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137-464: Designed by the former President of Foot-Ball Club Torino , Count Enrico Marone Cinzano, the ground was opened in 1926 and continuously hosted all of Torino's home games until 1958. In 1963 it was abandoned in favour of the Stadio Comunale , becoming Torino's training ground for the first team, then later, the youth team. After the partial degradation of the structure during the 1980s and 1990s,

274-460: A friendly between Torino and Fortitudo Roma , in the presence of Crown Prince Umberto II , Princess Mary Adelaide and an audience of 15,000 spectators. The field was blessed before the match by the Archbishop of Turin , Giuseppe Gamba and ended with the victory of Torino 4–0. Originally the stadium covered an area of 38,000 m enclosed by a wall; it consisted of only two stands, with

411-496: A building permit was issued, but only for minor renovations, provided for an annual fee. Torino continued to train here up until 1989, when they moved to a modern structure in Orbassano , leaving the training ground to the youth team. The maintenance was abandoned, however, and in a few years the stands deteriorated. In the 1980s the degradation had an exponential growth, mainly because of the concrete used in construction, leading to

548-413: A capacity of 15,000 (1300 in the central grandstand, 9500 on the bleachers, 4000 in the parterre ). The parterre was situated under the grandstand, arranged by 13 rows. The Stadio Filadelfia's bleachers were cement, while the stands were wooden and cast iron built Art Nouveau style. The seating in the forum was made of wood, and all numbered. The wall around the structure was 2.5 meters high. The facade

685-634: A careful administrator. With valuable contributions from Antonio Janni , Giacinto Ellena and Mario Sperone, Novo was able to build a team known as the Grande Torino . The club's greatest period is encapsulated in the Grande Torino , a team which won five titles in a row (not considering the interruption to the league in the 1944 Campionato Alta Italia , in which the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) in 2002 recognised only honorary value to Spezia ) between 1942 and 1949, and

822-887: A change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to Prague , where he obtained 300 taler from Rudolf II , but no teaching position. He went on to serve briefly as a professor in Helmstedt , but had to flee again in 1590 when he was excommunicated by the Lutherans . During this period he produced several Latin works, dictated to his friend and secretary Girolamo Besler, including De Magia ( On Magic ), Theses De Magia ( Theses on Magic ) and De Vinculis in Genere ( A General Account of Bonding ). All these were apparently transcribed or recorded by Besler (or Bisler) between 1589 and 1590. He also published De Imaginum, Signorum, Et Idearum Compositione ( On

959-464: A general apology for "the use of violence that some have committed in the service of truth". Some authors have characterized Bruno as a "martyr of science", suggesting parallels with the Galileo affair which began around 1610. "It should not be supposed," writes A. M. Paterson of Bruno and his "heliocentric solar system", that he "reached his conclusions via some mystical revelation ... His work

1096-404: A good omen, would eventually be chosen as the official colour. Previously, the club had tried to obtain permission to use royal blue , but the monarchs of Italy were reluctant to grant the use of their dynastic color to a single team, as opposed to a few years later, when Azure adopted by the various national sports teams. Since then, the traditional home uniform of Torino has been composed of

1233-426: A hall for refreshments. Players could reach the field from the changing rooms through an underpass. The stadium also underwent extension work. In 1928 a box office was added, and in 1932, the grandstand was expanded bringing the total capacity to 30,000 people. The stadium hosted Torino 's home matches until 1962–63 . It was the site of six of their seven Serie A titles (not counting the one revoked in 1927 ) and

1370-443: A kit combined with traditionally white but occasionally also maroon shorts, and black socks cuffed maroon. It has not been unusual however to see the team take to the field with maroon socks, especially at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s when the team permanently adopted a complete maroon kit. The away uniform, usually in reverse colours, consists of a white shirt with contrasting cuffs, maroon or sometimes white shorts, white socks and

1507-450: A local rivalry with Juventus and the two sides contest the Derby della Mole . Football first arrived in the city of Turin at the end of the 19th century, introduced by the industrial Swiss and English . By 1887, Football & Cricket Club  – the oldest Italian football club – had already been founded in the capital of Piedmont , followed in 1889 by Nobili Torino . In 1891

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1644-486: A maroon lapel. Cyclically, an away shirt with a diagonal maroon band has also been used. This is an homage to River Plate , the Argentine club which has had close historical ties to Torino since the tragedy of Superga . the shirt was debuted on 6 January 1953 in a league match against Milan , ending 1–1. The Torino club badge has always featured a rampant bull, the symbol of the city of Turin . The current badge

1781-684: A pair of breeches made for himself, and the Marchese and others apparently made Bruno a gift of a sword, hat, cape and other necessities for dressing himself; in such clothing Bruno could no longer be recognized as a priest. Things apparently went well for Bruno for a time, as he entered his name in the Rector's Book of the University of Geneva in May 1579. But in keeping with his personality he could not long remain silent. In August he published an attack on

1918-543: A partial collapse of the structures. Under club chairman Urbano Cairo the ceremony of laying the first stone of the new Filadelfia stadium took place on 17 October 2015. The project, initiated by the Stadio Filadelfia Foundation , was established in 2011 with the aim of completely redeveloping the site. The new Filadelfia was to become the new headquarters of the club, hold 4,000 spectators, two first team training pitches, youth team facilities, and

2055-670: A prescientific stage, back into Hermeticism, interpreting the Copernican diagram as a hieroglyph of divine mysteries." According to historian Mordechai Feingold, "Both admirers and critics of Giordano Bruno basically agree that he was pompous and arrogant, highly valuing his opinions and showing little patience with anyone who even mildly disagreed with him." Discussing Bruno's experience of rejection when he visited Oxford University, Feingold suggests that "it might have been Bruno's manner, his language and his self-assertiveness, rather than his ideas" that caused offence. In his Lectures on

2192-469: A reference to the English club Sheffield , the oldest football club in the world, whose colours were also initially adopted by Internazionale Torino. There is even the possibility that the dark red was created by chance, as a result of repeated washing—a reconstruction that is found with many other club's football kits—among the uniforms that were red with black socks; the colour derived, being considered

2329-443: A response to his religious and afterlife views, while others find the main reason for Bruno's death was indeed his cosmological views. Bruno's case is still considered a landmark in the history of free thought and the emerging sciences. In addition to cosmology, Bruno also wrote extensively on the art of memory , a loosely organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles. Historian Frances Yates argues that Bruno

2466-538: A salary." In Paris, Bruno enjoyed the protection of his powerful French patrons. During this period, he published several works on mnemonics, including De umbris idearum ( On the Shadows of Ideas , 1582), Ars memoriae  [ it ] ( The Art of Memory , 1582), and Cantus circaeus ( Circe's Song , 1582; described at Circe in the arts § Reasoning beasts ). All of these were based on his mnemonic models of organized knowledge and experience, as opposed to

2603-409: A season that saw Torino finish with 50 points behind Juventus' 51, a record points total for the 16-team league format. In 1978, Torino finished second again (tied with a Vicenza side led by Paolo Rossi ), still behind Juventus but with a larger gulf in points. In later years, whilst still remaining one of Serie A's top teams, the team began a slow decline and was not able to replicate past results, with

2740-410: A straight line, and would see the stone miss its target by the amount of the velocity of the ship's motion. But if someone were placed high on the mast of that ship, move as it may however fast, he would not miss his target at all, so that the stone or some other heavy thing thrown downward would not come along a straight line from the point E which is at the top of the mast, or cage, to the point D which

2877-460: A symbol for free thought and free speech in present-day Rome, where an annual memorial service takes place close to the spot where he was executed. The earliest likeness of Bruno is an engraving published in 1715 and cited by Salvestrini as "the only known portrait of Bruno". Salvestrini suggests that it is a re-engraving made from a now lost original. This engraving has provided the source for later images. The records of Bruno's imprisonment by

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3014-541: A third-place finish in the league and first victory of the Coppa Italia . Renamed "Associazione Calcio Torino" due to the Italian fascist regime, Torino finished in second place in the 1938–39 season, under the technical director Ernest Erbstein . In 1939–40, Torino finished in fifth place, and saw the arrival of club president Ferruccio Novo . Novo provided financial support to the club and utilised his skill as

3151-529: A third-place finish, placed just one point behind Juventus . Across the following three seasons, Torino placed sixth, fifth, and sixth again ahead of what would be their seventh Serie A title in the 1975–76 season . The scudetto was won after a comeback against Juventus, who held a five-point advantage over the Granata during the spring. However, three straight losses for the Bianconeri , the second of which

3288-572: A time (1580–1581) in Toulouse , where he took his doctorate in theology and was elected by students to lecture in philosophy. He also attempted at this time to return to Catholicism, but was denied absolution by the Jesuit priest he approached. When religious strife broke out in the summer of 1581, he moved to Paris. There he held a cycle of thirty lectures on theological topics and also began to gain fame for his prodigious memory. His talents attracted

3425-435: Is a friendship are supporters of English club Manchester City . Giordano Bruno Giordano Bruno ( / dʒ ɔːr ˈ d ɑː n oʊ ˈ b r uː n oʊ / ; Italian: [dʒorˈdaːno ˈbruːno] ; Latin : Iordanus Brunus Nolanus ; born Filippo Bruno , January or February 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian philosopher , poet , alchemist , astrologer , cosmological theorist, and esotericist . He

3562-400: Is an essential part of the scientific and philosophical developments that he initiated." Paterson echoes Hegel in writing that Bruno "ushers in a modern theory of knowledge that understands all natural things in the universe to be known by the human mind through the mind's dialectical structure". Ingegno writes that Bruno embraced the philosophy of Lucretius , "aimed at liberating man from

3699-441: Is at the bottom of the mast, or at some point in the bowels and body of the ship. Thus, if from the point D to the point E someone who is inside the ship would throw a stone straight up, it would return to the bottom along the same line however far the ship moved, provided it was not subject to any pitch and roll." Bruno's infinite universe was filled with a substance—a "pure air", aether , or spiritus —that offered no resistance to

3836-495: Is formed of four men's teams that participate in separate national leagues ( Primavera , Beretti, Allievi Nazionali Serie A & B, and Allievi Nazionali Lega Pro) and three that participate at regional level (Giovanissimi Nazionali, Giovanissimi Regionali A & B). Torino was one of the first Italian clubs to adopt a youth system, organised as early as the 1930s and is considered one of the best in Italy. Domestically, Torino hold

3973-443: Is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended to include the then-novel Copernican model . He practiced Hermeticism and gave a mystical stance to exploring the universe. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets ( exoplanets ), and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of their own, a cosmological position known as cosmic pluralism . He also insisted that

4110-573: The 1968 European Championship with the Azzurri , whilst Giuseppe Dossena won the FIFA World Cup in 1982 . On 11 May 1947, during a friendly match between Italy and Hungary that finished 3–2, Vittorio Pozzo fielded 10 players who were at Torino; this remains the largest number of Italian players fielded from the same club in the same match in the history of the Italy national team. With 74 players having represented Italy throughout

4247-546: The 1991–92 UEFA Cup in the semifinals, but lost the final on the away goals rule to Dutch side Ajax , after a 2–2 draw in Turin and 0–0 in Amsterdam. In Serie A, Torino finished in third place. In the 1992–93 season , Torino won their fifth Coppa Italia after defeating Roma , however the club subsequently went through a period of severe economic difficulties. The club changed presidents and managers several times, but

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4384-448: The 2009–10 season , Cairo named Gianluca Petrachi as the new sporting director at Torino, but the club failed to gain promotion that season and the one following. On 6 June 2011, the club officially announced Gian Piero Ventura as the new manager ahead of the 2011–12 Serie B season, with Ventura signing a one-year contract. After a long campaign, Torino secured promotion to Serie A on 20 May 2012, after defeating Modena 2–0 in

4521-677: The Coppa Italia in 1943 (due to this success, Torino was the first team to win the coveted Scudetto and Coppa Italia "double" in Italy during the same season). Torino's players formed the backbone of the Italy national team in this period, at one point fielding ten players simultaneously in the Azzurri . The captain and undisputed leader of the team was Valentino Mazzola , father of Ferruccio and Sandro , who would subsequently follow their father in becoming footballers. The typical starting lineup was: Bacigalupo; Ballarin; Maroso; Grezar; Rigamonti; Castigliano; Menti; Loik; Gabetto; Mazzola; Ossola. Their success came to an abrupt end on 4 May 1949 when

4658-721: The Duke of the Abruzzi and the House of Savoy , which, after the victorious liberation of Turin from the French in 1706, adopted a blood-colored handkerchief in honour of a messenger killed bringing the news of victory. Other accounts, considered less reliable, speak of a tribute to the founder Alfred Dick , who was a fan of the Genevan team Servette , the Swiss club of the founders homeland, or

4795-616: The Fiat G.212 airliner carrying the whole team crashed against the retaining wall of the Basilica of Superga in Turin. The crash was attributed to dense fog and spatial disorientation due a faulty altimeter in the cockpit. The team had been returning from a friendly with Benfica played in Lisbon . In addition to the entire team and reserve players, the crash claimed the lives of coaches Egri Erbstein and Leslie Lievesley , two club officials,

4932-513: The Intertoto Cup . After being eliminated by Villarreal on penalties, Torino suffered its worst performance in Serie A, and were relegated after finishing in last place. Under Renato Zaccarelli , Torino achieved promotion in the 2004–05 season . However, due to heavy debts accumulated under the president Francesco Cimminelli, Torino were denied entry into Serie A and the club's bankruptcy

5069-738: The Lato Ferrovia ; and from 26 February 1911, the Lato Crocetta . Towards the end of 1913 the club moved to the Stradale Stupinigi ; with the outbreak of the First World War , the stadium was requisitioned for military purposes. From 11 October 1925 until the end of the 1925–26 season, Torino played their home games at Motovelodromo Corso Casale (now restored, it is dedicated to Fausto Coppi and also hosts American football matches), while awaiting their move to

5206-675: The Mitropa Cup in 1991 and were finalists in the UEFA Cup in 1991–92 . Torino plays all of its home games at the Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino (also known as the Stadio Comunale "Vittorio Pozzo" until 2006). The club's traditional colour is maroon, and its symbol is a rampant bull, the traditional symbol of the city of Turin, from which the club's nickname Il Toro (The Bull) is derived. Torino have

5343-550: The Stadio Filadelfia . The "Fila" as it was known was heavily associated with the exploits of the Grande Torino team of the 1940s: opened on 17 October 1926 with a match against Fortitudo Roma , it hosted Torino's games continuously until 11 May 1958 (the final match being a 4–2 victory over Genoa ). In the 1958–59 season, the club briefly moved to the Stadio Comunale : the move was short-lived however, as

5480-588: The Stadio Mussolini , the future Stadio Comunale . After the war, renovations were carried out by the new club president Ferruccio Novo . After the Superga disaster, Torino's president Ferruccio Novo guaranteed the stadium to the Italian Football Federation , and even thought of possibly demolishing it. In the post-war period the Filadelfia area became residential, and it was proposed to demolish

5617-682: The Venetian Inquisition , which had Bruno arrested on 22 May 1592. Among the numerous charges of blasphemy and heresy brought against him in Venice, based on Mocenigo's denunciation, was his belief in the plurality of worlds , as well as accusations of personal misconduct. Bruno defended himself skillfully, stressing the philosophical character of some of his positions, denying others and admitting that he had had doubts on some matters of dogma. The Roman Inquisition, however, asked for his transfer to Rome. After several months of argument,

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5754-462: The reincarnation of the soul . The Inquisition found him guilty, and he was burned at the stake in Rome's Campo de' Fiori in 1600. After his death, he gained considerable fame, being particularly celebrated by 19th- and early 20th-century commentators who regarded him as a martyr for science. Some historians are of the opinion his heresy trial was not a response to his cosmological views but rather

5891-576: The Alps to Chambéry and Lyon . His movements after this time are obscure. In 1579, Bruno arrived in Geneva . During his Venetian trial, he told inquisitors that while in Geneva he told the Marchese de Vico of Naples, who was notable for helping Italian refugees in Geneva, "I did not intend to adopt the religion of the city. I desired to stay there only that I might live at liberty and in security." Bruno had

6028-532: The Church was perfectly justified in condemning him. On the 400th anniversary of Bruno's death, in 2000, Cardinal Angelo Sodano declared Bruno's death to be a "sad episode" but, despite his regret, he defended Bruno's prosecutors, maintaining that the Inquisitors "had the desire to serve freedom and promote the common good and did everything possible to save his life". In the same year, Pope John Paul II made

6165-691: The Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas , 1591). In 1591 he was in Frankfurt , where he received an invitation from the Venetian patrician Giovanni Mocenigo , who wished to be instructed in the art of memory, and also heard of a vacant chair in mathematics at the University of Padua . At the time the Inquisition seemed to be losing some of its strictness, and because the Republic of Venice

6302-511: The Conference League due to Fiorentina 's defeat in the final of the Conference League. Ivan Jurić departed the club at the end of the season after 3 years and was replaced by Paolo Vanoli . The first uniform used by Torino only a few days after its foundation and in the first game of its history against Pro Vercelli was striped orange and black , similar to the kits used by Internazionale Torino and Football Club Torinese ,

6439-525: The Copernican principle. In particular, to support the Copernican view and oppose the objection according to which the motion of the Earth would be perceived by means of the motion of winds, clouds etc., in La Cena de le Ceneri Bruno anticipates some of the arguments of Galilei on the relativity principle. Note that he also uses the example now known as Galileo's ship . Theophilus – [...] air through which

6576-414: The Earth was the center of the universe , and that all heavenly bodies revolved around it. The ultimate limit of the universe was the primum mobile , whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a transcendental God, not part of the universe (although, as the kingdom of heaven , adjacent to it ), a motionless prime mover and first cause . The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at

6713-634: The Englishman Thomas Digges (c. 1546–1595), author of A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes ; and the Italian Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). In 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues ( La Cena de le Ceneri and De l'infinito universo et mondi ) in which he argued against the planetary spheres ( Christoph Rothmann did the same in 1586 as did Tycho Brahe in 1587) and affirmed

6850-548: The Europa League, where they were eliminated by Zenit Saint Petersburg . In the league, Torino finished ninth, and in spring, won their first derby in 20 years. The following year, Torino finished the 2015–16 season in twelfth place, after which Ventura, after five years in charge, left the club for the Italy national football team . He was replaced by Siniša Mihajlović , who finished the 2016–17 season in ninth place. He

6987-618: The Heroic Frenzies , 1585). Some of these were printed by John Charlewood . Some of the works that Bruno published in London, notably The Ash Wednesday Supper , appear to have given offense. Once again, Bruno's controversial views and tactless language lost him the support of his friends. John Bossy has advanced the theory that, while staying in the French Embassy in London, Bruno was also spying on Catholic conspirators, under

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7124-530: The History of Philosophy , Hegel writes that Bruno's life represented "a bold rejection of all Catholic beliefs resting on mere authority." Alfonso Ingegno states that Bruno's philosophy "challenges the developments of the Reformation, calls into question the truth-value of the whole of Christianity, and claims that Christ perpetrated a deceit on mankind ... Bruno suggests that we can now recognize

7261-595: The International Exhibition for the fiftieth anniversary of the Statuto Albertino gave birth to the first Italian Football Championship . In 1900, Football Club Torinese absorbed Internazionale Torino, and on 3 December 1906 at the Voigt brewery (now bar Norman) on Via Pietro Micca an alliance was formed with a group of Juventus dissidents, led by the Swiss financier Alfred Dick . Through

7398-620: The Irish club Wexford Youths renamed itself Wexford F.C. and adopted a new crest with rampant bull, inspired by Torino's. Club chairman Mick Wallace is known to be a Torino fan. The first official match after the club's foundation, a derby match against Juventus , took place on 13 January 1907 at the Stadio Velodrome Umberto . The club later moved to the Piazza d'armi , which comprised numerous pitches: from 23 January 1911,

7535-577: The Pope accepted his dedication to him of the lost work On The Ark of Noah at this time. While Bruno was distinguished for outstanding ability, his taste for free thinking and forbidden books soon caused him difficulties. Given the controversy he caused in later life, it is surprising that he was able to remain within the monastic system for eleven years. In his testimony to Venetian inquisitors during his trial many years later, he says that proceedings were twice taken against him for having cast away images of

7672-720: The Southern Italian region of Campania , then part of the Kingdom of Naples ) in 1548, he was the son of Giovanni Bruno (1517 – c. 1592), a soldier, and Fraulissa Savolino (1520–?). In his youth he was sent to Naples to be educated. He was tutored privately at the Augustinian monastery there, and attended public lectures at the Studium Generale . At the age of 17, he entered the Dominican Order at

7809-588: The Sun once every year. However he maintained the Ptolemaic hypothesis that the orbits of the planets were composed of perfect circles— deferents and epicycles —and that the stars were fixed on a stationary outer sphere. Despite the widespread publication of Copernicus' work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , during Bruno's time most educated Catholics subscribed to the Aristotelian geocentric view that

7946-714: The Venetian authorities reluctantly consented and Bruno was sent to Rome in January 1593. During the seven years of his trial in Rome, Bruno was held in confinement, lastly in the Tower of Nona . Some important documents about the trial are lost, but others have been preserved, among them a summary of the proceedings that was rediscovered in 1940. The numerous charges against Bruno, based on some of his books as well as on witness accounts, included blasphemy, immoral conduct, and heresy in matters of dogmatic theology, and involved some of

8083-435: The Venetian inquisition in May 1592 describe him as a man "of average height, with a hazel-coloured beard and the appearance of being about forty years of age". Alternately, a passage in a work by George Abbot indicates that Bruno was of diminutive stature: "When that Italian Didapper, who intituled himself Philotheus Iordanus Brunus Nolanus, magis elaboratae Theologiae Doctor, &c. with a name longer than his body...". In

8220-496: The basic doctrines of his philosophy and cosmology. Luigi Firpo speculates the charges made against Bruno by the Roman Inquisition were: Bruno defended himself as he had in Venice, insisting that he accepted the Church's dogmatic teachings, but trying to preserve the basis of his cosmological views. In particular, he held firm to his belief in the plurality of worlds, although he was admonished to abandon it. His trial

8357-464: The basis of his opposition to Aristotle , interest in Arianism , reading of Erasmus , and possession of banned texts. White considers that Bruno's later heresy was "multifaceted" and may have rested on his conception of infinite worlds. "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all ... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea

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8494-487: The benevolent attention of the king Henry III ; Bruno subsequently reported: "I got me such a name that King Henry III summoned me one day to discover from me if the memory which I possessed was natural or acquired by magic art. I satisfied him that it did not come from sorcery but from organized knowledge; and, following this, I got a book on memory printed, entitled The Shadows of Ideas , which I dedicated to His Majesty. Forthwith he gave me an Extraordinary Lectureship with

8631-400: The body of the Earth and are in its bowels as are the waters. [...] With the Earth move [...] all things that are on the Earth. If, therefore, from a point outside the Earth something were thrown upon the Earth, it would lose, because of the latter's motion, its straightness as would be seen on the ship [...] moving along a river, if someone on point C of the riverbank were to throw a stone along

8768-481: The building permit was requested and, following its acceptance, jobs were assigned to the engineer Miro Gamba, professor of the Polytechnic University of Turin ; the construction work was commenced by the Commendatore Riccardo Filippa. The land, at that time, on the outskirts of Turin , was chosen for the low cost of the area. The construction occupied five months, and just under two and a half million lire . The inauguration took place on 17 October 1926 and marked by

8905-421: The closeness of the Viola after the Superga tragedy. Supporters of Torino are on good terms with the curva nord of Alessandria and curva sud of Nocerina . The friendship between Brazilian club Corinthians and Torino dates back to 1914; that year, Torino became the first Italian club to travel South America on tour. The club played six friendly matches, two of which were against Corinthians, and despite

9042-560: The clouds and winds move are parts of the Earth, [...] to mean under the name of Earth the whole machinery and the entire animated part, which consists of dissimilar parts; so that the rivers, the rocks, the seas, the whole vaporous and turbulent air, which is enclosed within the highest mountains, should belong to the Earth as its members, just as the air [does] in the lungs and in other cavities of animals by which they breathe, widen their arteries, and other similar effects necessary for life are performed. The clouds, too, move through accidents in

9179-548: The club masseur, three journalists, and the four members of the crew. Difficult years followed in the aftermath of the tragedy. A slow decline led to the club's first relegation to Serie B, which took place under the name "Talmone Torino" in 1958–59 . The stay in Serie B would only last one season, with Torino's return to the top flight in 1960–61 . In 1963, Orfeo Pianelli assumed presidency. He appointed Nereo Rocco as manager and signed club icon Gigi Meroni , nicknamed "The Maroon Butterfly" ( La Farfalla Granata ). In 1964–65 ,

9316-455: The club museum. It was inaugurated on 24 May 2017. [REDACTED] Media related to Category:Filadelfia Stadium of Turin at Wikimedia Commons Torino F.C. Torino Football Club ( Italian pronunciation: [toˈriːno] ), colloquially referred to as Toro , is an Italian professional football club based in Turin , Piedmont . They currently play in Serie A . Founded as Foot-Ball Club Torino in 1906, Torino are among

9453-420: The club was relegated to Serie B that year, and returned to the Filadelfia out of superstition. Torino played the entirety of the 1959–60 season and the next at the Filadelfia, but in 1961–62 and 1962–63 the club began to use the Comunale for "special" matches. The move to the Comunale, a stadium with a standing capacity of 65,000, was completed in 1963–64 , and Torino remained there until 27 May 1990 when

9590-467: The club's existence, Torino is the fifth ranked Italian club for number of players capped by the Azzurri (sixth by number of total admissions). Francesco Graziani is the Torino player who has accumulated the most appearances (47) and goals (20) for Italy. On 11 June 2017, Andrea Belotti scored the hundredth goal of a Torino player in an Azzurri shirt, during a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Liechtenstein . The Torino youth system

9727-418: The damaged parts were the field (used by the Allies to play baseball) and the stands near via Giordano Bruno . Despite the coverage the grandstand remained intact, although the metal beams were removed, probably to supply the arms industry, and replaced with wood. The Filadelfia became unusable for a long time, and the 1943–44 season was played at the Stadio Motovelodromo Umberto I . Torino would later move to

9864-461: The earth did go round, and the heavens did stand still; whereas in truth it was his own head which rather did run round, and his brains did not stand still", and found Bruno had both plagiarized and misrepresented Ficino 's work, leading Bruno to return to the continent. Nevertheless, his stay in England was fruitful. During that time Bruno completed and published some of his most important works,

10001-450: The exception of the second place in 1984–85 , where the team finished behind a Verona side led by Osvaldo Bagnoli . At the end of the 1988–89 season Torino were relegated to Serie B for the second time in their history. The club was promoted back to Serie A in the 1989–90 season , and after having made important signings, qualified for the UEFA Cup under Emiliano Mondonico . The following season, Torino knocked Real Madrid out of

10138-646: The fear of death and the gods." Characters in Bruno's Cause, Principle and Unity desire "to improve speculative science and knowledge of natural things," and to achieve a philosophy "which brings about the perfection of the human intellect most easily and eminently, and most closely corresponds to the truth of nature." Other scholars oppose such views, and claim Bruno's martyrdom to science to be exaggerated, or outright false. For Yates, while "nineteenth century liberals" were thrown "into ecstasies" over Bruno's Copernicanism, "Bruno pushes Copernicus' scientific work back into

10275-481: The final to Swiss side Servette . In 1915 , Torino were denied their first real championship attempt by the outbreak of World War I . With one match left to play, Torino (in second), were two points behind leaders Genoa . In the final game of the championship, Torino would have had the opportunity to play the Genoese head-on after defeating them in the first leg 6–1. The club experienced its first success under

10412-432: The first banner of an organised club, at the Stadio Filadelfia , and organised the first away trip by plane in Italian football, in 1963, during a game against Roma . It was at the Filadelfia that Oreste Bolmida, the trumpeter fan made famous by the film Ora e per sempre also performed. In the 1970s the fans began to organise the club's first choreographies, which were used in commercials of French carmaker Renault in

10549-409: The first half of the 15th century, Nicholas of Cusa challenged the then widely accepted philosophies of Aristotelianism , envisioning instead an infinite universe whose center was everywhere and circumference nowhere, and moreover teeming with countless stars. He also predicted that neither were the rotational orbits circular nor were their movements uniform. In the second half of the 16th century,

10686-489: The ground was partially demolished in 1998. In 2015 the reconstruction of the stadium began, and was completed on 24 May 2017. The stadium was designed by Count Enrico Marone Cinzano, the president of Foot-Ball Club Torino . Enrico Marone created the Società Civile Campo Torino , with a grant, and the sole aim to buy the land and build a stadium with an adjacent training ground. On 24 March 24, 1926

10823-445: The group stages of the 2019–20 Europa League after being eliminated in the play-offs by Wolverhampton Wanderers . In the league, after a strong start to the season, Torino collapsed and only obtained a minimum achievement of safety from relegation. The following season was also negative, and marked by the alternation on the bench of managers Marco Giampaolo and Davide Nicola . Torino managed only to achieve safety from relegation on

10960-642: The heavenly bodies which, in Bruno's view, rather than being fixed, moved under their own impetus (momentum). Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchical universe. The universe is then one, infinite, immobile... It is not capable of comprehension and therefore is endless and limitless, and to that extent infinite and indeterminable, and consequently immobile. Bruno's cosmology distinguishes between "suns" which produce their own light and heat, and have other bodies moving around them; and "earths" which move around suns and receive light and heat from them. Bruno suggested that some, if not all, of

11097-464: The historical predecessors of the newly formed club. Incidentally the colours were too similar to that of the Habsburgs , historical enemies of the then ruling Italian house and considered inappropriate. Given the need to adopt a definitive color the founders opted in the end for granata , a dark shade of red similar to burgundy . The most widely accepted story is that it was adopted in honour of

11234-403: The implications and impact of Newtonian cosmology. Bruno's overall contribution to the birth of modern science is still controversial. Some scholars follow Frances Yates in stressing the importance of Bruno's ideas about the universe being infinite and lacking geocentric structure as a crucial crossing point between the old and the new. Others see in Bruno's idea of multiple worlds instantiating

11371-522: The infinite possibilities of a pristine, indivisible One, a forerunner of Everett 's many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. While many academics note Bruno's theological position as pantheism , several have described it as pandeism , and some also as panentheism . Physicist and philosopher Max Bernhard Weinstein in his Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Nature"), wrote that

11508-405: The last official match was played at the stadium, a league fixture against Napoli , finishing 1–1, with goals from Enzo Bearzot and Gianni Corelli. The move to the "Comunale," a stadium capable of holding 65,000 people standing, was completed in 1963–64. In 1970 the first attempt was made to recover the Filadelfia when Torino's president was Orfeo Pianelli; the Società Civile Campo Torino began

11645-639: The lexicographer John Florio . There he became acquainted with the poet Philip Sidney (to whom he dedicated two books) and other members of the Hermetic circle around John Dee , though there is no evidence that Bruno ever met Dee himself. He also lectured at Oxford , and unsuccessfully sought a teaching position there. His views were controversial, notably with John Underhill , Rector of Lincoln College and subsequently bishop of Oxford, and George Abbot , who later became Archbishop of Canterbury . Abbot mocked Bruno for supporting "the opinion of Copernicus that

11782-411: The likes of King Henry III, Sir Philip Sidney , Michel de Castelnau (French Ambassador to England), and possibly Pope Pius V , it is apparent that this wanderer had risen sharply in status and moved in powerful circles. In April 1583, Bruno went to England with letters of recommendation from Henry III as a guest of the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau . Bruno lived at the French embassy with

11919-462: The merger of Football Club Torinese and the aforementioned group, "Foot-Ball Club Torino" was formed. The first official match was played on 16 December 1906 in Vercelli against Pro Vercelli , won 3–1 by Torino. The first derby was played in the new year, dated 13 January 1907, in which Torino defeated Juventus 2–1. Torino successfully replicated this by a margin of 4–1 a month later and gained

12056-518: The monastery of San Domenico Maggiore in Naples, taking the name Giordano, after Giordano Crispo, his metaphysics tutor. He continued his studies there, completing his novitiate , and ordained a priest in 1572 at age 24. During his time in Naples, he became known for his skill with the art of memory and on one occasion traveled to Rome to demonstrate his mnemonic system before Pope Pius V and Cardinal Rebiba . In his later years, Bruno claimed that

12193-441: The most successful clubs in Italy with seven league titles , including five consecutive league titles during the 1940s. The Grande Torino , as the team was known, was widely recognised as one of the strongest footballing sides of the period, until the entire team was killed in the 1949 Superga air disaster . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times, the last of which was in the 1992–93 season. Internationally, Torino won

12330-727: The objects classically known as fixed stars are in fact suns. According to astrophysicist Steven Soter , he was the first person to grasp that "stars are other suns with their own planets." Bruno wrote that other worlds "have no less virtue nor a nature different from that of our Earth" and, like Earth, "contain animals and inhabitants". During the late 16th century, and throughout the 17th century, Bruno's ideas were held up for ridicule, debate, or inspiration. Margaret Cavendish , for example, wrote an entire series of poems against "atoms" and "infinite worlds" in Poems and Fancies in 1664. Bruno's true, if partial, vindication would have to wait for

12467-490: The penultimate round of the season with a 0–0 draw away against Lazio . The following season saw the arrival of Ivan Jurić on the bench, who guided the club to a tenth-place finish. The following season saw Torino finish again in tenth-place, missing out on qualification to the UEFA Conference League by 3 points. In the following season, the team finished ninth-place in the standings, failing to qualify for

12604-411: The penultimate round of the season. After achieving safety from relegation in the 2012–13 season , the 2013–14 season marked a sharp upturn for Torino, who finished seventh place, and qualified for the 2014–15 Europa League . The stars of the year were Alessio Cerci and Ciro Immobile ; the latter finished as the top scorer in Serie A . The 2014–15 season saw Torino reach the round of 16 of

12741-468: The period following the disaster, the Argentine club was very close to the Italian club, organising a friendly and fundraiser to help the devastated team. On 26 May 1949, River flew to Turin to play a friendly charity match organised by the FIGC, together with a selection that included the strongest Italian players of the era, gathered under the name of "Torino symbol." As a testimony to the relationship between

12878-506: The player and club icon who ended his Torino career in 1932. The Torino youth system has developed numerous renowned players, including actor and journalist Raf Vallone , who devoted himself to a career in the arts after his debut for the first team. The fans of Torino hold a number of distinctions, including the first ever organised supporters group in Italy, the Fedelissimi Granata, founded in 1951. The fans also displayed

13015-503: The players of Torino to win international honours with the Italy national football team are Adolfo Baloncieri , Antonio Janni , Julio Libonatti and Gino Rossetti , all winners with Italy at the Central European International Cup 1927–30 , and who (with exception of Libonatti) also won bronze medals at the 1928 Summer Olympics . Subsequently, Lido Vieri and Giorgio Ferrini were victorious at

13152-472: The presidency of Count Enrico Marone Cinzano, who was responsible for building the Stadio Filadelfia . In attack, Torino boasted the Trio delle meraviglie (Trio of Wonders), composed of Julio Libonatti , Adolfo Baloncieri and Gino Rossetti , and won their first scudetto on 10 July 1927 after a 5–0 win against Bologna . However, the title was revoked on 3 November 1927 due to the "Allemandi Case". After

13289-693: The pseudonym "Henry Fagot", for Sir Francis Walsingham , Queen Elizabeth 's Secretary of State. Bruno is sometimes cited as being the first to propose that the universe is infinite, which he did during his time in England, but an English scientist , Thomas Digges , put forth this idea in a published work in 1576, some eight years earlier than Bruno. An infinite universe and the possibility of alien life had also been earlier suggested by German Catholic Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in "On Learned Ignorance" published in 1440 and Bruno attributed his understanding of multiple worlds to this earlier scholar, who he called "the divine Cusanus". In October 1585, Castelnau

13426-464: The readers of Guerin Sportivo as the most beautiful club logo of all time. From 1990 until the bankruptcy, the badge in use recalled the one used at the time of the Grande Torino , with the important difference that the right side of the oval crossed the letter "T" and "C" (initials of "Torino Calcio") instead of the letters "A", "C" and "T" (initials of "Associazione Calcio Torino"). In 2017,

13563-449: The reconstructed Filadelfia. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Among

13700-719: The record for most championships won in both the Campionato Nazionale Primavera with nine titles, and the Campionato Nazionale Dante Berretti with 10 titles. In addition, they have won the Coppa Italia Primavera a record eight times, and the prestigious Torneo di Viareggio six times. The players developed in the Torino youth system were previously nicknamed "Balon-Boys" in honour of Adolfo Baloncieri ,

13837-459: The renovation project. It was proposed that the first team would continue to train at the ground and allow for the construction of a gymnasium. However, in 1973 the project was cancelled because the ground was still classified as "public space". Pianelli's idea involved the demolition of the structure, the construction of playing fields and accommodations for the youth team. The original plan failed because Pianelli received death threats. On 18 October,

13974-425: The results continued to worsen, and at the end of the 1995–96 season , Torino were relegated for a third time. After a play-off lost on penalties in the 1997–98 season to Perugia, Torino returned to Serie A in 1998–99 , but were once again relegated at the end of the 1999–2000 season . The club was immediately promoted back in the 2000–01 season , and the following year finished in 11th place, and qualified for

14111-466: The results on the field, the two clubs established friendly relationships. On 4 May 1949, when the Grande Torino team perished in plane crash of Superga, Corinthians paid tribute to the Italians in a friendly match against Portuguesa when its starting XI took to the field in Torino's kit. The Argentines of River Plate are historically twinned with Torino, since the time of the Superga disaster. In

14248-407: The revoking of the prior scudetto , Torino were reconfirmed champions of Italy in the 1927–28 season . The "Trio of Wonders" scored 89 goals between them, with the title won on 22 July 1928, a 2–2 draw against Milan . After the resignation of Cinzano, the club began a slow decline in the early 1930s and often finished mid-table. It was not until the 1935–36 season that it began its revival, with

14385-659: The right to enter the final round of the Italian Football Championship , placed second behind Milan . Torino did not participate in the 1908 Italian Football Championship as a rule was passed which limited the use of foreign players. The club instead played in two popular "minor" tournaments: the coveted "Palla Dapples" (a silver trophy in the shape of a regulation football), won against Pro Vercelli; and an international tournament organised by La Stampa , which took place in Turin that year. Torino lost in

14522-457: The saints, retaining only a crucifix , and for having recommended controversial texts to a novice. Such behavior could perhaps be overlooked, but Bruno's situation became much more serious when he was reported to have defended the Arian heresy , and when a copy of the banned writings of Erasmus , annotated by him, was discovered hidden in the monastery latrine . When he learned that an indictment

14659-484: The same fixed distance from the immobile Earth at the center of the sphere. Ptolemy had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48 constellations . The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere. Few astronomers of Bruno's time accepted Copernicus's heliocentric model . Among those who did were the Germans Michael Maestlin (1550–1631), Christoph Rothmann , Johannes Kepler (1571–1630);

14796-408: The simplistic logic-based mnemonic techniques of Petrus Ramus then becoming popular. Bruno also published a comedy summarizing some of his philosophical positions, titled Il Candelaio ( The Candlemaker , 1582). In the 16th century dedications were, as a rule, approved beforehand, and hence were a way of placing a work under the protection of an individual. Given that Bruno dedicated various works to

14933-553: The six "Italian Dialogues", including the cosmological tracts La cena de le ceneri ( The Ash Wednesday Supper , 1584), De la causa, principio et uno ( On Cause, Principle and Unity , 1584), De l'infinito, universo et mondi ( On the Infinite, Universe and Worlds , 1584) as well as Lo spaccio de la bestia trionfante ( The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast , 1584) and De gli eroici furori  [ it ] ( On

15070-448: The stadium to build new buildings. In 1959 the stadium became "public space", and the project failed. In the 1958–59 season , Torino , under the name Talmone Torino for sponsorship reasons, moved to the Stadio Comunale : the season ended with the club's first relegation to Serie B . The following year, the club returned to the Filadelfia out of superstition and the ground once again became Torino's home for several years. On 19 May 1963,

15207-579: The stadium was abandoned in favour of the Stadio delle Alpi . Built specifically for the 1990 FIFA World Cup , the Stadio delle Alpi was home to Torino from 1990 to 2006. Following the reconstruction carried out to make the stadium suitable to host the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony and closing ceremony , Torino returned to the Stadio Comunale, renamed the Stadio Olimpico . The new capacity

15344-510: The stage they remained unbeaten for six years, 100 consecutive matches, from 17 January 1943 to the Superga air disaster , including the famous 10–0 victory over Alessandria (still a record in Serie A ). It was here that Oreste Bolmida performed (the trumpeter fan then made famous by the movie Ora e per sempre ). On 13 July 1943, in the middle of World War II , the Filadelfia was also bombed. Of

15481-423: The subsequent decade. In 1979, the curva Maratona was awarded "the most beautiful stand of Europe" by French magazine Onze Mondial ; an image of this section of the stadium was later featured on the cover of France Football on 21 December 1979. The fans of Torino are "twinned" with the fans of Fiorentina . The link between the two sides was born in the early 1970s due to a common anti- Juventus sentiment and

15618-412: The team finished in third place. On 15 October 1967, Meroni was killed while crossing the street after a league game. Despite the tragedy, Torino finished the season in seventh place and won the Coppa Italia . The reconstruction of a winning team, initiated by the club president Pianelli, continued with the victory of another Coppa Italia in the 1970–71 season . In the 1971–72 season , Torino managed

15755-584: The theological model of pandeism was strongly expressed in the teachings of Bruno, especially with respect to the vision of a deity for which "the concept of God is not separated from that of the universe." However, Otto Kern takes exception to what he considers Weinstein's overbroad assertions that Bruno, as well as other historical philosophers such as John Scotus Eriugena , Nicholas of Cusa , Mendelssohn , and Lessing , were pandeists or leaned towards pandeism. Discover editor Corey S. Powell also described Bruno's cosmology as pandeistic, writing that it

15892-399: The theories of Copernicus (1473–1543) began diffusing through Europe. Copernicus conserved the idea of planets fixed to solid spheres, but considered the apparent motion of the stars to be an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis; he also preserved the notion of an immobile center, but it was the Sun rather than the Earth. Copernicus also argued the Earth was a planet orbiting

16029-402: The two clubs merged to form Internazionale Torino , after which Football Club Torinese was founded in 1894. The new game quickly supplanted the popularity of pallapugno , which led to the foundation of the football sections of the sports clubs Ginnastica Torino and Juventus . On 8 May 1898 Internazionale Torino, Football Club Torinese and Ginnastica Torino, along with Genoa as part of

16166-538: The two clubs, the away jersey of the Argentine club has been maroon on several occasions (most recently, the 2005–06 season ) while Torino have sported several variations of an away kit with a diagonal band, an homage to River's home kit. The bond with the Portuguese of Benfica is also very strong, the last to have met the Grande Torino before the aerial disaster of Superga. Other supporters with whom there

16303-483: The universal law which controls the perpetual becoming of all things in an infinite universe." A. M. Paterson says that, while we no longer have a copy of the official papal condemnation of Bruno, his heresies included "the doctrine of the infinite universe and the innumerable worlds" and his beliefs "on the movement of the earth". Michael White notes that the Inquisition may have pursued Bruno early in his life on

16440-520: The universe is infinite and could have no center. Bruno was tried for heresy by the Roman Inquisition on charges of denial of several core Catholic doctrines, including eternal damnation , the Trinity , the divinity of Christ , the virginity of Mary , and transubstantiation . Bruno's pantheism was not taken lightly by the church, nor was his teaching of metempsychosis regarding

16577-452: The work of Antoine de La Faye  [ fr ] , a distinguished professor. Bruno and the printer, Jean Bergeon, were promptly arrested. Rather than apologizing, Bruno insisted on continuing to defend his publication. He was refused the right to take sacrament . Though this right was soon restored, he left Geneva. He went to France, arriving first in Lyon , and thereafter settling for

16714-413: Was "a tool for advancing an animist or Pandeist theology", and this assessment of Bruno as a pandeist was agreed with by science writer Michael Newton Keas, and The Daily Beast writer David Sessions. The Vatican has published few official statements about Bruno's trial and execution. In 1942, Cardinal Giovanni Mercati , who discovered a number of lost documents relating to Bruno's trial, stated that

16851-403: Was adopted in the 2005–06 season, the first following the bankruptcy of Torino Calcio . The "1906" on the left side of the shield was later added to denote the founding year of the historic Foot-Ball Club Torino . In the 1980s, the Torino badge was square in shape with a stylised bull and the words "Torino Calcio." This badge is still held in high regard by the fans, and in 2013 it was voted by

16988-512: Was announced on 9 August 2005. On 16 August, the FIGC accepted the proposal of a new professional entity known as "Società Civile Campo Torino", formed by a group of businessmen and led by lawyer Pierluigi Marengo. The club was granted admission to the Petrucci Law , which guaranteed registration to Serie B, as well as all of the sporting titles of "Torino Calcio." On 19 August, Urbano Cairo

17125-724: Was being prepared against him in Naples he fled, shedding his religious habit , at least for a time. Bruno first went to the Genoese port of Noli , then to Savona , Turin and finally to Venice , where he published his lost work On the Signs of the Times with the permission (so he claimed at his trial) of the Dominican Remigio Nannini Fiorentino . From Venice he went to Padua , where he met fellow Dominicans who convinced him to wear his religious habit again. From Padua he went to Bergamo and then across

17262-545: Was deeply influenced by the presocratic Empedocles , Neoplatonism , Renaissance Hermeticism, and Book of Genesis -like legends surrounding the Hellenistic conception of Hermes Trismegistus . Other studies of Bruno have focused on his qualitative approach to mathematics and his application of the spatial concepts of geometry to language. Born Filippo Bruno in Nola (a comune in the modern-day province of Naples , in

17399-465: Was in the derby, allowed Torino to overtake. In the final round, Torino held a one-point advantage and, until then, had won every previous home fixture. Torino hosted Cesena at the Comunale but could only manage to draw; Juventus, however, were defeated at Perugia . The title was won by two points ahead of Juventus, 27 years after the Superga tragedy. The same title race was repeated the next year in

17536-423: Was instead formed by masonry. The support of the flag which was located at the entrance was about 6 meters high; its base was covered with bas-reliefs depicting a Greco Deco style. The field measured 110x70 meters and was covered with grass and had a drainage system. Under the stands was the caretaker's apartment, and fourteen rooms that were used by the players and the referee, the infirmary, club officials, and

17673-427: Was made of red brick , with columns and large windows with white frames. The various windows were connected by a gallery with iron railings. At the front was an old field that was used for training in the 1930s. The main structure of the building was reinforced concrete , while the stands were composed of pillars supporting a network of longitudinal wooden trusses on which panels of asbestos were placed. The parterre

17810-541: Was now 27,958 seated, reduced by about 38,000 from the original in compliance with modern safety standards. In April 2016, the Olimpico was renamed in honour of the Grande Torino . The Stadio Filadelfia also served as the training ground of Torino from 1926 to 1993. More recently, from 2006 to 2017, the team's training base was the Sisport di Corso Unione Sovietica. In the 2017–18 season, Torino returned to training at

17947-428: Was officially announced as the new president of the club at the bar Norman (once known as Voigt brewery). With the sale, the club changed its name to "Torino Football Club". Torino achieved immediate promotion in the 2005–06 season after winning the play-offs. The following season , Torino escaped relegation in the penultimate round of matches. After three seasons, the club once again were relegated to Serie B. During

18084-631: Was overseen by the Inquisitor Cardinal Bellarmine , who demanded a full recantation, which Bruno eventually refused. On 20 January 1600, Pope Clement VIII declared Bruno a heretic, and the Inquisition issued a sentence of death. According to the correspondence of Gaspar Schopp of Breslau , he is said to have made a threatening gesture towards his judges and to have replied: Maiori forsan cum timore sententiam in me fertis quam ego accipiam ("Perhaps you pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it"). He

18221-444: Was quite unthinkable." Frances Yates rejects what she describes as the "legend that Bruno was prosecuted as a philosophical thinker, was burned for his daring views on innumerable worlds or on the movement of the earth." Yates however writes that "the Church was ... perfectly within its rights if it included philosophical points in its condemnation of Bruno's heresies" because "the philosophical points were quite inseparable from

18358-459: Was recalled to France, and Bruno went with him. In Paris, Bruno found a tense political situation. Moreover, his 120 theses against Aristotelian natural science soon put him in ill favor. In 1586, following a violent quarrel over these theses, he left France for Germany. In Germany he failed to obtain a teaching position at Marburg , but was granted permission to teach at Wittenberg , where he lectured on Aristotle for two years. However, with

18495-402: Was replaced by Walter Mazzarri in January, who guided the club to another ninth-place finish at the end of the 2017–18 season . The following season Torino finished in seventh place and qualified for the Europa League after a five-year absence. Torino finished the season on 63 points, a club record since the introduction of the three points system in 1994. Torino, however, would fail to enter

18632-629: Was the most liberal state in the Italian Peninsula , Bruno was lulled into making the fatal mistake of returning to Italy. He went first to Padua , where he taught briefly, and applied unsuccessfully for the chair of mathematics, which was given instead to Galileo Galilei one year later. Bruno accepted Mocenigo's invitation and moved to Venice in March 1592. For about two months he served as an in-house tutor to Mocenigo, to whom he let slip some of his heterodox ideas. Mocenigo denounced him to

18769-993: Was turned over to the secular authorities. On 17 February 1600, in the Campo de' Fiori (a central Roman market square), naked, with his "tongue imprisoned because of his wicked words", he was burned alive at the stake . His ashes were thrown into the Tiber river. All of Bruno's works were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1603. The inquisition cardinals who judged Giordano Bruno were Cardinal Bellarmino (Bellarmine) , Cardinal Madruzzo (Madruzzi) , Camillo Cardinal Borghese (later Pope Paul V ), Domenico Cardinal Pinelli, Pompeio Cardinal Arrigoni, Cardinal Sfondrati , Pedro Cardinal De Deza Manuel and Cardinal Santorio (Archbishop of Santa Severina, Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina). The measures taken to prevent Bruno continuing to speak have resulted in his becoming

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