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100-805: Built in the mid-17th century as a fortress of the Polish Potocki family , Stanisławów was annexed to the Habsburg Empire during the First Partition of Poland in 1772, after which it became the property of the State within the Austrian Empire . The fortress was slowly transformed into one of the most prominent cities at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains . After World War I , for several months, it served as

200-542: A ( subsidiary of Ukrnafta ). The contract with Naftokhimik Prykarpattia expired in 2013. There are many lodging options in Ivano-Frankivsk. Ivano-Frankivsk has one four-star hotel ("Park Hotel") and three three-star hotels ("Nadia", "Auscoprut", "Pid Templem"). The city of Ivano-Frankivsk is located on the intersection of three major national (Ukraine) routes: [REDACTED] H 18 , [REDACTED] H 09 , and [REDACTED] H 10 . There also

300-835: A group of supporters he headed for the Zaporozhian Sich . The Cossacks were already on the brink of a new rebellion as plans for the new war with the Ottoman Empire advanced by the Polish king Władysław IV Vasa were cancelled by the Sejm . Cossacks were gearing up to resume their traditional and lucrative attacks on the Ottoman Empire (in the first quarter of the 17th century they raided the Black Sea shores almost annually), as they greatly resented being prevented from

400-693: A natural border between the Pokuttya Highland and Stanislav Basin . The Vovchynets Hill is located just outside and northeast of Ivano-Frankivsk. Located southeast from the Stanislav Basin in the direction of the Prut Valley is the Khorosnen (Prut-Bystrytsia) Highland. The highest point of that highland is Mount Hostra, 425 metres (1,394 ft). The closest neighboring city is Tysmenytsia , less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to

500-536: A new bus terminal next to the railway terminus on Zaliznychna Street. Inauguration of the new bus terminal took place on 22 May 2010. At the opening ceremony the Mayor of the city, Viktor Anushkevičius , noted that the new bus terminal was only partially completed, and for a period it would be necessary to offload passengers at the Pryvokzalna Square, which is already saturated with traffic. He also emphasised

600-701: A period of political turbulence and infighting in the Hetmanate known as the Ruin . The success of the anti-Polish rebellion, along with internal conflicts in Poland, as well as concurrent wars waged by Poland with Russia and Sweden (the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) and Second Northern War (1655–1660) respectively), ended the Polish Golden Age and caused a secular decline of Polish power during

700-546: A regional level around the 1970s. The city also is the home to a futsal team, PFC Uragan Ivano-Frankivsk , that competes in the Ukrainian Futsal Championship . They were the Ukrainian champions having won the 2010/11 season playoffs and therefore took part in the 2011–12 UEFA Futsal Cup for the first time. The city had an ice hockey team, HC Vatra Ivano-Frankivsk , which previously played in

800-586: A result of the patronage of Chancellor Jan Zamoyski and King Sigismund III Vasa . The Potocki family used the Piława coat of arms , and their motto was Scutum opponebat scuto (Latin for "Shield opposing shield"; literally "He opposed shield to shield"). Khmelnytsky Uprising See Aftermath The Khmelnytsky Uprising , also known as the Cossack–Polish War , or the Khmelnytsky insurrection ,

900-714: A temporary capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . Following the Peace of Riga in 1921, Stanisławów became part of the Second Polish Republic . After the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II , the city was annexed by the Soviet Union, only to be occupied by Nazi Germany two years later. With the liberation of Soviet Ukraine in 1944 and the shifting of borders ,

1000-414: Is Independence Street (Tysmenytsia district), Zabolotiv Street – Mykhailo Hrushevsky Street and Street of Vasylyanok (Zabolottya district), and Lysets Street – Hetman Mazepa Street (Lysets district). Later the city was split into six small districts: midtown where the rich Catholic population and patricians lived, pidzamche (subcastle), and four suburbs – Zabolotiv, Tysmenytsia, Halych and Lysets where

1100-700: Is King Jan II Casimir Vasa, in Rus it is Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky". Following the Battles of Zbarazh and Zboriv , Khmelnytsky gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the Treaty of Zboriv . When hostilities resumed, however, his forces suffered a massive defeat in 1651 at the Battle of Berestechko , considered to be one of the largest land battles of the 17th century, and they were abandoned by their former allies,

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1200-618: Is a big open space bordered by Shpytalna Street on the north-east, Hrushevsky Street on the south-east, and Melnychuk Street on the south-west. Next to the building, there is a memorial to the Unification of the Western Ukraine with the rest of Ukraine. The main feature of the memorial is a tall marble stele , both sides of which are adorned with statues: kamenyar (west) and kobzar (east). The city council currently consists of 42 deputies. The political representation after

1300-399: Is for the past 62 years. The average number of days with precipitation is 170 spread almost equally throughout a year. Most precipitation takes place during the winter months and least in early autumn. Thunderstorms occur mostly in summer months averaging around 25 annually. Ivano-Frankivsk averages about 296 days of fog or misty days with about 24 per month. Note: Historical population record

1400-681: Is one important regional route T09-06 . All the H-routes eventually connect to [REDACTED] E50 . The city has over 25 public schools of general education for grades 1 through 11, including the Ukrainian gymnasium No. 1 . There are also some privately owned schools and lyceums. In addition, the city has several professional public institutes. There are also numerous sports schools : Fitness Sport Association "Ukraine" – 5 schools, MVK – 3 schools, Fitness Sport Association "Spartak" – 2 schools, Fitness Sport Association "Kolos" – 1 school, and

1500-441: Is one of the wealthiest and most powerful aristocratic families in Poland. The Potocki family originated from the small village of Potok Wielki ; their family name derives from that place name. The family contributed to the cultural development and history of Poland's Eastern Borderlands (today Western Ukraine). The family is renowned for numerous Polish statesmen, military leaders, and cultural activists. The first known Potocki

1600-765: Is situated in the Carpathian region northeast of the mountain range, sitting approximately 120 metres (390 ft) above mean sea level . One of the several main geographical features is the Vovchynets Hill also known as the Vovchynets Mountains. The hill reaches 300-350 metres (1,150 ft) above sea level and is part of the Pokuttya Highland ( Upland ). Around the hill Bystrytsia River branches into Bystrytsia of Nadvirna, Bystrytsia of Solotvyn, and Vorona. The last two rivers serve as

1700-565: Is taken out of Ivano-Frankivsk portal, more recent – the Regional Directorate of Statistics. There is also other information on a population growth such as the JewishGen . With asterisk there are identified years of approximate data. In the 18th century, differentiation among Poles and Ukrainians was by religious background rather than ethnic (Catholics vs. Orthodox). Distribution of the population by native language according to

1800-546: The 2001 census : According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 97% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 3% spoke Russian. Both city and oblast administrations as well as the regional council are all located in a massive white building on Hrushevsky Street locally known as Bily Dim or Bily Budynok. In front of the building, there

1900-568: The 2020 Ukrainian local elections by political blocs was elected as such: 28 seats for Svoboda , 10 seats for European Solidarity and 4 seats for Batkivschyna . In the (first round of the) 2020 Ukrainian local elections Martsinkiv was reelected with about 85% of the vote. All street names reflecting the city's Soviet or Russian past have been returned to their former names, or given new names of national historic importance, or other non-controversial names. For example, Gagarin Street (connecting

2000-582: The Austrian Empire , and later Austria-Hungary ; however, after the Revolutions of 1848 , the city carried three different linguistic renderings of its name: German, Polish, and Ruthenian ( German : Stanislau , pronounced [ˈʃtaːnɪslaʊ] ; Polish : Stanisławów , pronounced [staɲiˈswavuf] ; Ukrainian : Станісла́вів Stanislaviv , pronounced [stɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈslɑwiu̯] , or Станиславiв Stanyslaviv , pronounced [stɐnɪˈslɑwiu̯] ). Other spellings used in

2100-541: The Battle of Jezierna or Jeziorna (November 1655). There is some overlap between the last phase of the uprising and the beginning of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) , as Cossack and Russian forces became allied. Estimates of the death tolls of the Khmelnytsky uprising vary, as do many others from the eras analyzed by historical demography . As better sources and methodology are becoming available, such estimates are subject to continuing revision. Population losses of

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2200-525: The Crimean Tatars . They were forced at Bila Tserkva to accept the Treaty of Bila Tserkva . A year later, in 1652, the Cossacks had their revenge at the Battle of Batih , where Khmelnytsky ordered Cossacks to kill all Polish prisoners and paid Tatars for possession of the prisoners, an event known as the Batih massacre . However, the enormous casualties suffered by the Cossacks at Berestechko made

2300-585: The Crown of Poland under the agreement forming the new Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ( Rzeczpospolita ). The Kingdom of Poland already controlled several Ruthenian lands which formed the voivodeships of Lviv and Belz . The combined lands would be formed into the Lesser Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . Although the local nobility were formally granted full rights within

2400-511: The Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648. The fort was originally built next to Zabolotiv village (known since 1435), and Knyahynyn (1449). The village of Zabolotiv and the land around it were purchased by Andrzej Potocki from another Polish nobleman , Rzeczkowski. Stanisławów was issued by Potocki and his declaration establishing the city with Magdeburg rights on 7 May 1662; but the city and its rights, however, were not recognized by

2500-676: The Ottoman Empire in the Moldavian Magnate Wars . After being held captive in Constantinople , he returned home as a Registered Cossack , settling in his khutor Subotiv with a wife and several children. He participated in campaigns for Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski , led delegations to King Władysław IV Vasa in Warsaw and generally was well respected within the Cossack ranks. The course of his life

2600-643: The Red Army took over the city for a brief period. After the Soviet retreat, Ukrainian troops loyal to Symon Petlura occupied the city for a few days. At this period of history the city was in complete disorder. It then became part of Poland until the start of World War II. In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German and Soviet forces , the territory was captured by the Soviets in September 1939 and annexed to

2700-597: The Tatars to join him in a potential assault against their shared enemy, the Commonwealth. By April 1648 word of an uprising had spread throughout the Commonwealth. Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising, or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading, the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Potocki and Field Crown Hetman Marcin Kalinowski sent 3,000 soldiers under

2800-650: The Ukrainian Hockey Championship . Ivano-Frankivsk is also the hometown of Ukrainian gymnasts; one of them is Dariya Zgoba who won gold on the uneven bars in the 2007 European Championships and became a finalist on the Beijing Olympics; the other one is Yana Demyanchuk , who won gold on the balance beam at the 2009 European Championships. Other clubs include: Ivano-Frankivsk is twinned with: In February 2016 Ivano-Frankivsk City Council terminated its twinned relations with

2900-577: The Ukrainian SSR . Between September 1939 and June 1941, the Soviet regime ordered thousands of inhabitants of the city to leave their houses and move to Siberia , where most of them perished. Numerous people were taken out of the city prison and simply shot outside of the city when Soviet forces were leaving it in 1941. Ivano-Frankivsk was occupied by German forces from 2 July 1941 to 27 July 1944. There were more than 40,000 Jews in Stanisławów when it

3000-524: The Uniate Church . While all of the people did not unite under one church , the concepts of autonomy were implanted into consciousness of the area and came out in force during the military campaign of Bohdan Khmelnytsky . Born to a noble family, Bohdan Khmelnytsky attended a Jesuit school, probably in Lviv . At the age of 22, he joined his father in the service of the Commonwealth, battling against

3100-601: The Zaporizhian Sich and quickly killed the guards assigned by the Commonwealth to protect the entrance. Once at the Sich, his oratory and diplomatic skills struck a nerve with oppressed Ruthenians. As his men repelled an attempt by Commonwealth forces to retake the Sich, more recruits joined his cause. The Cossack Rada elected him Hetman by the end of the month. Khmelnytsky threw most of his resources into recruiting more fighters. He sent emissaries to Crimea , enjoining

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3200-741: The fall of Constantinople it began this process by insisting that the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus′ was now the primate of the Russian Church . The pressure of Catholic expansionism culminated with the Union of Brest in 1596, which attempted to retain the autonomy of the Eastern Orthodox churches in present-day Ukraine , Poland and Belarus by aligning themselves with the Bishop of Rome . Many Cossacks were also against

3300-719: The plebeians lived. In October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed. In the early months of 1919 (from January to May) the city became a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian National Republic , while still recovering from World War I . All state affairs took place in the building of Dnister Hotel where the Act Zluky (Unification Act)

3400-471: The 1637 rebellion, he realized that Cossacks, while having an excellent infantry, could not hope to match the Polish cavalry, which was possibly the best in Europe at the time. However, combining Cossack infantry with Crimean Tatar cavalry could provide a balanced military force and give the Cossacks a chance to beat the Polish army. On January 25, 1648, Khmelnytsky brought a contingent of 400–500 Cossacks to

3500-749: The 1980s historians still considered 100,000 a reasonable estimate of the Jews killed and, according to Edward Flannery , many considered it "a minimum". Max Dimont in Jews, God, and History , first published in 1962, writes "Perhaps as many as 100,000 Jews perished in the decade of this revolution." Edward Flannery , writing in The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism , first published in 1965, also gives figures of 100,000 to 500,000, stating "Many historians consider

3600-530: The Commonwealth becoming increasingly weak, Cossacks became more and more integrated into the Russian Empire , with their autonomy and privileges eroded. The remnants of these privileges were gradually abolished in the aftermath of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), in which hetman Ivan Mazepa sided with Sweden. By the time that the last of the partitions of Poland ended the existence of

3700-469: The Commonwealth in 1795, many Cossacks had already left Ukraine to colonise the Kuban and, in process, were russified . Sources vary as to when the uprising ended. Russian and some Polish sources give the end-date of the uprising as 1654, pointing to the Treaty of Pereyaslav as ending the war; Ukrainian sources give the date as Khmelnytsky's death in 1657; and few Polish sources give the date as 1655 and

3800-476: The Cossack-Polish War", Harvard Ukrainian Studies 1 (1977): 153–77. While many of them were killed, Jewish losses did not reach the hair-raising figures that are often associated with the uprising. In the words of Weinryb ( The Jews of Poland , 193–4), "The fragmentary information of the period—and to a great extent information from subsequent years, including reports of recovery—clearly indicate that

3900-420: The Cossacks (note the Treaty of Hadiach of 1658), the new Cossack subjects became even more dominated by Russia. The Hetmanate entered a new political situation which was far different than in the Commonwealth, and the church was much more subordinate to the tsar there. Russia had a traditional practice of imprisoning as well as executing Orthodox officials, which was foreign to people from the Commonwealth. With

4000-509: The Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of Pereyaslav , which led to the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) . When Poland–Lithuania and Russia signed the Truce of Vilna and agreed on an anti-Swedish alliance in 1657, Khmelnytsky's Cossacks supported the invasion of the Commonwealth by Sweden's Transylvanian allies instead. Although the Commonwealth tried to regain its influence over

4100-634: The Jews of Poland during the fatal decade 1648–1658 were appalling. In the reports of the chroniclers, the number of Jewish victims varies between one hundred thousand and five hundred thousand. But even if we accept the lower figure, the number of victims still remains colossal, even exceeding the catastrophes of the Crusades and the Black Death in Western Europe. Some seven hundred Jewish communities in Poland had suffered massacre and pillage. In

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4200-497: The Messiah, and contributed in later years to growing interest in Hasidism . The accounts of contemporary Jewish chroniclers of the events tended to emphasize large casualty figures, but since the end of the 20th century they have been re-evaluated downwards. Early 20th-century estimates of Jewish deaths were based on the accounts of the Jewish chroniclers of the time, and tended to be high, ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 or more; in 1916 Simon Dubnow stated: The losses inflicted on

4300-465: The Poles found a lot of support not only in his regiment but also throughout the Sich . All through the autumn of 1647, Khmelnytsky travelled from one regiment to another and had numerous consultations with different Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised the suspicions of Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts, and he was promptly arrested. Polkovnyk ( colonel ) Mykhailo Krychevsky assisted Khmelnytsky in his escape, and with

4400-445: The Polish Crown until 14 August 1663, when John Casimir had finally approved it. By 1672, the fortress had been rebuilt from wood to stone, brick, and mortar. Also a new large fortified Potocki palace was erected in the place of an older wood structure. Today this building serves as the military hospital . In the same year Jews were granted the right to become permanent residents, who could work, conduct commerce and travel in and out of

4500-425: The Russian cities Surgut , Serpukhov and Veliky Novgorod due to the Russo-Ukrainian War . Ivano-Frankivsk cooperates with: Potocki family The House of Potocki ( Polish pronunciation: [pɔˈtɔt͡skʲi] ; plural: Potoccy, male: Potocki, feminine: Potocka) was a prominent Polish noble family in the Kingdom of Poland and magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Potocki family

4600-448: The Rzeczpospolita by a 1572 royal decree, this was often ignored by city councils, and both the nobility and city burgers were under enormous pressure to convert to Roman Catholicism and use of the Polish language . This assimilation of Polish culture on the part of the Ruthenian nobility alienated them from the lower classes, and most especially to the Cossacks , who proved stubbornly resistant to Catholicism and Polonization . It

4700-422: The Soviet prefabricated apartment blocks at the city's rural–urban fringe , and others. The town was founded as a fortress known as Stanisławów where it was named after the Polish hetman Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki . Some sources claim it was named after his grandson Stanisław . Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the name was transliterated as Stanislau in German, as the city became part of

4800-406: The Ukrainian cities situated on the left banks of the Dnieper, the region populated by Cossacks ... the Jewish communities had disappeared almost completely. In the localities on the right shore of the Dnieper or in the Polish part of Ukraine as well as those of Volhynia and Podolia, wherever Cossacks had made their appearance, only about one tenth of the Jewish population survived. From the 1960s to

4900-415: The catastrophe may have not been as great as has been assumed." A 2003 study by Israeli demographer Shaul Stampfer of Hebrew University dedicated solely to the issue of Jewish casualties in the uprising concludes that 18,000–20,000 Jews were killed of a total population of 40,000. Paul Robert Magocsi states that Jewish chroniclers of the 17th century "provide invariably inflated figures with respect to

5000-448: The city as they pleased. Originally the city was divided into two districts: Tysmenytsia and Halych. Sometime in 1817–1819 the neighbouring village of Zabolottya, that had a special status, was incorporated into the city as a new district, while Tysmenytsia district was divided into Tysmenytsia and Lysets districts. Each district had its main street corresponded with its name: Halych Street (Halych district), Tysmenytsia Street which today

5100-425: The city remained part of the Ukrainian SSR and was renamed in 1962 after Ivan Franko . With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city become part of newly-independent Ukraine. Ivano-Frankivsk is one of the principal cities of the Carpathian Euroregion . There are elements of various cultures intertwined in the city's architecture, including the Polish city hall , the Austro-Hungarian city's business centre,

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5200-438: The city was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko . During the post-war period, the city was part of the Carpathian Military District housing the 38th Army (70th Motor Rifle Division) that participated in Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia . Until 18 July 2020, Ivano-Frankivsk was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and the center of Ivano-Frankivsk Municipality . The municipality

5300-638: The city with its suburbs) became Vovchynets Street, Suvorov Street is now Harbar Street, and Soviet Street is Independence Street. Around 100 other streets were renamed. The city has seven main city squares, four of them located in the "old town" part of the city. Like a lot of regional centers in Ukraine and the former Soviet Union, Ivano-Frankivsk is well known for its rural-urban fringe panel building residential districts, too. The city of Ivano-Frankivsk has an extensive network of public transport including buses, trolleybuses , and taxis. There are nine trolleybus routes and about 52 for regular buses. Some of

5400-399: The command of Potocki's son, Stefan , towards Khmelnytsky, without waiting to gather additional forces from Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . Khmelnytsky marshalled his forces and met his enemy at the Battle of Zhovti Vody , which saw a considerable number of defections on the field of battle by Registered Cossacks , who changed their allegiance from the Commonwealth to Khmelnytsky. The victory

5500-449: The east. Other cities that lie in the radius of 25 to 30 km (16 to 19 mi) are Tlumach (east), Nadvirna (south), Kalush (west), and Halych (north). The city also administers five adjacent villages that surround it: Mykytyntsi, Krykhivtsi, Vovchynets, Uhornyky, and Khryplyn. As is the case with most of Ukraine, the climate is moderate continental with warm summers, and fairly cold winters. The following climate data provided

5600-423: The entire Commonwealth population in the years 1648–1667 (a period which includes the Uprising, but also the Polish-Russian War and the Swedish invasion ) are estimated at 4 million (roughly a decrease from 11 to 12 million to 7–8 million). Before the Khmelnytsky uprising, magnates had sold and leased certain privileges to arendators , many of whom were Jewish, who earned money from the collections they made for

5700-412: The fields and one grave alone contained over 270 bodies... All the infants were less than a year old since the older ones were driven off into captivity. The surviving peasants wander about in groups, bewailing their misfortune. From Autumn of 1654 to Spring of 1655 during the "Bracław Campaign" Stefan Czarniecki's army with the support of Crimean Tatars murdered 100,000 Ukrainians some sources even put

5800-438: The history of Ukraine 's relationship with Poland and Russia . It ended the Polish Catholic szlachta ′s domination over the Ukrainian Orthodox population; at the same time, it led to the eventual incorporation of eastern Ukraine into the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement , whereby the Cossacks would swear allegiance to the tsar while retaining a wide degree of autonomy. The event triggered

5900-418: The idea of creating an independent state impossible to implement. Khmelnytsky had to decide whether to stay under Polish–Lithuanian influence or ally with the Muscovites. The Tatars of the Crimean Khanate , then a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire , participated in the insurrection, seeing it as a source of captives to be sold. Slave raiding sent a large influx of captives to slave markets in Crimea at

6000-418: The initial stages of the uprising, armies of the magnate Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , on their retreat westward inflicted terrible retribution on the civilian population, leaving behind them a trail of burned towns and villages. In addition, Khmelnytsky's Tatar allies often continued their raids against the civilian population, in spite of protests from the Cossacks. After the Cossacks' alliance with Tsardom of Russia

6100-700: The lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their history. In the two decades following the uprising the Commonwealth suffered two more major wars ( The Deluge and Russo-Polish War (1654–67) ; during that period total Jewish casualties are estimated at another 20,000 to 30,000. In Jewish circles, this massacre became known as Gzeyres Takh Vetat, sometimes shortened to Takh Vetat (spelled in multiple ways in English. In Hebrew : גזירת ת"ח ות"ט ). This translates to "the (evil) decrees of (years) 408 and 409" referring to

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6200-427: The local press media included Russian : Станиславов Stanislavov and Yiddish : סטאַניסלאוו . After World War II it was changed by the Soviet authorities into a simplified version Stanislav (Ukrainian: Станісла́в , pronounced [stɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈslɑu̯] ; Russian: Станисла́в , pronounced [stənʲɪˈslaf] ). In 1962, to honor the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko on the city's 300th anniversary, it

6300-493: The loss of life among the Jewish population of Ukraine. The numbers range from 60,000–80,000 (Nathan Hannover) to 100,000 (Sabbatai Cohen), but that "[t]he Israeli scholars Shmuel Ettinger and Bernard D. Weinryb speak instead of the 'annihilation of tens of thousands of Jewish lives', and the Ukrainian-American historian Jaroslaw Pelenski narrows the number of Jewish deaths to between 6,000 and 14,000". Orest Subtelny concludes: Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given

6400-399: The lower-class Ruthenians, with the introduction of Counter-Reformation missionary practices and the use of Jewish arendators to manage their estates. Local Orthodox traditions were also affected from the assumption of ecclesiastical power by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1448. The growing Russian state in the north sought to acquire the southern lands of Kievan Rus' , and with

6500-494: The magnates by receiving a percentage of an estate's revenue. By not supervising their estates directly, the magnates left it to the leaseholders and collectors to become objects of hatred to the oppressed and long-suffering peasants. Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." With this as their battle cry, Cossacks and the peasantry massacred numerous Jewish and Polish–Lithuanian townsfolk, as well as szlachta during

6600-416: The most numerous and accessible representatives of the szlachta regime. The uprising began a period in Polish history known as The Deluge (which included the Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth during the Second Northern War of 1655–1660), that temporarily freed the Ukrainians from Polish domination but in a short time subjected them to Russian domination. Weakened by wars, in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded

6700-399: The national level since the 1950s. Since 2007, the club only fields its youth team Spartak-93 and competes in the Children-Youth Football League of Ukraine. The former president of Spartak Anatoliy Revutskiy reorganized the local university ( University of Oil and Gas ) team in 2007 into the new " FSK Prykarpattia " with support of the city mayor Anushkevychus making it the main football club in

6800-411: The need for another bus station on the outskirts of the city. The city is served by Ivano-Frankivsk International Airport , which was granted international status in 1992. The airport shares its facilities with the 114 Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force . Since 2002, the airport has been leased to the private enterprise company Yavson, and from 2005 the Public limited company Naftokhimik Prykarpattia,

6900-701: The number of Jews that died during the national uprising of Ukrainians to 18,000–20,000 people between the years 1648–1649; of these, 3,000–6,000 Jews were killed by Cossacks in Nemirov in May 1648 and 1,500 in Tulczyn in July 1648. Due to the widespread murders, Jewish elders at the Council of Vilna banned merrymaking by a decree on July 3, 1661: they set limitations on wedding celebrations, public drinking, fire dances, masquerades, and Jewish comic entertainers. Stories about massacre victims who had been buried alive, cut to pieces, or forced to kill one another spread throughout Europe and beyond. These stories filled many with despair, led others to identify Sabbatai Zevi as

7000-436: The others. The city has six universities, the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management that is a local campus of Ternopil National Economic University , and the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management and Economics "Halytska Akademia". All of which are state funded. Ivano-Frankivsk is home to a number of sports teams. Most notably, it was home to the football club FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk (Prykarpattya) that participated on

7100-399: The peasant uprisings now troubled a nobleman such as Khmelnytsky; however, after discussing information gathered across the country with his advisers, the Cossack leadership soon realized the potential for autonomy was there for the taking. Although Khmelnytsky's personal resentment of the szlachta and the magnates influenced his transformation into a revolutionary, it was his ambition to become

7200-615: The period known in Polish history as "the Deluge ". In Jewish history , the Uprising is known for the atrocities against the Jews who, in their capacity as leaseholders ( arendators ), were seen by the peasants as their immediate oppressors and became the subject of antisemitic violence. In 1569 the Union of Lublin granted the southern Lithuanian-controlled Ruthenian voivodeships of Volhynia , Podolia , Bracław and Kiev —to

7300-513: The pirate activities by the peace treaties between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. Rumors about the emerging hostilities with "the infidels" were greeted with joy, and the news that there was to be no raiding after all was explosive in itself. However, the Cossack rebellion might have fizzled in the same manner as the great rebellions of 1637–1638 but for the strategies of Khmelnytsky. Having taken part in

7400-529: The realm of historical demography , became more widely adopted and tended to result in lower fatality numbers. Newer studies of the Jewish population of the affected areas of Ukraine in that period estimate it to be 50,000. According to Orest Subtelny : Weinryb cites the calculations of S. Ettinger  [ he ] indicating that about 50,000 Jews lived in the area where the uprising occurred. See B. Weinryb, "The Hebrew Chronicles on Bohdan Khmelnytsky and

7500-672: The rebellious Hetmanate were devastated by the uprising and ensuing massacres, though occasionally a Jewish population was spared, notably after the capture of the town of Brody (the population of which was 70% Jewish). According to the book known as History of the Rus , Khmelnytsky's rationale was largely mercantile and the Jews of Brody, which was a major trading centre, were judged to be useful "for turnovers and profits" and thus they were only required to pay "moderate indemnities" in kind. One estimate (1996) reports that 15,000–30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. A 2014 estimate puts

7600-438: The region and replacing Spartak. Previously during the interbellum period, the city was home to another football club based on the local Polish garrison and called Rewera Stanisławów (1908). That club competed at a regional level that had evolved at that period. With the start of World War II , that club was disbanded. During the Soviet period among several others there was another club "Elektron" that successfully participated at

7700-503: The routes run beyond the city into nearby villages. The city is served by the Ivano-Frankivsk railway station . There are also smaller railway stations in adjacent villages, including Uhryniv and Khryplyn . All of them are part of Lviv Railways . Until 2008, the railway terminal also housed a bus terminal which provided several inter-city bus routes, including some to international destinations. In 2000, construction began on

7800-567: The royal delegation. Khmelnytsky answered that he would comply with his monarch's request and then turned back. He made a triumphant entry into Kiev on Christmas Day in 1648, and he was hailed as "the Moses, savior, redeemer, and liberator of the people from Polish captivity... the illustrious ruler of Rus". In February 1649, during negotiations with a Polish delegation headed by nobleman Adam Kysil in Pereiaslav , Khmelnytsky declared that he

7900-441: The ruler of a Ruthenian nation that expanded the uprising from a simple rebellion into a national movement. Khmelnytsky had his forces join a peasant revolt at the Battle of Pyliavtsi , striking another terrible blow to weakened and depleted Polish forces. Khmelnytsky was persuaded not to lay siege to Lviv, in exchange for 200,000 red guldens, according to some sources, but Hrushevsky stated that Khmelnytsky did indeed lay siege to

8000-616: The second figure exaggerated and the first a minimum." Martin Gilbert in his Jewish History Atlas published in 1976 states, "Over 100,000 Jews were killed; many more were tortured or ill-treated, others fled ...." Many other sources of the time give similar figures. Although many modern sources still give estimates of Jews killed in the uprising at 100,000 or more, others put the numbers killed at between 40,000 and 100,000, and recent academic studies have argued fatalities were even lower. Modern historiographic methods, particularly from

8100-401: The time of the Uprising. Ottoman Jews collected funds to mount a concerted ransom effort to gain the freedom of their people. Within a few months almost all Polish nobles, officials and priests had been wiped out or driven from the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Commonwealth population losses in the uprising exceeded one million. In addition, Jews suffered substantial losses because they were

8200-758: The title of count from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1606. The entire family began using the Count title after the partitions of Poland . The title was recognized 1777 and 1784 in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and 1838, 1843, 1859, 1890 1903 in Russia and 1889 by the Pope and in the Kingdom of Poland ( Congress Poland ). In 1631 Stefan Potocki , who started the "Złota Pilawa" lineage, died and

8300-528: The town, for about two weeks. After obtaining the ransom, he moved to besiege Zamość , when he finally heard about the election of the new Polish King, John Casimir II , whom Khmelnytsky favored. According to Hrushevsky John Casimir II sent him a letter in which he informed the Cossack leader about his election and assured him that he would grant Cossacks and all of the Orthodox faith various privileges. He requested for Khmelnytsky to stop his campaign and await

8400-494: The years 1648–1649. Yeven Mezulah , the contemporary 17th-century chronicle by Nathan ben Moses Hannover , an eyewitness, states: Wherever they found the szlachta , royal officials or Jews, they [Cossacks] killed them all, sparing neither women nor children. They pillaged the estates of the Jews and nobles, burned churches and killed their priests, leaving nothing whole. It was a rare individual in those days who had not soaked his hands in blood ... Most Jewish communities in

8500-432: The years 5408 and 5409 on the Jewish calendar, which corresponds to the years 1648 and 1649 on the non-Jewish calendar. While the Cossacks and peasants (known as pospolity ) were in many cases the perpetrators of massacres of Polish szlachta members and their collaborators, they also suffered the horrendous loss of life resulting from Polish reprisals, Tatar raids, famine, plague and general destruction due to war. At

8600-626: Was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, Podolia , and Volhynia ... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, Chełm , and Halych ". It became clear to the Polish envoys that Khmelnytsky had positioned himself no longer as simply a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks but as that of an independent state and stated his claims to the heritage of the Rus'. A Vilnius panegyric in Khmelnytsky's honour (1650–1651) explained it: "While in Poland it

8700-624: Was a Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine. Under the command of hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky , the Zaporozhian Cossacks , allied with the Crimean Tatars and local Ukrainian peasantry , fought against Polish domination and the Commonwealth's forces . The insurgency

8800-477: Was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six. The area of Ivano-Frankivsk Municipality was merged into the newly established Ivano-Frankivsk Raion. On 24 February and 11 March 2022, Ivano-Frankivsk was struck by Russian missiles during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . See 2022 bombing of Ivano-Frankivsk . The city

8900-541: Was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against prisoners of war and the civilian population, especially against the Roman Catholic and Ruthenian Uniate clergy and especially the Jews , as well as savage reprisals by loyalist Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , the voivode of Ukrainian descent (military governor) of the Ruthenian Voivodeship . The uprising has a symbolic meaning in

9000-442: Was altered, however, when Aleksander Koniecpolski , heir to hetman Koniecpolski's magnate estate, attempted to seize Khmelnytsky's land. In 1647 Chyhyryn deputy of starosta (head of the local royal administration) Daniel Czapliński openly started to harass Khmelnytsky on behalf of the younger Koniecpolski in an attempt to force him off the land. On two occasions raids were made to Subotiv, during which considerable property damage

9100-538: Was buried in Zolotyi Potik (pl. Złoty Potok , Golden Potok , a village owned by this lineage), his descendants started to use the Pilawa coat of arms in golden colour. Because of that the lineage is called the "Złota Pilawa" (Golden Piława). There are also four branches called: Named after the hubs of their respective constellations of properties. The family became prominent in the 16th and 17th centuries as

9200-804: Was composed and signed on 22 January 1919 by the Ukrainian People's Republic . The same year it was subjected to the Polish–Ukrainian and the Romanian-Ukrainian skirmishes eventually being annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic as the centre of the Stanisławów Voivodeship . It was occupied by the Romanian army for the summer months from 25 May to 21 August 1919. During the Polish–Soviet War in 1920,

9300-481: Was done and his son Yurii was badly beaten, until Khmelnytsky moved his family to a relative's house in Chyhyryn . He twice sought assistance from the king by traveling to Warsaw, only to find him either unwilling or powerless to confront the will of a magnate. Having received no support from Polish officials, Khmelnytsky turned to his Cossack friends and subordinates. The case of a Cossack being unfairly treated by

9400-467: Was enacted, the Tatar raids became unrestrained; coupled with the onset of famine, they led to a virtual depopulation of whole areas of the country. The extent of the tragedy can be exemplified by a report of a Polish officer of the time, describing the devastation: I estimate that the number of infants alone who were found dead along the roads and in the castles reached 10,000. I ordered them to be buried in

9500-414: Was especially important in regard to powerful and traditionally influential great princely families of Ruthenian origins, among them Wiśniowiecki , Czartoryski , Ostrogski , Sanguszko , Zbaraski , Korecki and Zasławski , which acquired even more power and were able to gather more lands, creating huge latifundia . This szlachta , along with the actions of the upper-class Polish magnates , oppressed

9600-550: Was occupied by the Nazis on 26 July 1941. The Stanisławów Ghetto was formed. During the occupation (1941–44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population were murdered. In early 1944, the city became part of the Soviet Union and was again renamed Stanislav . The Soviets forced most of the Polish population to leave the city, where most of them settled in the Recovered Territories . In 1962,

9700-475: Was on the run from its peasants, their palaces and estates in flames. All the while, Khmelnytsky's army marched westward. Khmelnytsky stopped his forces at Bila Tserkva and issued a list of demands to the Polish Crown, including raising the number of Registered Cossacks, returning churches taken from the Orthodox faithful and paying the Cossacks for wages, which had been withheld for five years. News of

9800-510: Was quickly followed by rout of the Commonwealth's armies at the Battle of Korsuń , which saw both the elder Potocki and Kalinowski captured and imprisoned by the Tatars. In addition to the loss of significant forces and military leadership, the Polish state also lost King Władysław IV Vasa, who died in 1648, leaving the Crown of Poland leaderless and in disarray at a time of rebellion. The szlachta

9900-416: Was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk ( Ukrainian : Івано-Франківськ ) or Ivano-Frankovsk ( Russian : Ивано-Франковск ). It is sometimes colloquially called Franyk ( Франик ) by its residents. The town of Stanisławów was founded as a fortress in order to protect the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions and to defend the multi-ethnic population of the region in case of armed conflicts such as

10000-536: Was Żyrosław z Potoka (born about 1136). The children of his son Aleksander (~1167) castelan of Sandomierz , were progenitors of new noble families such as the Moskorzewski, Stanisławski, Tworowski, Borowski, and Stosłowski. Jakub Potocki (c. 1481–1551) was the protoplast of the magnate line of the Potocki family. The magnate line split into three primary lineages, called: The "Złota Pilawa" line received

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