A prison farm (also known as a penal farm ) is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts are forced to work — legally or illegally — on a farm (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining. In the United States, such forced labor is made legal by the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution ; however, some other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and labor camp overlap, with the idea that the prisoners are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a penal colony .
42-646: St Heliers Correctional Centre is a prison farm for men located outside the town of Muswellbrook , New South Wales , Australia, and operated by the Corrective Services division of the Department of Communities and Justice . St Heliers generally holds prisoners serving sentences under State or Australian criminal law and has a capacity of 256. The property was originally settled by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Dumaresq and named after Saint Helier , Jersey . The New South Wales State Government purchased
84-479: A crime. In response to this, the southern state legislatures implemented " Black Codes ", which were laws that explicitly applied to African-Americans and subjected them to criminal prosecution for minor offenses like breaking curfew, loitering, and not carrying proof of employment. These new laws led to more prisoners for the penal system that could all be leased by the state so that it can use their labor for profit. Widespread convict leasing ended by World War II , but
126-711: A local abattoir, and help maintain the Muswellbrook Cemetery and Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The mobile outreach program of the correctional centre has worked on signage and restoration of the Great North Road , a trail from Sydney to the Hunter Valley built by convict labour during the 1820s, and listed on both the Australian National Heritage List and UNESCO 's World Heritage list. The mobile prison program
168-480: A long history of penal servitude even before passage of the Penal Servitude Act of 1853, and routinely used convict labor to settle its conquests, either through penal colonies or by selling convicts to settlers to serve for a term of years as indentured servants . This type of penal institution has mainly been implanted in rural regions of vast countries. For example, the following passage describes
210-538: A part of prison industries and not prison farms. In 2009, Canada shut down six of its major prison farms. Canada had used its prison farms as a way to generate revenue, as well as to give prisoners skills post-release. In 2009, the House of Commons in Canada announced that the skills that prison farms had been giving inmates were outdated, and that prison labor should focus on work related to more modern skills. Although
252-814: A permanent vehicle registration plate or temporary tag. See also Vehicle registration plates of the United States . A vehicle registration program tracks detailed vehicle information, such as odometer history, to prevent automobile-related crimes such as odometer fraud . Many DMVs allow third parties to issue registration materials. These may include companies that specialize in processing registration application paperwork (often called "tag agents") or car dealers . Tag agents are given direct access to DMV systems (as in Louisiana ). Dealers often use their state DMV's electronic vehicle registration (EVR) program. The certification of ownership of automotive vehicles
294-477: A person under investigation by the DMV refuses to answer questions or meet with DMV law enforcement agents, their registration and tags may be canceled. Although a citizen has a constitutional right not to speak or meet with sworn law enforcement officers while under investigation, no constitutional right protects a person's motor vehicle registration with a state agency. Another example of this flexibility of police powers
336-481: A secured loan . Several DMVs provide an Electronic Lien and Title program for lienholders. Duties of the DMV include enforcement of state and federal laws regarding motor vehicles. Many departments have sworn law enforcement officers who enforce DMV regulations that are codified in state law. In North Carolina , for example, the DMV contains an element known as "License and Theft." Stolen motor vehicles are tracked down by "Inspectors," sworn law enforcement officers of
378-462: A state who wish to operate motor vehicles must possess a driver's license issued by their state DMV, and their vehicles must show license plates (and current registration tags or stickers) issued by that agency. Armed Forces active duty service members are an exception to this general rule; by federal law, servicemembers do not change legal residence when relocating to a new duty station unless they take voluntary action to do so. These individuals have
420-653: A state's government tends to vary widely. Hawaii is the only U.S. state where no part of the state government performs DMV functions; it has completely delegated vehicle registration and driver licensing to county governments. In Kentucky , the Transportation Cabinet sets the policies and designs for licenses and vehicle registration; but the actual registration and licensing are handled by county clerks' (vehicle registration) and Circuit Court clerks' (drivers licensing) offices. Likewise, in Tennessee ,
462-673: A useless program. Since the Canadian Prison Farm Program was found to not be effective, along with its inherent inequalities, it seemed to make sense to just shut it down altogether. The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution , which ended slavery, specifically carved out the concept of penal servitude (i.e., forced and unpaid labor as a punishment for a crime). This exemption only affected those who have been convicted of crimes, not those who were still awaiting trial. Britain had
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#1732800720077504-675: A violation is a $ 1,000 fine and, for first time offenders, a revocation of the inspection permit for 30 days. Inspection stations face permanent permit revocation for subsequent offenses. In New York , the Division of Field Investigations (DFI) is the criminal investigations arm of the DMV. It employs investigators to combat auto theft, identity theft, and fraudulent document-related crimes that take place in New York. These investigators are armed New York State peace officers with statewide authority to enforce laws and handle investigations. In Texas,
546-433: Is found in the policies of many states regarding suspected DUI offenders. If a person is stopped by police under suspicion of driving while impaired , and refuses a breath test to determine blood alcohol content , the DMV automatically revokes that person's license for one year. Even if evidence of that person's impairment is found insufficient at trial, the individual loses their driving privileges simply for having refused
588-489: Is handled by each state's DMV normally by issuing a vehicle title . The types of vehicles certified by a DMV varies by state. While almost all DMVs title vehicles that are driven on roadways, the responsibility to title boats, mobile homes, and off-road vehicles can be the responsibility of other agencies such as a Department of Natural Resources (DNR). As the issuer of vehicle titles, DMVs are also usually responsible for recording liens made with an automobile as collateral on
630-478: Is most commonly used to describe the agency (where it exists); however, diverse titles are used in different jurisdictions. Hawaii Department of Motor Vehicle Now Maui County Motor Vehicle -Licensing Drivers License Division Motor Vehicles Division both under the Kauai County Department of Motor Vehicles The location of a department or division of motor vehicles within the structure of
672-552: Is the largest prison farm covering 18,000 acres (7,300 hectares); it is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River. Canada has six large prison farms, which were closed in 2010. Beginning in 2019, two of the farms were gradually reopened. Convict leasing was a system of penal labor that was primarily practiced in the Southern United States , widely involved the use of African-American men, and
714-410: The central government . Driver licensing and vehicle registration in the United States are handled by the state government in all states but Hawaii , where local governments perform DMV functions. In Canada , driver licensing and vehicle registration are handled at the provincial government level. The Uniform Vehicle Code prefers the name "Department of Motor Vehicles". The acronym "DMV"
756-535: The Automobile Burglary and Theft Prevention Authority (ABTPA) educates Texans on how to protect themselves from motor vehicle theft and awards financial grants to curtail auto theft and burglary. The division is also involved in a program that helps to prevent stolen motor vehicles from entering Mexico. Compared to standard law enforcement officers, DMV law enforcement agents operate with greater flexibility when it comes to their specific police powers. If
798-466: The Canadian prison farm system has been shut down since 2009, the debate as to whether or not the farms should reopen has continued. The group called Save our Prison Farms (SOPF) has been trying to revive the prison farm concept, since they did not want to pay for farm labor. When active, the prison farms highlighted many inherent inequalities within Canadian society. For example, the incarceration rate of
840-540: The Department of Motor Vehicles handles both driver licensing and vehicle registration, while the Virginia State Police and the Department of Environmental Quality administer safety inspection and emission inspection, respectively. The program is simply administered by the state; actual inspections are performed by specific authorized employees of privately owned gas stations and garages licensed by
882-626: The Department of Revenue and the Driver License Services Division of the Department of Safety and Homeland Security establishes policies and designs for licenses and vehicle registration, but the actual registration and licensing are handled by county clerks. In the District of Columbia , which is not part of any state, the DMV (formerly the Bureau of Motor Vehicle Services) is part of the city government. In Virginia ,
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#1732800720077924-547: The Division of Motor Vehicles and the Driver License Services Division, respectively, is a division of each state's Department of Safety (in Tennessee, Department of Safety and Homeland Security). In Vermont , the Department of Motor Vehicles is a subunit of the state Agency of Transportation. Some states do not separate DMV functions into distinct organizational entities at all, but simply bundle them into responsibilities assigned to an existing government agency. For example, in
966-535: The United States), driver's licenses have often become the de facto identification card for many purposes, and DMV agencies have effectively become the agency responsible for verifying identity in their respective states, even the identity of non-drivers. The REAL ID Act of 2005 is an attempt to provide a national standard for identification cards in the United States as identification cards are commonly used in everyday life. In some states, besides conducting
1008-610: The ages of seven and sixteen, under the name of the Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School , was opened at Concord in 1909, and in March 1909 the Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School for negro youth was provided for. Charitable and penal institutions are under the supervision of a Board of Public Charities, appointed by the governor for a period of six years, the terms of
1050-453: The different members expiring in different years. Private institutions for the care of the insane, idiots, feeble-minded, and inebriates may be established, but must be licensed and regulated by the state board and become legally a part of the system of public charities." In 21st-century Illinois, several prisons continue to run farms to produce food for wards of the state, including the prisoners themselves. The 1911 Britannica also reported that
1092-420: The government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being farmed out through the practice of convict leasing to work on private agricultural lands or related industries (fishing, lumbering, etc.). The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the cost of free labor. Louisiana State Penitentiary
1134-471: The indigenous " First Nations " people of Canada was ten times greater than that of non-aboriginal Canadians. in 2009, when the prison farm program in Canada was about to shut down, the Government of Canada gave three reasons to cut the program: The revenue of the six prisons was CA$ 7.5 million, while the expenses were CA$ 11.5 million, with a net loss to the government of about four million dollars on
1176-517: The loopholes in the 13th Amendment still permit the use of prisoners to work without pay. Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state department of motor vehicles , work in textile or other state-run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. Other types of work include food service or groundskeeping. These laborers are typically considered to be
1218-507: The manufacturing of "U.S. Government" plates to be mounted on such vehicles. However, federal employees authorized to drive such vehicles must still be licensed by their home state or territory. The Office of Foreign Missions at the U.S. Department of State has a Diplomatic Motor Vehicles program that issues driver's licenses to foreign diplomats and their dependents, registers their vehicles, and issues special diplomatic license plates. In countries with no national identification card (like
1260-567: The option of retaining the license and vehicle registration of their legal residence or obtaining a new license and registration locally. Some states also let out-of-state college students maintain their existing license and/or registration. The federal government registers vehicles which it owns or leases through the General Services Administration (GSA), a federal agency, rather than with any state or territorial DMV. GSA contracts with Federal Prison Industries for
1302-658: The prison farms previously closed by the end of 2019. Films and television shows featuring prison farms and forced prison labor: Department of motor vehicles A department of motor vehicles ( DMV ) is a government agency that administers motor vehicle registration and driver licensing . In countries with federal states such as in North America, these agencies are generally administered by subnational entities governments, while in unitary states such as many of those in Europe, DMVs are organized nationally by
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1344-497: The prison system of the U.S. state of North Carolina in the early twentieth century: "The state prison is at Raleigh, although most of the convicts are distributed upon farms owned and operated by the state. The lease system does not prevail, but the farming out of convict labor is permitted by the constitution; such labor is used chiefly for the building of railways, the convicts so employed being at all times cared for and guarded by state officials. A reformatory for white youth between
1386-525: The property in 1945 and it was used as a child welfare institution until its closure in 1986. It reopened as a correctional centre in September 1989. The centre is largely self-sufficient in terms of beef and vegetable produce and provides the 9,700 prisoners in the other low security prisons in NSW with food. At peak, the centre runs 350 head of cattle. Inmates are also involved in furniture restoration, work in
1428-406: The sobriety test. In most states, a separate identification card indicating residency is optionally provided in the case that one does not have a driver's license. A liquor identification is also provided in some jurisdictions for residents to affirm their age of majority to sellers of liquor, although a state-issued ID that proves the individual is over the legal drinking age often suffices. This
1470-438: The state employed by the DMV, and suspected cases of fraudulent registrations, license plates, and/or theft of those elements are investigated. Inspectors also investigate independent inspection stations licensed by the DMV. At times, some of these stations violate DMV regulations codified by law. The most common of these violations is passing inspection for a vehicle with windows tinted below the legal limits . The penalty for such
1512-476: The state of Washington , the Department of Licensing is responsible for driver's licenses and vehicle and boat registrations in addition to most other business and occupational licensing. In Maine , Michigan , and Illinois , the Secretary of State's offices perform responsibilities that would be handled by the DMV in other states. Almost all long-term residents ("long term" in this case means over 30 days) of
1554-576: The state of Rhode Island had a farm of 667 acres (2.70 km ) in the southern part of Cranston City housing (and presumably taking labor from): "the state prison, the Providence county jail, the state workhouse and the house of correction, the state almshouse, the state hospital for the insane, the Sockanosset school for boys, and the Oaklawn school for girls, the last two being departments of
1596-533: The state reform school." There are prison farms in other countries. Canada had six prison farms, where up to 800 inmates did everything from tending pigs to milking cows, until they were closed in 2010 by the Conservative government. In 2015, the Liberal government began conducting feasibility studies to determine if the program can be restarted. In 2018, the Liberal government announced plans to reopen two of
1638-520: The state. In some states, the DMV is not a separate cabinet-level department, but instead is a division or bureau within a larger department. Departments that perform DMV functions include the Department of Justice ( Montana ), the Department of Public Safety ( Texas , Ohio ), the Department of Revenue ( Missouri , Kansas , and Colorado ), and the Department of Transportation ( Arizona , Delaware , Maryland , North Carolina , Oregon , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin ). In New Hampshire and Tennessee ,
1680-429: The written and hands-on driving tests that are a prerequisite to earning a driver's license, DMVs also regulate private driving schools and their instructors. All DMVs issue their state's driver's manual , which all drivers are expected to know and abide by. Knowledge of the driver's manual is tested prior to issuing a permit or license. DMVs are responsible for providing an identification number for vehicles, either with
1722-517: Was prominently used after the American Civil War . In this system, southern states leased prisoners to large plantations and private mines or railways. This system led to the states earning a profit, while the prisoners earned no pay and faced dangerous working conditions. The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the use of slavery and involuntary servitude but explicitly exempts those who have been convicted of
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1764-477: Was suspended in 2003. In 2012 the centre commenced a thoroughbred retraining and rehabilitation program in conjunction with Racing NSW. Prison farm The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain. In addition to being forced to labor directly for
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