Puddling is both the material and the process of lining a water body such as a channel or pond with puddle clay (puddle, puddling) – a watertight (low hydraulic conductivity ) material based on clay and water mixed to be workable.
14-554: The Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal is a ship canal connecting Sturgeon Bay with Lake Michigan across the Door Peninsula in Door County , Wisconsin . A dredged channel continues through Sturgeon Bay to Green Bay . This combined waterway allows ships to sail between Lake Michigan and Green Bay without traversing the dangerous Porte des Morts strait. The canal is approximately 1.3 miles (2.1 km) long, cutting through
28-473: Is laid about 10 inches (25 cm) thick at the sides and nearly 3 ft (0.91 m) thick at the bottom of a canal, built up in layers. Puddle has to be kept wet in order to remain waterproof so it is important for canals to be kept filled with water. The clay is laid down with a tool called a 'punner', or 'pun', a large rectangular block on a handle about 5 feet (1.5 m) long, or trodden down, or compacted by some other means (e.g. by an excavator using
42-601: The Great Lakes to the Hudson River . This canal initiated a half-century-long boom of canal building and brought about many new features that allowed canals to be used in different areas previously inaccessible to canals. These features include locks, which allow a ship to move between different altitudes, and puddling , which waterproofed the canal. The standard used in the European Union for classifying
56-924: The Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light on the Lake Michigan coastline; and the Sherwood Point Lighthouse in Idlewild , on the far western end, on the southern shore of the outer edge of Sturgeon Bay. Ship canal A ship canal is a canal especially intended to accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas, or lakes to which it is connected. Ship canals can be distinguished from barge canals, which are intended to carry barges and other vessels specifically designed for river and/or canal navigation. Ships capable of navigating large bodies of open water typically have more draft, and are higher above
70-703: The 5th century BCE. In the modern era, canals in the United Kingdom are typically associated with the Duke of Bridgewater , who hired the engineer James Brindley and had the first canal (the Bridgewater Canal ) built that ran over a flowing river. In the United States, the canal that brought about an age of canal building was the Erie Canal . It was a long-sought-after canal and connected
84-564: The canal route was burned to get rid of it instead of being used for wood. The cost of completing the 1.3-mile (2.1 km) cut in 1881 was $ 291,461.69. In 1893, the Ogden private investors group sold all interest in the canal to the United States government . Since that time, the canal has been maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The original canal was 100 feet (30 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep. As of May 2016,
98-547: The canal was 125 feet (38 m) wide and 20 feet (6.1 m) deep. Two jetties frame the canal's southeast entrance, each extending about 1,200 feet (370 m) into Lake Michigan. Several famous lighthouses mark the course of the canal and channel, including the Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse at the eastern entrance on the northern side of the canal (approximately 230 feet (70 m) from Lake Michigan) next to Coast Guard Station Sturgeon Bay ;
112-408: The eastern side of the peninsula in a northwest-to-southeast orientation. There are no locks . The Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal was dug by a private group headed by then-president of Chicago and North Western Railway , William B. Ogden , between July 8, 1872 and the late fall of 1881. Although smaller craft began using the canal in 1880, it was not open for large-scale watercraft until 1890. Timber along
126-487: The natural foundation below the dam, the Pennines embankments generally constructed a puddle clay-filled cutoff trench in rock directly below the central core. Later construction often used concrete to fill the cutoff trench. To make puddle, clay or heavy loam is chopped with a spade and mixed into a plastic state with water and sometimes coarse sand or grit to discourage excavation by moles or water voles . The puddle
140-655: The navigability of inland waterways is the European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN) of 1996, adopted by The Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), which defines the following classes: Puddling (civil engineering) Puddling is used in maintaining canals or reservoirs on permeable ground. The technique of puddling and its use
154-458: The size being largely dictated by the size of ships in use nearby at the time of construction or enlargement. Ship canals may be constructed for a number of reasons, including: Early canals were connected with natural rivers, either as short extensions or improvements to them. One of the first canals built was the Grand Canal of China , which was developed over a long period starting in
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#1732776327242168-402: The use of rolled clay in the core, and better control of moisture content. A considerable number of early notable dams were built in that era and they are now sometimes referred to as the 'Pennines embankment' type. These dams are characterized by a slender vertical puddle clay core supported on both sides by earthfill shoulders of more heterogeneous material. To control under-seepage through
182-446: The water than vessels for inland navigation. A ship canal therefore typically offers deeper water and higher bridge clearances than a barge canal suitable for vessels of similar length and width constraints. Ship canals may be specially constructed from the start to accommodate ships, or less frequently they may be enlarged barge canals or canalized or channelized rivers . There are no specific minimum dimensions for ship canals, with
196-573: Was developed by early canal engineer James Brindley ; it is considered his greatest contribution to engineering. This processed material was used extensively in UK canal construction in the period starting circa 1780. Starting about 1840 puddle clay was used more widely as the water-retaining element (or core) within earthfill dams , particularly in the Pennines . Its usage in UK dams was superseded about 1960 by
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