline within the community and oversaw prisoners. The clans were associated with animal spirits representing
2952-400: The arrival of Europeans, the Ho-Chunk were the dominant tribe in its territory in the 16th century, with a population estimated at several thousand. They lived in permanent villages of wigwams and adopted cultivated corn, squash, and beans; they gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin,
Sturgeon Bay - Misplaced Pages Continue
3024-526: The bay Baie Verte , and the English kept this name as Green Bay. The name of the bay in the Menominee language is Pūcīhkit , or "bay that smells like something rotting". In 1671 and 1673, Louis André and Jacques Marquette described fluctuations in the water level of the bay and discussed what they thought caused them. Ferromanganese nodules have been found in the bay. Todorokite occurs within
3096-697: The bay compete strongly for the same prey south of Chambers Island, and compete moderately north of it. According to the Environmental Protection Agency , " Areas of Concern are designated by the International Joint Commission as geographic areas in the Great Lakes basin having severe environmental degradation . There are 43 Areas of Concern with 26 in the United States, 17 in Canada, and five shared by
3168-541: The bay was the "Bay of the Stinkers", but this name perplexed the French, and Jacques Marquette thought the name might relate to the smell of the swamps when he explored the area in May 1673. His fellow explorer Louis Joliet , with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry ( Métis ) were on their way to find the Mississippi River . They travelled up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters. The French also called
3240-411: The changing seasons, Ho-Chunk families moved from area to area to find food. For example, many families returned to Black River Falls, Wisconsin , to pick berries in the summer. Ho-Chunk women were responsible for growing, gathering, and processing food for their families, including the cultivation of varieties of corn and squash, in order to have different types through the growing season; and gathering
3312-517: The city named after the bay as a shortcut for large ships to use to bypass the Door Peninsula, while the Peshtigo River serves Peshtigo and Crivitz . Locally, the bay is called the Bay of Green Bay to distinguish it from the city. The bay is located in parts of five counties in Wisconsin ( Brown , Door , Kewaunee , Marinette , Oconto ), and two in Michigan ( Delta , Menominee ). Oconto
3384-483: The course of a year. However, south of Chambers Island, walleye eat considerably more lake whitefish in May and June. Walleye were found to eat more yellow perch on an annual basis, but not more than 15% of their overall diet during any particular month. Walleye and Lake whitefish in Green Bay for the most part do not compete for the same prey, especially south of Chambers Island . Lake whitefish and yellow perch in
3456-539: The end of the Late Woodland period as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. They cultivated wild rice ( Zizania spp.) and gathered sugar from sugar maple trees. European contact came in 1634 with the arrival of French explorer Jean Nicolet . He wrote that the Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around Green Bay of Lake Michigan in Wisconsin, reaching beyond Lake Winnebago to
3528-565: The first Mass in Oconto on December 3, 1669. The bay was named la baie des Puants (literally, "the bay of the Stinks") by the French explorer Jean Nicolet as shown on many French maps of the 17th and 18th centuries. According to George R. Stewart , the French received the name from their Indian guides, who called the natives living near Green Bay by a derogatory word meaning "Stinkers", thus
3600-579: The game for tools, binding, clothing, and coverings for dwellings. They were responsible for the survival of the families, caring for the children as well as elders. The main role of the Ho-Chunk man was as a hunter—and a warrior when needed. Leaders among the men interfaced with other tribes. As hunters, they speared fish and clubbed them to death. The men also hunted game such as muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, and deer. Some men learned to create jewelry and other body decorations out of silver and copper, for both men and women. To become men, boys would go through
3672-527: The genus Hexagenia had been collected in the lower Green Bay area in 1955. As mayfly populations can be unstable and not all stocking locations appeared to be successful, as of 2017 it was not yet known whether it would be possible for populations of Hexagenia mayflies to become self-sustaining. This article about a location in Door County, Wisconsin is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Green Bay (Lake Michigan) Green Bay
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#17327764767883744-425: The lake of the Ouinipegouek, which is strictly only a large bay in lake Huron. It is called by others, the lake of the stinkards, not because it is salt like the water of the Sea—which the Savages call Ouinipeg, or stinking water—but because it is surrounded by sulphurous soil, whence issue several springs which convey into this lake the impurities absorbed by their waters in the places of their origin. Nicolas Perrot
3816-433: The late 1650s, the population was reduced drastically. Later reports were that the Ho-Chunk numbered only about 500. When numerous Algonquian tribes migrated west to escape the aggressive Iroquois tribes in the Beaver Wars , they competed for game and resources with the Ho-Chunk, who had to yield to their greater numbers. The reasons historians give for the reduction in population vary, but they agree on three major causes:
3888-404: The loss of several hundred warriors in a storm on a lake, infectious disease epidemics after contact with Europeans, and attacks by the Illinois Confederacy. The warriors were said to be lost on Lake Michigan after they had repulsed the first attack by invading the Potawatomi from what is now Door County, Wisconsin . Another says the number was 600. Another claim is that the 500 were lost in
3960-449: The lower 48 states have legalized alcohol sales. In 1994 the tribe established Ho-Chunk, Inc., an economic development corporation that now employs 1400 people. Its success has earned the tribe small business organization awards. It has initiated a strong housing construction program in collaboration with federal programs. Its leaders were featured on Native American Entrepreneurs in 2009 on PBS . According to Gordon Thunder (Wakąja) ,
4032-413: The lower Green Bay clean up is complete long term monitoring will still be done on the entirety of the river. Ho-Chunk The Ho-Chunk , also known as Hocąk , Hoocągra , or Winnebago are a Siouan -speaking Native American people whose historic territory includes parts of Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa , and Illinois . Today, Ho-Chunk people are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes ,
4104-406: The nodules. There are numerous reefs of exposed bedrock in the Porte des Mortes passage and in the bay. North of the peninsula, warm water from Green Bay flows into Lake Michigan on the surface, while at the same time, cold lakewater enters Green Bay deep underneath. In a study looking at fish stomach contents, walleye were found to eat between 5-6% and lake whitefish and yellow perch over
4176-407: The property for transfer. In 1998 the Secretary of the Interior had issued a letter to claim the land on behalf of the Ho-Chunk but in 2011, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) refused to accept the property. It was unwilling to conduct an environmental assessment due to cost. In 2012 the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) passed a resolution in support of the Ho-Chunk and to encourage
4248-427: The thousands of effigy mounds through Wisconsin and surrounding states during the Late Woodland period . In the Terminal Late Woodland Period , the practice of building effigy mounds abruptly ceased with the appearance of the Oneota Culture. The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland cultures and the successor Oneota Culture. The tribe historically adopted corn agriculture at
4320-429: The traditional responsibilities within the nation; each clan had a role in the survival of the people. Like other Native Americans, the Ho-Chunk had rules generally requiring people to marry outside their clans. The kinship system was based in the family and gave structure to descent and inheritance rules. Although the tribe is patrilineal today, anthropologists believe they may have had a matrilineal kinship system in
4392-404: The tribe consisted of 12 clans with specific roles often assigned to clans. Wars with the Illinois Confederacy and later wars with the Ojibwe , Potawatomi , Meskwaki , and Sauk peoples pushed them out of their territories in eastern Wisconsin and Illinois, along with conflicts with the United States such as Winnebago War and Black Hawk War . The Ho-Chunk suffered severe population loss in
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#17327764767884464-491: The tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government to steal land through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone. The Ho-Chunk often nonviolently resisted removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings. The Winnebago ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4. The 1848 removal from Iowa
4536-602: The two countries." [1] [2] Lower green Bay Area of Concern was designated in 1987 under the Great Lakes Water Quality agreement. It was designated by these sources of pollution: The seasonal dead zone in the lower part of the bay may have gotten longer from 2009 to 2015. Beneficial Use Impairments (BUI) are a change in the chemical, physical or biological integrity of the Great Lakes system sufficient to cause significant environmental degradation. The International Joint Commission identified 14 BUIs listed below. All BUIs that have been designated for an AOC, must be removed for
4608-410: The two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes. The Ho-Chunk have established the Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division, which has developed materials to teach and restore use of the Hocąk language and other elements of their culture. Among its recent innovations is the development of a Hocąk-language app for the iPhone . The Ho-Chunk have about 200 native speakers among its elders. Of
4680-712: The two tribes are 12,000. Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota , and finally Nebraska . Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone (they ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4). During these removals, bands of Ho-Chunk hid out in Wisconsin rather than be moved. In 1832, other bands of Ho-Chunk were moved to
4752-602: The uprising and its figurehead leader, Chief Little Crow . This had disastrous results for all the Ho-Chunk living in Minnesota. In 1863, the Ho-Chunk were forced to leave Blue Earth County by a secret society organized by local pioneer settlers in Mankato , "The Knights of the Forest", which sent armed men to surround the Ho-Chunks' prime farmland. About 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at Camp Porter in Mankato, and thence removed to Crow Creek , Dakota Territory . Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for an Omaha reservation in Nebraska. The Winnebago Reservation
4824-578: The valley deepened by glacial carving and then submerged into rising lakewaters. Three bridges cross the bay, including the historic Sturgeon Bay Bridge , and the recently finished Oregon Street Bridge. Sturgeon Bay and Little Sturgeon (just to the south of Sturgeon Bay) are considered biodiversity hotspots because they support a large number of different fish species. Researchers collected viral hemorrhagic septicemia viruses from 184 different fish from 2003 to 2017. Two were found from 2007 to 2010 infecting smallmouth bass within Sturgeon Bay. Each of them
4896-472: Was a 17th-century French trader who believed that the Algonquian terms referred to saltwater seas, as these have a distinctive aroma compared with freshwater lakes. An early Jesuit record says that the name refers to the origin of Le Puans near the saltwater seas to the north. When the explorers Jean Nicolet and Samuel de Champlain learned of the "sea" connection to the tribe's name, they were optimistic that it meant Les Puans were from or had lived near
4968-400: Was a different variant of a type not found in the middle or lower Great Lakes. In June 2016, an estimated several thousand mayflies hatched in Sawyer Bay (within Sturgeon Bay). This was the result of an experiment to stock millions of eggs from the species Hexagenia limbata and Hexagenia bilineata in the lower Green Bay area in an attempt to reintroduce the species. The last mayfly from
5040-428: Was also killed in Maine Prairie Township , Stearns County, Minnesota , George W. Sweet, a pioneer settler of Sauk Rapids , recalled, "The Winnebagoes were supposed to be a neutral party between the Sioux and Chippewa, but occasionally a Winnebago would join a party of Sioux on a raid against the Chippewas." During the 1862 Dakota War , a very small faction of the Ho-Chunk led by Chief Little Priest joined forces with
5112-548: Was documented by a soldier in Morgan's Mounted Volunteers. About 2,500 people were forced to travel by wagon, on foot, and on horseback from Fort Atkinson, Iowa to Winona, Minnesota , and thence by steamboat to a new Reservation in Todd County, Minnesota , with its agency at Long Prairie, Minnesota Reservation. The Long Prairie Reservation, which was heavily wooded, was more suitable for logging than for farming. Writing in 1915, St. Cloud, Minnesota journalist and local historian William Bell Mitchell recalled that as of 1850,
5184-426: Was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865. Following the forced relocations, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially in Wisconsin, despite the U.S. Army's repeated roundups and forced removals. But the federal government finally allowed the Winnebago to resettle and acquire land in their ancestral homeland in Wisconsin, which eventually received recognition as an official Reservation known as
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