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109-805: St Mark Passion refers to the Passion of Christ as told in chapters 14 and 15 of the Gospel of Mark . It may also refer to compositions based on that text: Mark 14 Having 72 verses , this is the longest chapter in Mark's Gospel. The Gospel of Matthew 's chapter which covers the same material, Matthew 26 , has 75 verses. This chapter's material is presented somewhat differently in Luke 22 , which has 71 verses. Jesus' arrest at Gethsemane, his trial, and Peter's denials are found in John 18 :1-27. The original text

218-460: A false prophet at the same moment his prophecies are coming true (Brown et al. 627) Mark states the entire group condemned Jesus, but states in 15:43 that Joseph of Arimathea , a member of the council, was perhaps a secret disciple and took possession of Jesus' body. Did he condemn Jesus as well? Luke 23:51 states that he did not. Jesus finally declaring he is the Son of God at the moment it

327-403: A linen garment", was seized by the crowd and left his clothes behind and fled away naked . Theologian Albert Barnes argues that he was not a disciple, but "he may have been the owner of the garden". Some writers, for example Bishop Tom Wright , think this might be a self-reference to Mark himself. Others think it might refer to the man mentioned in the disputed Secret Gospel of Mark or

436-575: A crime are required under Jewish law according to Deuteronomy 19:15 . The high priest, unnamed in Mark but surely Caiaphas, asks Jesus himself about what people have said about him but he does not answer. He then asks Jesus directly if he is the "...Christ, the Son of the Blessed One?" "'I am', said Jesus, 'and you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on

545-526: A crowd sent by the priests, teachers, and elders. Who exactly this crowd is Mark does not say, but the Sanhedrin did have a Temple police force (Kilgallen 271). According to John, Judas came with soldiers and men from the Sanhedrin. Judas comes and kisses Jesus, which Mark says was a prearranged sign between Judas and the others. A kiss was a traditional greeting given to a teacher (Brown et al. 626) All

654-521: A description of the Last Supper in 1 Corinthians 11:23-26 , stating that Jesus gave bread as his body and wine as his blood on the night he was betrayed. This is one of the few details of Jesus' life, apart from his crucifixion and resurrection , that Paul gives in his letters . They travel to Gethsemane , probably an olive grove which is located at the edge of the Kidron Valley on

763-512: A god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference". Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator (not necessarily a God) would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old. Some theologians, such as Alister McGrath , argue that

872-648: A higher power or God after the experience. About a quarter of those afflicted by temporal lobe seizures experience what is described as a religious experience and may become preoccupied by thoughts of God even if they were not previously. Neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran hypothesizes that seizures in the temporal lobe, which is closely connected to the emotional center of the brain, the limbic system , may lead to those afflicted to view even banal objects with heightened meaning. Psychologists studying feelings of awe found that participants feeling awe after watching scenes of natural wonders become more likely to believe in

981-599: A hymn, "in all probability the concluding portion of the Hallel ", and leave and return to the Mount of Olives . The singing of hymns on Passover was a way of giving thanks. (Kilgallen 268) According to Luke, Jesus told everyone to take a purse, a bag, and two swords with them (see also But to bring a sword ). During the Passover meal the wine was usually consumed during the eating of the bread, but here it occurs after, probably

1090-499: A large Essene community, which has led some scholars to speculate about a link between Jesus and that group. Jesus tells them they will be met by "a man carrying a jar of water" ( 13 ) and that he will lead them to another man's house. They are to ask the house's owner where "the teacher" has a guest room and that the man will show them the upper room in the house and that is where they are to have dinner. They do as he said and everything happens as he said it would and they "...prepared

1199-421: A means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups. Johns Hopkins researchers studying

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1308-516: A non-theistic religion, Buddhism leaves the existence of a supreme deity ambiguous. There are significant numbers of Buddhists who believe in God, and there are equally large numbers who deny God's existence or are unsure. Chinese religions such as Confucianism and Taoism are silent on the existence of creator gods. However, keeping with the tradition of ancestor veneration in China , adherents worship

1417-586: A reprieve from what he is about to undergo. "' Abba , Father,' he said, 'everything is possible for you. Take this cup from me. Yet not what I will , but what you will.'" ( 36 ) He mentioned the cup he had to drink in Mark 10:39 . Jesus, after his three predictions of his Passion in Mark 8:31 , 9:31, and 10:33-34, now says that he wants to live, but then tells God to do whatever God wants, submitting to God's will. Jesus shows total confidence in God, first seeming to say that God can change his plans even at this point if he wishes, and secondly that whatever God decides

1526-400: A supernatural being and to see events as the result of design, even when given randomly generated numbers. Theistic religious traditions often require worship of God and sometimes hold that the purpose of existence is to worship God. To address the issue of an all-powerful being demanding to be worshipped, it is held that God does not need or benefit from worship but that worship is for

1635-403: A third time and returns and tells them to get up because the "hour has come" for him to be betrayed. The number three occurs a significant number of times here. Jesus travels with three disciples, and leaves and prays three times. He has predicted all this will occur three times. Some have seen the occurrence of three a divine symbol, others a sign of Mark's narrative ability. The use of three

1744-493: A trial of him or not is not stated, only that Caiaphas took Jesus to Pilate . Luke records Jesus being beaten at the high priest's house and the trial starting the following morning. The Sanhedrin tries to find evidence against Jesus but according to Mark does not, only false testimony, including that Jesus claimed he would destroy the Temple building. Mark says that the witnesses did not agree with each other. Multiple witnesses to

1853-410: Is omnipotent , omniscient, and benevolent. This belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Dystheism , which is related to theodicy , is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the problem of evil . Omnipotence (all-powerful) is an attribute often ascribed to God. The omnipotence paradox

1962-553: Is "beyond" being and is both the source of the Universe and the teleological purpose of all things. Aristotle theorized a first uncaused cause for all motion in the universe and viewed it as perfectly beautiful, immaterial, unchanging and indivisible. Aseity is the property of not depending on any cause other than itself for its existence. Avicenna held that there must be a necessarily existent guaranteed to exist by its essence—it cannot "not" exist—and that humans identify this as God. Secondary causation refers to God creating

2071-558: Is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh, and often sees usage by Jews and Christians in the interjection " Hallelujah ", meaning 'praise Jah', which is used to give God glory. In Judaism , some of the Hebrew titles of God are considered holy names . Allāh ( Arabic : الله ) is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews meaning 'the God', while ʾilāh ( إِلَٰه , plural `āliha آلِهَة )

2180-475: Is an extraordinary intervention by God, such as miracles . Deism holds that God exists but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it, such as answering prayers or producing miracles. Deists sometimes attribute this to God having no interest in or not being aware of humanity. Pandeists would hold that God does not intervene because God is the Universe. Of those theists who hold that God has an interest in humanity, most hold that God

2289-476: Is beginningless. Some interpretations and traditions of Buddhism can be conceived as being non-theistic . Buddhism has generally rejected the specific monotheistic view of a creator deity . The Buddha criticizes the theory of creationism in the early Buddhist texts . Also, major Indian Buddhist philosophers, such as Nagarjuna , Vasubandhu , Dharmakirti , and Buddhaghosa , consistently critiqued Creator God views put forth by Hindu thinkers. However, as

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2398-424: Is contradictory as that would entail opposing himself. Omniscience (all-knowing) is an attribute often ascribed to God. This implies that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, either their free will might be illusory or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient. Open Theism limits God's omniscience by contending that, due to

2507-625: Is derived from the Proto-Germanic *ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form *ǵhu-tó-m was probably based on the root *ǵhau(ə)- , which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter , but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism , the words became a masculine syntactic form . In English, capitalization

2616-487: Is elaborated considerably in the other gospels". According to Matthew , the payment was thirty silver coins . Mark does not state Judas' reason for betraying Jesus, but has this occur immediately after the anointing, perhaps showing a causal link. According to Luke's account, Satan took possession of Judas and caused him to do these things. John says Satan "prompted" Judas to do this. The next day ( Holy Thursday ), Jesus' disciples ask him where they should go to eat

2725-414: Is most often framed with the example "Could God create a stone so heavy that even he could not lift it?" as God could either be unable to create that stone or lift that stone and so could not be omnipotent. This is often countered with variations of the argument that omnipotence, like any other attribute ascribed to God, only applies as far as it is noble enough to befit God and thus God cannot lie, or do what

2834-439: Is my body." ( 22 ) He then does the same with a cup of wine and passes it around to everyone. "'This is my blood of the covenant , which is poured out for many,' he said to them. 'I tell you the truth, I will not drink again of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it anew in the kingdom of God .'" ( 24-25 ) This might be related to Isaiah 53:12 in his description of the suffering servant. The original covenant

2943-762: Is no deity except God." In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in Father , Son ( Jesus ), and Holy Spirit . In past centuries, this fundamental mystery of the Christian faith was also summarized by the Latin formula Sancta Trinitas, Unus Deus (Holy Trinity, Unique God), reported in the Litanias Lauretanas . God in Hinduism is viewed differently by diverse strands of

3052-493: Is not stated, and it does not say in any of the Gospels if Judas is in hell . Both John and Luke have Judas possessed by Satan . The recently released, and still largely unstudied, Gospel of Judas also has Judas betray Jesus to the priests for payment but has this as much more of the divine plan. Later Jesus takes some bread and divides it up and gives thanks and gives the pieces to the disciples. He tells them "Take it; this

3161-499: Is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Sacrifice for the sake of God is another act of devotion that includes fasting and almsgiving . Remembrance of God in daily life include mentioning interjections thanking God when feeling gratitude or phrases of adoration , such as repeating chants while performing other activities. Transtheistic religious traditions may believe in

3270-614: Is often conceived as the greatest entity in existence. God is often believed to be the cause of all things and so is seen as the creator, sustainer , and ruler of the universe. God is often thought of as incorporeal and independent of the material creation, while pantheism holds that God is the universe itself. God is sometimes seen as omnibenevolent , while deism holds that God is not involved with humanity apart from creation. Some traditions attach spiritual significance to maintaining some form of relationship with God, often involving acts such as worship and prayer , and see God as

3379-485: Is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology , which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems. Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries. Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of

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3488-501: Is only one deity, referred to as "God" (with uppercase g ). Comparing or equating other entities to God is viewed as idolatry in monotheism, and is often strongly condemned. Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic traditions in the world. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid , meaning 'oneness' or "uniqueness'. The first pillar of Islam is an oath that forms the basis of the religion and which non-Muslims wishing to convert must recite, declaring that, "I testify that there

3597-440: Is perhaps indicative of an oral source for Mark, as three is a common feature of orally transmitted stories , such as jokes (So Jesus, Muhammad , and Buddha walk into a bar...). (Brown 145) Matthew has him leave and return three times but Luke seems to say he only went away once, and that he was visited by an angel and his sweat became "...like drops of blood...", perhaps a symptom of hematidrosis . Judas arrives along with

3706-415: Is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim, however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science and without invoking divine beings. A deity, or "god" (with lowercase g ), refers to a supernatural being. Monotheism is the belief that there

3815-404: Is somehow the glory predicted for the Son of Man. Jesus also predicted his betrayal in Mark 9:31 and 10:33 By predicting this Jesus says that Judas' betrayal is preordained, but that he will be punished for his behavior nevertheless. This has raised issues of determinism and the justice of God. If Judas had no choice in what he was to do, why should he be punished? What exactly his punishment

3924-472: Is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism . A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. The view that all theists actually worship

4033-422: Is talking about. According to John he denied he knew Jesus to her to gain entry to the courtyard. He walks away to the entryway but she yells to those around him that he is one of Jesus' followers, which he denies. The people around him seem to know he is from Galilee and assume he's with Jesus and start to curse him. According to Matthew, they recognized his accent . He denies knowing Jesus a third time as he hears

4142-598: Is the right decision. (Kilgallen 270) He goes back and finds the three asleep and asks them why they could not even stay awake an hour and tells them to pray to avoid " temptation ". Temptation might be tempted to fall asleep. In Matthew 6:13 during the Sermon on the Mount he speaks of the temptation of evil , which might be what he is referring to here. He goes back and asks God the same thing, then returns to find them asleep again. They wake up, say nothing, and Jesus leaves for

4251-489: Is the term used for a deity or a god in general. Muslims also use a multitude of other titles for God. In Hinduism , Brahman is often considered a monistic concept of God. God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the personal nature of God , with early references to his name as Krishna - Vasudeva in Bhagavata or later Vishnu and Hari . Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa

4360-587: Is the term used in Balinese Hinduism . In Chinese religion , Shangdi is conceived as the progenitor of the universe, intrinsic to it and constantly bringing order to it. Ahura Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism . "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā- , nominative Mazdå , reflects Proto-Iranian *Mazdāh (female) . It is generally taken to be the proper name of

4469-493: Is the universe and the universe is God and denies that God transcends the Universe. For pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza , the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature. Pantheism is sometimes objected to as not providing any meaningful explanation of God with the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer stating, "Pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism." Pandeism holds that God

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4578-459: Is the view that the truth values of certain claims—especially metaphysical and religious claims such as whether God , the divine or the supernatural exist—are unknown and perhaps unknowable. Theism generally holds that God exists objectively and independently of human thought and is sometimes used to refer to any belief in God or gods. Some view the existence of God as an empirical question. Richard Dawkins states that "a universe with

4687-692: Is to the Wonderful Lord." Baha , the "greatest" name for God in the Baháʼí Faith , is Arabic for "All-Glorious". Other names for God include Aten in ancient Egyptian Atenism where Aten was proclaimed to be the one "true" supreme being and creator of the universe, Chukwu in Igbo , and Hayyi Rabbi in Mandaeism . The existence of God is a subject of debate in theology , philosophy of religion and popular culture . In philosophical terms,

4796-615: Is used to condemn him shows the centrality of the Passion to Jesus' status as messiah . (Kilgallen 274) During this trial and the next, Jesus hardly gives any defense at all except his proclamations he is the messiah and the Son of God and the King of the Jews . Many have seen a link with this and Isaiah 53:7 . He gives a short defense and a different less direct declaration of being the messiah in John. The main accusations against Jesus center around

4905-404: Is used when the word is used as a proper noun , as well as for other names by which a god is known. Consequently, the capitalized form of god is not used for multiple gods or when used to refer to the generic idea of a deity . The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions,

5014-428: Is wise, but can say that God is not ignorant (i.e. in some way God has some properties of knowledge). Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that one has to understand a "personal god" as an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe." Pantheism holds that God

5123-673: The Passover feast. Passover is the celebration of God passing over the houses of the Israelite slaves but killing the firstborn son of every Egyptian house in Exodus 12:29 during the Ten Plagues . It was celebrated in tandem with the feast of Unleavened Bread Mark says this is on the first day of the Feast and the day the Jews sacrificed the Passover lamb . The lamb was killed on

5232-573: The alabaster jar containing the perfume and pours it on Jesus' head. Some unnamed people there become angry and say that this is a waste: the perfume could have been sold for 300 denarii and the proceeds given to the poor . Jesus, however, is pleased with her and rebukes her critics: Why are you bothering her? She has done a beautiful thing to me. The poor you will always have with you, and you can help them any time you want. But you will not always have me. She did what she could. She poured perfume on my body beforehand to prepare for my burial. I tell you

5341-401: The anthropic principle , and so would not learn of, for example, life on other planets or of universes that did not occur because of different laws of physics . Non-theists have argued that complex processes that have natural explanations yet to be discovered are referred to the supernatural, called god of the gaps . Other theists, such as John Henry Newman who believed theistic evolution

5450-463: The Last Supper on the thirteenth and so not the Passover meal. He tells two unnamed disciples to go to the "city": although Mark does not state which city, it was clearly Jerusalem, about two miles from Bethany, as after the meal they go to the Mount of Olives . According to tradition the Last Supper took place in the Room of the Last Supper on Mount Zion just outside Jerusalem. This was an area with

5559-470: The Passover." ( 16 ) This episode shows Jesus' power over the situation. The owner of the house seems to know Jesus as "teacher", perhaps indicating that he was an unnamed disciple. Jesus and the Twelve Apostles arrive. Mark says it was evening. As the new Jewish day began at sundown, this is now the Passover and this is the Passover meal. This is the day of Jesus' death, Good Friday . Jesus tells

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5668-472: The Punjabi language. Vāhi (a Middle Persian borrowing) means 'wonderful', and guru ( Sanskrit : guru ) is a term denoting 'teacher'. Waheguru is also described by some as an experience of ecstasy which is beyond all description. The most common usage of the word Waheguru is in the greeting Sikhs use with each other— Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh , "Wonderful Lord's Khalsa , Victory

5777-417: The Temple, not Jesus' disagreements with Jewish law. Many scholars believe that it was the incident in the Temple in Mark 11:12-18 that initiated the governmental action against Jesus. Peter is in the courtyard below. According to John he was there with another unnamed disciple. One of the high priest's servant girls walks by him and says that Peter too had been with Jesus. He says he does not know what she

5886-432: The argument from morality is the argument from conscience which argues for the existence of God given the existence of a conscience that informs of right and wrong, even against prevailing moral codes. Philosopher John Locke instead argued that conscience is a social construct and thus could lead to contradicting morals. Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. Agnosticism

5995-449: The atheist J. L. Mackie agreed that the argument is valid, they disagreed with its premises. David Hume argued that there is no basis to believe in objective moral truths while biologist E. O. Wilson theorized that the feelings of morality are a by-product of natural selection in humans and would not exist independent of the mind. Philosopher Michael Lou Martin argued that a subjective account for morality can be acceptable. Similar to

6104-568: The benefit of the worshipper. Mahatma Gandhi expressed the view that God does not need his supplication and that, "Prayer is not an asking. It is a longing of the soul. It is a daily admission of one's weakness." Invoking God in prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Depending on the tradition, God can be viewed as a personal God who is only to be invoked directly while other traditions allow praying to intermediaries, such as saints , to intercede on their behalf. Prayer often also includes supplication such as asking forgiveness . God

6213-484: The betrayer. According to Matthew, Judas denied it was him, to which Jesus replied that Judas is indeed the one he is talking about. According to John, Jesus gave Judas some bread as a signal that Judas was the betrayer and that Judas was possessed by Satan and that Jesus told him to leave to go and betray him. No passage of the Old Testament speaks of the Son of Man's suffering, so Jesus might be saying his death

6322-645: The clouds of heaven .'" ( 61-62 ) According to Matthew, Jesus answered "Yes, it is as you say"; according to Luke, he said "You are right in saying I am". The high priest tears at his clothes and declares that this statement is blasphemy and asks everyone what they think. Blasphemy is defined in Leviticus 24:10-16 . They all condemn him and spit on him and then blindfold him and punch him and mock him, telling him to prophesy. The guards then take him and beat him. Jesus has predicted all this will happen so Mark might be using this ironically to have Jesus condemned as

6431-411: The day after the sacrifice. Either Mark is using a non-Jewish reckoning of time or is using his method of double time chronology , such as 1:32 , where two temporally separated events are sandwiched together. The other synoptic gospels agree with Mark on this chronology. John 19:14 however has Jesus' death occur during the slaughter of the Passover lamb, making his death the fourteenth and thus

6540-520: The dead, an anointing by God . There is no time to anoint him when he is taken down from the cross and his body is not there for the women to anoint three days later ( Mark 16:1 ). Jesus foreshadows his death and this is the last anointing, an expensive one at that, that he will receive. Mark states in Mark 1:1 that his book is "the good news of Jesus the anointed one", the word Christ meaning "anointed". The woman understands Jesus' importance more than do

6649-460: The doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism , mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement. Fideism is the position that in certain topics, notably theology such as in reformed epistemology , faith is superior than reason in arriving at truths. Some theists argue that there is value to

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6758-503: The eastern side of Jerusalem, and Jesus tells the group to wait for him as he goes and prays. According to John and Luke, Jesus and the disciples had met there often. Mark does not say whether or not Judas was with the group at this point but according to John he left the group during dinner at Jesus' request. He takes Peter, James , and John with him. Along the way he says he is so sad he could die and tells them to keep watch and then walks off by himself and prays. He asks God to grant him

6867-470: The effects of the "spirit molecule" DMT , which is both an endogenous molecule in the human brain and the active molecule in the psychedelic ayahuasca , found that a large majority of respondents said DMT brought them into contact with a "conscious, intelligent, benevolent, and sacred entity", and describe interactions that oozed joy, trust, love, and kindness. More than half of those who had previously self-identified as atheists described some type of belief in

6976-434: The existence of God is not a question that can be answered using the scientific method . Agnostic Stephen Jay Gould argued that science and religion are not in conflict and proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called " non-overlapping magisteria " (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural , such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non - empirical and are

7085-399: The existence of at least one god is called theism . Conceptions of God vary considerably. Many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God . Atheism rejects the belief in any deity. Agnosticism is the belief that the existence of God is unknown or unknowable . Some theists view knowledge concerning God as derived from faith. God

7194-415: The existence of deities but deny any spiritual significance to them. The term has been used to describe certain strands of Buddhism, Jainism and Stoicism . Among religions that do attach spirituality to the relationship with God disagree as how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view

7303-589: The existence of other deities. Transcendence is the aspect of God's nature that is completely independent of the material universe and its physical laws. Many supposed characteristics of God are described in human terms. Anselm thought that God did not feel emotions such as anger or love, but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding. The incongruity of judging "being" against something that might not exist, led many medieval philosophers approach to knowledge of God through negative attributes, called Negative theology . For example, one should not say that God

7412-399: The existence of ugliness in the universe. This has also been countered by arguing that beauty has no objective reality and so the universe could be seen as ugly or that humans have made what is more beautiful than nature. The argument from morality argues for the existence of God given the assumption of the objective existence of morals . While prominent non-theistic philosophers such as

7521-538: The fourteenth day of the Hebrew month of Nisan , making Jesus' death the following day on the fifteenth, Passover. Mark states that the lamb was sacrificed on the first day of the feast, having the dinner on the same day as the sacrifice of the lamb. This would be correct from our modern notion of a day beginning at Midnight , but the Jewish day began at sundown and so the Passover dinner from their point of view occurred

7630-438: The gospel history". Mark states that the chief priests were looking for a way "by craft", or "by trickery" to arrest Jesus. They determine not to do this during the feast, because they were afraid that the people would riot . Some translations emphasise the proposed subtlety or trickery in the priests' approach; others emphasise that they were looking for secrecy , to avoid popular knowledge of his arrest. Meanwhile, Jesus

7739-645: The ground of all being, immanent in and transcendent over the whole world of reality, with immanence and transcendence being the contrapletes of personality. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation , and the "greatest conceivable existent". These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Maimonides , Augustine of Hippo , and Al-Ghazali , respectively. Jainism has generally rejected creationism , holding that soul substances ( Jīva ) are uncreated and that time

7848-561: The group that one of the Apostles eating dinner with him will betray him. The Apostles are saddened and all of them say one at a time that it is not them. "'It is one of the Twelve,' he replied, 'one who dips bread into the bowl with me. The Son of Man will go just as it is written about him. But woe to that man who betrays the Son of Man! It would be better for him if he had not been born.'" ( 20-21 ) In Mark, Jesus does not state who will be

7957-437: The high priest's house. There were about eight chief priests and several more elders and teachers and scribes. (Kilgallen 255) Peter follows from a distance and goes into the high priest's courtyard and stands around the fire with the guards. According to Mark, this is a secret trial at night, a rarity, and the high priest's house must have been exceedingly large to house the entire ruling body. Daniel J. Harrington argues that it

8066-430: The laws of the Universe which then can change themselves within the framework of those laws . In addition to the initial creation, occasionalism refers to the idea that the Universe would not by default continue to exist from one instant to the next and so would need to rely on God as a sustainer . While divine providence refers to any intervention by God, it is usually used to refer to "special providence", where there

8175-463: The man in the white robe found at Jesus' tomb. He could be a metaphor for the disciples, who are now naked in the world after abandoning Jesus. German theologian Paul Schanz suggested that Mark included this incident out of "a desire to exhibit in a concrete instance the danger of the situation, and the ferocity of the enemies of Jesus". Judas is not mentioned again by Mark. According to Matthew 27:5 , Judas hanged himself after trying to give back

8284-407: The man. All the other Gospels, but not Mark, have Jesus telling his disciples to stop resisting his arrest. Despite the fact that all the disciples swore to never leave him, they all quickly abandon him here. Mark (alone among the evangelists ) then relates that there was a young man who was a follower ( Greek : τις συνηκολουθει αυτω , tis synēkolouthei autō ) of Jesus, who was wearing "nothing but

8393-486: The money to the priests but then putting it in the Temple . According to Acts of the Apostles 1:18 Judas took his money and bought a field, where he "fell" and died, which might or might not be hanging. Jesus is taken to the chief priests, elders, and teachers. This body was not fixed during Jesus' time, but usually an ad hoc gathering of aristocrats and important religious officials (Brown 146). This occurs in Mark at

8502-460: The nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future and process theology holds that God does not have immutability , so is affected by his creation. Theologians of theistic personalism (the view held by René Descartes , Isaac Newton , Alvin Plantinga , Richard Swinburne , William Lane Craig , and most modern evangelicals ) argue that God is most generally

8611-491: The needs of humanity at different points in history and for different cultures, and as part of a scheme of progressive revelation and education of humanity. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism , i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism , where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism :

8720-460: The opening events "probably" happened on the Wednesday, the day celebrated by Christians as Holy Wednesday . Verse 12 moves the narrative on to on the first day of Unleavened Bread, the afternoon of the 14th Nisan , and the action continues overnight (verses 27, 30) and concludes the next morning as a rooster crows. Henry Alford notes that "chronological difficulties ... beset this part of

8829-433: The origin of the universe to argue for the existence of God. The teleological argument , also called "argument from design", uses the complexity within the universe as a proof of the existence of God. It is countered that the fine tuning required for a stable universe with life on earth is illusory, as humans are only able to observe the small part of this universe that succeeded in making such observation possible, called

8938-400: The original on 2017-11-22 . Retrieved 2021-07-03 . God In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator , and principal object of faith . In polytheistic belief systems, a god is "a spirit or being believed to have created, or for controlling some part of the universe or life, for which such a deity is often worshipped". Belief in

9047-401: The other Gospels have Jesus respond to Judas. The men grab Jesus and an unnamed person there takes his sword and attacks one of the high priests' men and cuts off his ear. Matthew and Luke say it was done by an unnamed disciple. According to John, Peter was the one who cut off the man's ear, who John says was a servant of the high priest Caiaphas named Malchus . According to Luke Jesus healed

9156-401: The other people there. It is also a signal to the reader that as Jesus is being anointed for burial the plot against him will succeed. (Brown 145) According to John 12:1–11 Jesus' feet were anointed by Lazarus ' sister Mary on the previous Saturday before he entered Jerusalem and that it was Judas who objected to her using the perfume because he was stealing from the money they used for

9265-466: The poor. The website "Catholic Online" states that this incident occurred "six days before" the passover, at Simon the Leper's house. Judas then leaves and goes to the priests and gives up Jesus. The priests are so grateful that they pay Judas for his service. Mark then says that Judas looked for the right time to betray Jesus. The planning for Judas' betrayal of Jesus "is told starkly and briefly here. It

9374-502: The proper domain of theology . The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world. Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their 2010 book, The Grand Design , that it

9483-497: The question of the existence of God involves the disciplines of epistemology (the nature and scope of knowledge) and ontology (study of the nature of being or existence ) and the theory of value (since some definitions of God include "perfection"). Ontological arguments refer to any argument for the existence of God that is based on a priori reasoning. Notable ontological arguments were formulated by Anselm and René Descartes . Cosmological arguments use concepts around

9592-406: The religion, with most Hindus having faith in a supreme reality ( Brahman ) who can be manifested in numerous chosen deities. Thus, the religion is sometimes characterized as Polymorphic Monotheism . Henotheism is the belief and worship of a single god at a time while accepting the validity of worshiping other deities. Monolatry is the belief in a single deity worthy of worship while accepting

9701-476: The risk in having faith and that if the arguments for God's existence were as rational as the laws of physics then there would be no risk. Such theists often argue that the heart is attracted to beauty, truth and goodness and so would be best for dictating about God, as illustrated through Blaise Pascal who said, "The heart has its reasons that reason does not know." A hadith attributes a quote to God as "I am what my slave thinks of me." Inherent intuition about God

9810-433: The rooster crows twice in the morning. Peter refutes it and says he will follow Jesus even if it means his own death, and the other Apostles do the same. Mark only has the straightforward, unexplained, eucharistic section sandwiched between two predictions of betrayal. This simplicity might indicate Mark's audience already knew the story of the Last Supper in greater detail than Mark relates. (Miller 47) Matthew has almost

9919-442: The same details, but Luke and John give longer accounts of the meal. John has the longest account of the Last Supper in chapters 13 – 14 . John also has Jesus' predictions of his betrayal and Peter's denials but no eucharistic ritual and has Jesus washing his disciples feet and much more of what he told them at dinner. John then has a lengthy prayer and discourse after the dinner in John 15 , 16 , and 17 . Paul also gives

10028-479: The same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in the Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism, and Sikhism. The Baháʼí Faith preaches that divine manifestations include great prophets and teachers of many of the major religious traditions such as Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, Zoroaster, Muhammad, Bahá'ú'lláh and also preaches the unity of all religions and focuses on these multiple epiphanies as necessary for meeting

10137-567: The second crowing of a rooster. Peter remembers what Jesus had told him and he breaks down crying. According to John, he was recognized by a man who was in the garden earlier, who John says was a relative of Malchus. This occurs at the same time as Jesus' proclamations of being the messiah, contrasting Jesus' faithfulness with Peter's lack of it. Peter's denial's, since Jesus had predicted them, only show Jesus' power even more clearly. Tuckett, C. (2001). "57. Mark". In Barton, J.; Muddiman, J. (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary . Archived from

10246-516: The sheep will be scattered.' But after I have risen, I will go ahead of you into Galilee .'" ( 27-28 ) This is what the man dressed in white tells the two Marys when they find him in Jesus' opened tomb in Mark 16:7 . The writing that Jesus is quoting is Zechariah 13:7 . Peter, "ardent and impulsive as ever", then says he will not desert Jesus, even if all the others do. Jesus tells him that on that very night Peter will disown Jesus three times before

10355-524: The source of all moral obligation . God is sometimes described without reference to gender , while others use terminology that is gender-specific. God is referred to by different names depending on the language and cultural tradition, sometimes with different titles of God used in reference to God's various attributes. The earliest written form of the Germanic word God comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus . The English word itself

10464-519: The spirit, and like its Sanskrit cognate medhā means 'intelligence' or 'wisdom'. Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian *mazdhā- , from Proto-Indo-European mn̩sdʰeh 1 , literally meaning 'placing ( dʰeh 1 ) one's mind ( *mn̩-s )', hence 'wise'. Meanwhile 101 other names are also in use. Waheguru ( Punjabi : vāhigurū ) is a term most often used in Sikhism to refer to God. It means 'Wonderful Teacher' in

10573-513: The spirits of people such as Confucius and Laozi in a similar manner to God. Some atheists have argued that a single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined and embellished over generations. Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons

10682-453: The statement that the poor will always exist, although Jesus also says you can help them any time you want. The anticipation of widespread audiences might mean the book was intended for wide distribution and not written solely for a single community. This begins the final section of Mark, which probably originally ended at Mark 16:8 with the two Marys going to anoint Jesus' dead body and finding that they could not, because he had risen from

10791-414: The term hyper pollōn (for many), based on the Hebrew of Isaiah 53:12 with "many" being all people, not just the disciples (Brown et al. 626). This episode in contrasted with the predictions of his betrayal and Peter's denials, showing the sacrificial nature of his offering. Taking Jesus' body as food shows him as sustainer and a source of strength. (Kilgallen 266) (See also John 6:48–66 ) They then sing

10900-529: The term remains an English translation common to all. El means 'god' in Hebrew, but in Judaism and in Christianity , God is also given a personal name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh . In many English translations of the Bible , when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton. Jah or Yah

11009-461: The third cup of wine, known as the "Cup of Blessing", which the head of the household handed round to each person. Brown suggests this might indicate this is not the official Passover dinner and more in line with John's chronology. On the Mount of Olives, Jesus predicts his abandonment by the Apostles: "'You will all fall away,' Jesus told them, 'for it is written: 'I will strike the shepherd, and

11118-416: The truth, wherever the gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her. This story may originally have had a setting independent of the passion narrative: Luke , for example, places a similar story much earlier in Jesus' ministry, in Luke 7:36–50 , where a sinful woman anoints Jesus' feet during a dinner with a local Pharisee . Some writers have objected to

11227-430: The world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father. Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as

11336-624: Was a blood sacrifice Moses made to God to seal God's deal with the Israelites before Moses went up to receive the Ten Commandments in Exodus 24:8 . Blood was a symbol of life in the Jewish culture. (Kilgallen 267) Jesus does not state that the bread and wine are like him, but are his body and blood. Jesus is asking his disciples to take part in his sacrificial death. (Brown et al. 626) (See also Transubstantiation ) Mark uses

11445-402: Was a separate entity but then became the universe . Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. God is often viewed as the cause of all that exists. For Pythagoreans , Monad variously referred to divinity, the first being or an indivisible origin. The philosophy of Plato and Plotinus refers to " The One ", which is the first principle of reality that

11554-474: Was acceptable, have also argued against versions of the teleological argument and held that it is limiting of God to view him having to only intervene specially in some instances rather than having complex processes designed to create order. The argument from beauty states that this universe happens to contain special beauty in it and that there would be no particular reason for this over aesthetic neutrality other than God. This has been countered by pointing to

11663-595: Was in Bethany at the home of Simon the Leper , who has not appeared in this gospel until now. Simon's relationship to Jesus is not explored, but they must have been friends as this appears to have been a social visit. According to the Markan narrative, Jesus is arrested on the following evening. An unnamed woman, who has a very expensive jar of perfume , made of "pure", "expensive" or "genuine" (πιστικῆς, pistikēs ) nard , or nard from some specific place, comes and breaks

11772-456: Was more likely that this was a small first preliminary hearing and not a full trial. He also argues that Mark might be trying to increase the perception of Jewish involvement in Jesus' death and lessen the responsibility of Rome . (Brown et al. 627) Matthew also reports this as a full trial at night. John also has this at the high priest's house, though he is questioned by the high priest's father-in-law, Annas , first and whether Caiaphas led

11881-530: Was written in Koine Greek . Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: Mark states at the beginning of this chapter that the Passover was two days away, although Lutheran pietist Johann Bengel argues in his Gnomon of the New Testament that μετὰ δυὸ ἡμέρας ( meta duo hēmeras ) in Mark 14:1 means "on the following day". If the Passover was on Friday ( Good Friday ) then

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