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112-595: Star Tours was a motion simulator attraction at several Disney theme parks , based on the successful Star Wars film series created by George Lucas . Set in the Star Wars universe, the attraction sent guests on an excursion trip to Endor , whilst being caught in an altercation between the New Republic and an Imperial Remnant . The attraction featured Captain "Rex" RX-24 along with series regulars R2-D2 and C-3PO . At its debut at Disneyland in 1987, it

224-583: A Death Star in a plot by an Imperial warlord to distract the New Republic). Rex uses the StarSpeeder's lasers to eliminate several TIE fighters while a Republic pilot destroys the Death Star in the same manner as Luke Skywalker by firing two proton torpedoes into the exhaust port. The X-wings jump to lightspeed as the Death Star explodes, and a final lightspeed jump sends the StarSpeeder back to

336-401: A civilian population too terrified to resist. However, inconsistencies in academy standards led to stormtroopers of varying combat skill and ability compared to the superior clone troopers, which, among other things, can be seen in the stormtroopers' mainly variable, sometimes even weak, ability to hit the target in firefights. After subduing any remaining Separatist holdouts left over from

448-471: A constant speed or velocity is reached. At constant speed, visual cues give cues of motion until another acceleration takes place and the body's motion sensors once more send signals to the brain. In simulator motion platforms, after an initial acceleration is produced, the platform is re-set to a neutral position at a rate below human motion threshold so that the subject does not detect the so-called "wash out" phase of simulator motion cueing. The motion system

560-637: A faint area of blue discoloration giving them away. In conjunction with their Force-granted telekinesis, reflexes, and agility, the Shadowtroopers are armed and trained in the use of mass-produced red lightsabers. Their combination of abilities allow them to lie in wait and ambush the enemy, representing formidable opponents even for trained Jedi, most often the game's Jedi protagonist, Kyle Katarn . Shadow stormtroopers appear in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed and wear exactly

672-478: A fluid called the endolymph. In each canal, there is a section where the diameter is larger than the rest of the canal. This section is called the ampulla and is sealed by a flap called the cupula. Angular accelerations are detected as follows: an angular acceleration causes the fluid in the canals to move, deflecting the cupula. The nerves in the cupula report the motion to both the brain and oculomotor muscles, stabilizing eye movements. A transfer function model between

784-463: A giant mechanical arm. Once in space, Rex asks R2-D2 to make the jump to lightspeed . However, the ship accidentally passes the Endor moon and instead gets caught inside a comet cluster. The ship gets hit by several comets before getting trapped in one of the larger comets. The StarSpeeder weaves its way through the comet and escapes by crashing through one of the walls. Upon escaping the comet, however,

896-412: A human test subject. Values of 0.5 ∘ / sec 2 {\displaystyle 0.5^{\circ }/\sec ^{2}} have been reported for pitch and roll accelerations in a flight simulator. The above studies indicate that the pilot's vestibular system detects accelerations before the aircraft instruments displays them. This can be considered an inner control loop in which

1008-425: A larger market of more generalized "craft-oriented" simulation, entertainment, and virtual reality systems. Motion platforms are commonly used in the field of engineering for analysis and verification of vehicle performance and design. The ability to link a computer-based dynamic model of a particular system to physical motion gives the user the ability to feel how the vehicle would respond to control inputs without

1120-423: A motion platform (if fitted) works in synchronization to the external visual scene. As discussed above, in the real world motion cues are processed by the brain before visual changes, and this must be followed in a simulator or dizziness and even nausea can occur in some people, so called "simulator sickness". For example, if the occupant commands the vehicle to roll to the left, the visual displays must also roll by

1232-690: A motion simulator cabinet was Space Tactics (1981), a space combat simulator that had a cockpit cabinet where the screen moved in sync with the on-screen action. The "taikan" trend later began when Yu Suzuki 's team at Sega (later known as Sega AM2 ) developed Hang-On (1985), a racing video game where the player sits on and moves a motorbike replica to control the in-game actions. Suzuki's team at Sega followed it with hydraulic motion simulator cockpit cabinets for rail shooters such as Space Harrier (1985), racing games such as Out Run (1986), and arcade combat flight simulators such as After Burner (1987) and G-LOC: Air Battle (1990). One of

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1344-484: A neuron receives such a signal, it sends it on to an adjacent neuron through a bridge called a synapse. A synapse "sparks" the impulse between neurons through electrical and chemical means. These sensory signals are processed by the brain in response to signals that travel along motor nerves. Motor neurons, with their special fibres, carry these signals to muscles, which are instructed to either contract or relax. These are all sensors of acceleration, and do not respond when

1456-594: A newly-delivered droid in the queue of The Adventures Continue, and as the house DJ of Oga's Cantina in Star Wars : Galaxy's Edge , with the latter considered official Star Wars canon and set roughly 3 decades after the events of the original Star Tours. An episode of "The Mandalorian," a Star Wars series featured on the Disney+ streaming platform, featured a group of RX-series Droids. Motion simulator Motion simulators can be classified according to whether

1568-527: A planetary garrison, and police areas within the Galactic Empire. They are shown in collective groups of varying organizational sizes ranging from squads to legions and for some, their armour and training are modified for special operations and environments. In early drafts of the original Star Wars film as well as designs by conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie , stormtroopers wield lightsabers and handheld shields as common weapons, as opposed to

1680-591: A price range from $ 1,000 to US$ 9,000. Within the 2000s (decade), several individuals and business entities have developed these smaller, more affordable motion systems. Most of these systems were developed mainly by flight simulation enthusiasts, were sold as do it yourself projects, and could be assembled in the home from common components for around one thousand US dollars ($ 1,000). Recently, there has been increased market interest in motion platforms for more personal, in-home, use. The application of these motion systems extends beyond just flight training simulation into

1792-564: A price range from $ 10,000 to US$ 99,000. Typically the space requirements for such a platform are modest requiring only a portion of an arcade room and a smaller range of motion is provided via similar, less expensive, control systems than the high-end platforms. In the 1980s, it became a trend for arcade video games to use hydraulic motion simulator arcade cabinets . The trend was sparked by Sega 's "taikan" games, with "taikan" meaning "body sensation" in Japanese. Sega's first game to use

1904-624: A real flight control system in a laboratory, integrating the pilot with the electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic components that exist on the real aircraft, a complete system evaluation can be conducted prior to initial flight testing. This type of testing allows the simulation of "seeded faults" (i.e. an intentional hydraulic leak, software error, or computer shutdown) which serve to validate that an aircraft's redundant design features work as intended. A test pilot can also help identify system deficiencies such as inadequate or missing warning indicators, or even unintended control stick motion. This testing

2016-399: A safety video is shown featuring Star Wars aliens, Disney Imagineers, and their families. It instructs guests how to fasten their seat belts and where to place belongings. Once the doors to the starspeeder open, guests walk across bridges into one of the several starspeeder cabins. As the doors close, the bumbling pilot droid of the ship, RX-24 or Rex (voiced by Paul Reubens ), appears on

2128-632: A significant advance in motion platform technology was made with the patent by Edwin Link for what became known as the "Link Trainer". This used the pilot's control stick and rudder controls to control organ-type bellows under the simulator cockpit. The bellows could inflate or deflate, giving movement in pitch, roll, and yaw. In 1958 a flight simulator for the Comet 4 aircraft used a three-degrees-of-freedom hydraulic system. Simulator motion platforms today use 6 jacks ("Hexapods") giving all six degrees-of-freedom,

2240-423: A simulation of flight or other motion. Some examples: Some driving and flying simulation games allow the use of specialized controllers such as steering wheels, foot pedals or joysticks. Certain game controllers designed in recent years have employed haptic technology to provide realtime, tactile feedback to the user in the form of vibration from the controller. A motion simulator takes the next step by providing

2352-642: A single entrance/exit door in the rear of the cabin and a video projector. The film was front-projected onto the screen from a 70 mm film projector located beneath the cockpit barrier. The Disneyland original had four simulators, while the Tokyo Disneyland , Disneyland Paris , and Disney's Hollywood Studios versions each had six motion bases. The successor attraction, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue , opened in Disney's Hollywood Studios on May 20, 2011, and at Disneyland on June 3, 2011, replacing

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2464-468: A standard power cell which energizes the gas to produce blaster bolts will last for approximately 100 shots. In addition to the E-11, stormtroopers employ a variety of different weapons as seen in the Star Wars films and other media. Examples include thermal detonators , sniper rifles , crew-served heavy repeating blasters, and mortars. Both firing and non-firing prop models of the E-11 were based on

2576-444: Is a function of the way our brain interprets signals from our various sensory systems, such as sight, sound, balance and touch. Special sensory pick-up units (or sensory "pads") called receptors translate stimuli into sensory signals. External receptors (exteroceptors) respond to stimuli that arise outside the body, such as the light that stimulates the eyes, sound pressure that stimulates the ear, pressure and temperature that stimulates

2688-986: Is identified as FN-2199 "Nines" in the anthology book Star Wars: Before the Awakening (2015) by Greg Rucka . The trooper, armed with a "Z6 baton" and dubbed "TR-8R" by fans, quickly inspired multiple memes and fan art . Actor/director Kevin Smith also voiced a stormtrooper in the Takodana sequence. In Star Wars Rebels , different voice actors have provided the voices of the stormtroopers, including David Acord , Dee Bradley Baker , Steven Blum , Clancy Brown , Robin Atkin Downes , Greg Ellis , Dave Fennoy , Dave Filoni , Tom Kane , Andrew Kishino , Phil LaMarr , Liam O'Brien , Freddie Prinze, Jr. , André Sogliuzzo , Stephen Stanton , Greg Weisman , Gary Anthony Williams , and Matthew Wood . In Ralph Breaks

2800-454: Is lined with hairs connected to nerve endings and is partially filled with fluid. When the head experiences acceleration the fluid moves within the canals, causing the hair follicles to move from their initial orientation. In turn the nerve endings signal to the brain, which interprets them as acceleration in the three rotations pitch, roll, or yaw. The vestibular system generates reflexes to maintain perceptual and postural stability, compared to

2912-405: Is necessary to simulate extremely high risk events that cannot be conducted in flight but nonetheless must be demonstrated. While 6 degree-of-freedom motion is not necessary for this type of testing, the visual screen allows the pilot to "fly" the aircraft while the faults are simultaneously triggered. Motion simulators are sometimes used in theme parks or amusement parks to give the park guests

3024-569: Is set after the fall of the Empire, portrays stormtroopers as freelance mercenaries in the service of Moff Gideon , a former officer of the Imperial Security Bureau. Star Wars Legends media such as games and comics feature a number of specialized stormtrooper units. The Marvel -produced comics of the late 1970s and early 1980s featured Shadow Troopers. Other specialists have included commandos and troopers equipped to work in

3136-501: Is the damping ratio, ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} is the natural frequency of the cupula, and u ( t ) {\displaystyle u(t)} is the input angular acceleration. Values of ζ {\displaystyle \zeta } have been reported to be between 3.6 and 6.7 while values of ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} have been reported to be between 0.75 and 1.9. Thus,

3248-514: Is then ready to make the next acceleration which will be detected by the subject, as in the real world. This so-called "acceleration onset cueing" is an important aspect in simulators with motion platforms and models the way humans feel motions in the real world. The vestibular system is the balance and equilibrium system of the body that includes the left and right vestibular organs of the "inner ear". It consists of three semicircular canals, or tubes, arranged at right angles to one another. Each canal

3360-604: Is used to orient the gravity vector 'g' of the simulator platform: β = sin − 1 ⁡ ( f g ) {\displaystyle \beta =\sin ^{-1}({\frac {f}{g}})} Typically, to find position, the low-pass filter (in a continuous-time setting) is represented in the s-domain with the following transfer function : L P ( s ) = 1 1 + s T {\displaystyle LP(s)={\frac {1}{1+sT}}} Stormtrooper (Star Wars) Stormtroopers are fictional soldiers in

3472-554: Is white and has a utility belt and helmet. The standard firearm for Imperial stormtroopers is the BlasTech E-11 blaster rifle, described in Star Wars sources as combining excellent range and firepower in a compact and rugged design. Features include a telescopic range-finding sight, accessory mounting rail, power setting adjuster, three-point folding stock , magnatomic adhesive pistol grip , and advanced cooling system. Plasma cartridges provide enough gas for 500 shots, though

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3584-550: The Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas . The term originates from Germany's First World War Sturmtruppen . Introduced in the original Star Wars film , the stormtroopers are the shock troops / space marines of the autocratic Galactic Empire , under the leadership of Emperor Palpatine and his enforcers, most notably Darth Vader and Grand Moff Tarkin , during the original film trilogy (1977–1983) and Rebels (2014–18). The prequel trilogy (1999–2005) and The Clone Wars (2008–2020) explores their predecessors in

3696-665: The Thrawn trilogy is charged with the defense of the "Empire of the Hand" Imperial Remnant forces. Thrawn's 501st is composed of aliens and humans. The Legion's name is based on a fan organization of the same name ; their inclusion in the official continuity was based on the worldwide organization's dedication to Star Wars fandom. Within the Star Wars franchise, several types of " military occupation specialist " stormtrooper units are seen. These include: Night Troopers are stormtroopers who serve Grand Admiral Thrawn during his exile on

3808-673: The Battle of Hoth , the 501st is instrumental in the destruction of the Rebel Alliance base, and nearly succeeds in capturing the Millennium Falcon . Most of the background story linked to the 501st comes from Star Wars novels, the games Star Wars: Battlefront II and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed , and the TV show Star Wars: The Clone Wars . The elite 501st designation is resurrected by Grand Admiral Thrawn , who in

3920-750: The Clone Wars , stormtroopers primarily serve as an internal security and peacekeeping force until the Galactic Civil War where they start to engage the Rebel Alliance in large-scale battles. Unable to conscript noventillions of soldiers to fill its stormtrooper ranks, yet unwilling to switch back to using rapidly produced clone troopers , First Order stormtroopers are bred, trained and indoctrinated from birth, raised their entire lives for no other purpose. First Order soldiers and crews have constantly trained for combat in war games and simulations, making them much more effective one-on-one than

4032-677: The First Order employs stormtroopers (including Finn and Jannah ) under the leadership of Supreme Leader Snoke and his enforcers, most notably Kylo Ren , General Hux , and Captain Phasma . The order of battle of the Stormtrooper Corps is unspecified in the Star Wars universe. Accompanying the Imperial Navy, stormtroopers are able to be deployed swiftly and respond to states of civil unrest or insurrection, act as

4144-578: The Galactic Republic 's clone troopers , clones of the bounty hunter Jango Fett , used by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine to "win" the Clone Wars and later to take over the government and exterminate the Jedi . After this, in The Bad Batch (2021–2024), stormtroopers are established as human recruits, trained by clone troopers gradually being phased out of active service; at the time of

4256-418: The Star Wars setting, this armor is described as being an improvement over the previous iteration, including better joint design for greater flexibility, stronger betaplast armor plating, and upgraded helmet communication and targeting systems. The 501st Legion Elite Stormtrooper Unit, or "Vader's Fist", is a stormtrooper unit from the Star Wars movies and Star Wars Legends continuity. Commanded by

4368-744: The prequel film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002), the first clone troopers are cloned from bounty hunter Jango Fett , to be the Army of the Republic in the Clone Wars . In Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005), Chancellor Palpatine orders them to slay their Jedi generals in the Great Jedi Purge . After the change in regimes from the Galactic Republic to

4480-483: The "Last Tour To Endor" event exclusively for Celebration V attendees at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 8pm to 1am. Entertainment features and events at "Last Tour To Endor" included George Lucas , character appearances, Jedi Training Academy , Death Star Disco, Bespin Stage Dance Party, Raiders Of The Lost Jedi Temple of Doom: A Fan Film of Epic Proportions live show, Hyperspace Hoopla , Symphony in

4592-464: The California park. Disney then approached Lucas with the idea for Star Tours . With Lucas's approval, Disney Imagineers purchased four military-grade flight simulators at a cost of $ 500,000 each and designed the ride structure. Meanwhile, Lucas and his team of special effects technicians at Industrial Light & Magic produced the first-person perspective film that would be projected inside

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4704-463: The Dark Jedi named Desann aligned with a Remnant of the Empire, the Shadowtroopers themselves had been immersed in a Force nexus on Ruusan, temporarily empowering them with Force sensitivity. This armour has a green synthetic gem set into the breastplate which sustained the otherwise temporary effect of their Force empowerment and combines with their abilities to render them near-invisible, with only

4816-516: The Empire, though the replacement of clones with natural beings lowered the effectiveness of the Empire's soldiers. With the Empire firmly stabilized and an Imperial Army and Navy established, the stormtroopers are integrated into Palpatine's personal army and stationed on Imperial bases and cruisers, as well as on the Death Star. As established in The Force Awakens (2015), after Palpatine's death, stormtroopers continue to serve under

4928-550: The F-11D blaster rifle, SE-44C blaster pistol, and FWMB-10 repeating blaster cannon. For subduing civilian populations, First Order stormtroopers will also carry ballistic riot shields and riot control batons . As established in the original Star Wars trilogy of films, the troopers' most distinctive equipment is their white battle armor, which completely encases the body and typically has no individually distinguishing markings. According to in-universe reference material, this armor

5040-563: The First Order's stormtroopers. Daniel Craig has a small uncredited role as a stormtrooper whom Rey compels using the Jedi mind trick to let her escape from captivity, and director J. J. Abrams also cast Alias and Lost composer Michael Giacchino as FN-3181, and Radiohead producer Nigel Godrich as FN-9330. A riot control stormtrooper who calls Finn a traitor during the battle on Takodana , portrayed by stunt performer Liang Yang and voiced by sound editor David Acord ,

5152-470: The Galactic Empire, the clone troopers who had served the Republic became the first generation of stormtroopers, enforcing the Emperor's will as military units, and law enforcement, policing the Emperor's ever increasingly oppressive laws. The Imperial Stormtrooper Corps swell in size in The Bad Batch (2021–present) after Palpatine almost completely replaces the clones with recruits and conscripts of

5264-624: The Internet , the stormtroopers in the "Oh My Disney" website are voiced by Jesse Averna, Kevin Deters, Jeremy Milton, and Rich Moore . Jason Sudeikis and Adam Pally play scout troopers in " Chapter 8: Redemption ", the 2019 first-season finale episode of The Mandalorian . Introduced in Star Wars (1977), the Imperial stormtroopers serve as the army of the Galactic Empire, establishing Imperial authority and putting down any revolts. In

5376-562: The Mk 4 Sterling submachine gun , with approximately 20 models built for the first Star Wars movie A New Hope . External modifications to the Sterlings to transform them into blaster rifles varied based on the parts available but most were similar in design. This included an American Mk38 azimuth tank scope and a Hengstler industrial counter box affixed to the top and left side of the receiver respectively. The Sterling would continue to serve as

5488-563: The Stars fireworks, and the Star Tours shutdown ceremony. The Star Tours shutdown ceremony was a live show with characters C-3PO , R2-D2 , Boba Fett , Darth Vader , and a few Stormtroopers , culminating in the official power-down of the original Disney World Star Tours attraction. However, instead of R2-D2 simply shutting it down, Boba Fett destroyed the ride's power supply using a thermal detonator (achieved using pyrotechnics). The ride

5600-574: The USSR. The same studies suggest that the threshold is not a linear acceleration but rather a jerk motion (third time derivative of position), and the reported threshold value is on the order of 0.1 ft/s . These findings are supported by early studies showing that human movement kinematics is represented by characteristics of jerk profiles. Angular accelerations are detected by semicircular canals. The three semicircular canals are mutually orthogonal (similar to three-axis accelerometer) and are filled with

5712-571: The ability to choose the route. However, after preliminary planning, the Black Hole attraction was shelved due to its enormous cost as well as the unpopularity of the film itself. Instead of completely dismissing the idea of a simulator, the company decided to make use of a partnership between Disney and George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , that began in 1986 with the opening of Captain EO (a 3-D musical film starring Michael Jackson ) at

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5824-637: The ability to move 35 degrees in the X-Y-Z plane . The simulator was patented as Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator (ATLAS), originally designed by Rediffusion Simulation in Sussex , England , now owned by Thales Training & Simulation (ex- Thomson-CSF ). The Rediffusion 'Leisure' simulator was originally developed for a much simpler show in Canada called "Tour of the Universe", where it featured

5936-466: The angle of the cupula θ {\displaystyle \theta } is given by θ ¨ + 2 ζ ω n θ ˙ + ω n θ = u ( t ) {\displaystyle {\ddot {\theta }}+2\zeta \omega _{n}{\dot {\theta }}+\omega _{n}\theta =u(t)} where ζ {\displaystyle \zeta }

6048-567: The basis for or inspire other blaster rifle designs in the rest of the Star Wars films. Background literature explains how the First Order's stormtroopers were armed in secret by the Sonn-Blas Corporation, a subsidiary of BlasTech Industries and Merr-Sonn Munitions created to circumvent the New Republic 's disarmament treaties. Building on classic design templates, they are meant to possess greater battlefield accuracy, ammunition yields and operational lifespans. Examples include

6160-649: The beach. In Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga , they also wear life jackets. Stormtroopers made their canonical debut in the Star Wars: The Bad Batch Season 1 episode "War–Mantle", which was released on July 30, 2021. According to Star Wars lore, Imperial stormtroopers are men and women who have been recruited (or conscripted) at a young age to serve as expendable foot soldiers of the Empire, gradually replacing clone troopers as their accelerated aging forces them to retire. These recruits are trained at Imperial Academies spread out across

6272-730: The brain and oculomotor muscles. Studies indicate that the otoliths detect the tangential component of the applied forces. A transfer function model between the perceived force y ( s ) {\displaystyle y(s)} and the applied forces f ( s ) {\displaystyle f(s)} is given by: y ( s ) f ( s ) = 2.02 ( s + 0.1 ) s + 0.2 {\displaystyle {\frac {y(s)}{f(s)}}={\frac {2.02(s+0.1)}{s+0.2}}} Based on centrifuge experiments, threshold values of 0.0011 ft/s have been reported; values up to 0.4 ft/s have been reported based on airborne studies in

6384-407: The brain in proportion to accelerations to which the body is subject. An example of a "popular" proprioceptor mentioned by aircraft pilots, is the feeling in the "seat of the pants". Proprioceptors respond to stimuli generated by muscle movement and muscle tension. Signals generated by exteroceptors and proprioceptors are carried by sensory neurons or nerves and are called electrochemical signals. When

6496-440: The car are blindfolded. If the driver were to step on the gas, the car would accelerate forward thus pressing each passenger back into their seat. In this situation, each passenger would perceive the increase in speed by sensing the additional pressure from the seat cushion. Washout filters are an important aspect of the implementation of motion platforms as they allow motion systems, with their limited range of motion, to simulate

6608-538: The clone troopers as young men were played by Bodie Taylor, who was cast for his resemblance to a younger Morrison. In Revenge of the Sith , Morrison also played Commander Cody , the only named clone trooper who is seen unmasked in the prequel trilogy. In The Force Awakens (2015), John Boyega stars as Finn , the former Stormtrooper FN-2187 who defects from the First Order and joins the Resistance, and Gwendoline Christie portrays Captain Phasma , commander of

6720-559: The costume to be industrial design, which is protected there only for 15 years. This puts the armor design in the public domain in the UK, and likely throughout the European Union . To differentiate the First Order stormtroopers from their earlier Imperial counterparts, the helmet and armor were redesigned for the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens by costume designer Michael Kaplan with input from director J. J. Abrams . Within

6832-406: The cues the brain receives by each of the body's sensory inputs must agree. It is physically impossible with most existing systems to correctly simulate large-scale motion in the limited space available in a simulator. The standard approach is to simulate cues of initial acceleration as closely as possible. In principle, velocity cannot be directly perceived by relative cues alone, like those from

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6944-458: The endless waves of stormtrooper conscripts fielded by the Galactic Empire. First Order stormtroopers are regularly put through mental indoctrination and propaganda programs, to make sure that they remain fanatically loyal and never hesitate or question orders. Being taken from their families at birth, these soldiers are not even given individual names for themselves but merely serial numbers, such as " FN-2187 ". Standard Imperial stormtrooper armor

7056-642: The exit hall towards the Star Trader gift shop. Muren, Gawley, and Keeler were all Industrial Light & Magic computer animation staff. One year earlier, Reubens had voiced the shipboard computer in the Disney film Flight of the Navigator (credited as Paul Mall), in which his character was named Max. Reubens credited this role with his being cast for the ride. Star Tours utilized hydraulic motion base cabins featuring six degrees of freedom, including

7168-470: The extragalactic planet Peridea. Their armour is unique, featuring red bandages wrapped around it, as well as a gold alloy filling in cracks. Thrawn's Nightsister allies imbue them with their magick, making them energized and faster, as well as allowing them to resurrect upon death. Stormtroopers have become cultural icons , and a widely recognized element of the Star Wars franchise. In 2015, an Imperial stormtrooper helmet from The Empire Strikes Back that

7280-569: The factions that broke apart from the Empire. With redesigned armor, they eventually serve under the leadership of the First Order. In the First Order, an undisclosed number of stormtroopers are abducted as young children, given serial numbers for names and mentally conditioned for loyal service. Stormtrooper FN-2187, later known as Finn , plans his escape when his resistance to this conditioning puts him in line to be reprogrammed. Additionally, Rey 's goggles were based on scavenged stormtrooper lenses. The streaming series The Mandalorian , which

7392-477: The fictional spacecraft which riders were about to board. According to the book Disneyland Detective by Kendra Trahan, the figures of C-3PO and R2-D2 in the Disneyland attraction were actual props from the original trilogy, modified to operate via Audio-Animatronics. Guests then enter a maintenance area where an apparently underproductive G2 droid performs repairs on another droid while being distracted by

7504-483: The film series, there have been a few exceptions. In Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005), the clone troopers, which serve as the basis of what would initially become the Empire's stormtrooper force, were computer-generated images and voiced by Temuera Morrison , who played the bounty hunter Jango Fett , the template of the clone army. The child clone troopers were played by Daniel Logan , who also played Jango's clone son Boba Fett , and

7616-404: The filter is split into translation and rotational signals. High-pass filters are used for simulating transient translational and rotational accelerations, while the low-pass filters are used to simulate sustaining accelerations. The adaptive washout filter uses the classical washout filter scheme, but utilizes a self-tuning mechanism that is not featured with the classical washout filter. Finally,

7728-519: The former being mainly limited to the Jedi and Sith factions. While outlining his franchise in 1977, George Lucas said there were numerous female stormtroopers in some units, but few were stationed on the Death Star . While stormtrooper performers like Michael Leader ( Episode IV ), Laurie Goode ( Episode IV ), Peter Diamond ( Episode IV-VI ), Stephen Bayley ( Episode IV ), and Bill Weston ( Episode IV ) have generally been uncredited in

7840-517: The galaxy where they undergo intense conditioning that instills fierce loyalty, strict discipline and ruthless efficiency while removing any sense of individualism or empathy. As the backbone of the Imperial Army, stormtroopers are dreaded for their brutality, carrying out atrocities in the name of Emperor Palpatine , and their fanaticism, engaging the enemy with no regard to casualties. Inevitably, some use their position for personal gain against

7952-600: The helmet, while Brian Muir sculpted armor pieces for the stormtrooper costume. Muir, who was also responsible for sculpting the Darth Vader costume, worked out of the Art Department at Elstree Studios. The suit was molded and initially cast in plaster, with Muir sharpening the detail at the plaster stage. The plaster casts were then remolded and cast in fiberglass to use as the "tools" for the vacuum forming process. The suits were produced in house by Tashy Baines,

8064-505: The higher-level devices. Many motion platforms are used in flight simulators used to train pilots. One of the first motion platforms, the Sanders Teacher, was created in 1910. This was a model aircraft connected to the ground by a universal joint. When wind was present, the pilot in training was able to use the aircraft's control surfaces to move the model in the three rotational degrees of freedom pitch, roll and yaw. In 1929

8176-424: The inputs are expressed in the vehicle-body-fixed frame. Since low-frequency force is dominant in driving the motion base, force is high-pass filtered, and yields the simulator translations. Much the same operation is done for angular rate. To identify the tilt of the motion platform, the tilt mechanism first supplies the low-frequency component of force for rotation calculation. Then, the high-frequency component 'f'

8288-432: The limited space of a laboratory. The standard approach to simulating motion (so called motion cueing) is to simulate the “relevant” cues as closely as possible which trigger motion perception . These cues can be visual, auditory, or somatosensory in nature. Visual and auditory cues enable humans to perceive their location in space on an absolute scale, whereas somatosensory cues (mainly proprioception and other signals from

8400-541: The material used, the two designs can be differentiated by differences in the eyes, the ears, and the mouth area. The copyright status of the armor design has undergone legal challenges. A 2004 lawsuit by Lucasfilm against one of the original prop designers, Andrew Ainsworth, who had been selling helmet replicas, confirmed the design to be under copyright in the US. However, a 2011 UK court decision in Ainsworth's favor deemed

8512-452: The most sophisticated motion simulator cabinets in arcades was Sega's R360 (1990), which simulated the full 360-degree rotation of an aircraft. Sega have since continued to manufacture motion simulator cabinets for arcade games through to the 2010s. The lower-cost systems include home-based motion platforms, which have recently become a more common device used to enhance video games, simulation, and virtual reality. These systems fall into

8624-439: The need to construct expensive prototypes. For example, an engineer designing an external fuel tank for an aircraft could have a pilot determine the effect on flying qualities or a mechanical engineer could feel the effects of a new brake system without building any hardware, saving time and money. Flight simulators are also used by aircraft manufacturers to test new hardware. By connecting a simulated cockpit with visual screen to

8736-445: The next acceleration to be produced by the motion platform and sensed by the subject of the simulator. The human eye is an important source of information in motion simulation where a high resolution picture is available such as by day in good visibility. The eye relays information to the brain about the craft's position, velocity, and attitude relative to the ground. As a result, it is essential for realistic simulation that cues from

8848-408: The observing guests, and another droid inadvertently points out all the supposed flaws of the StarSpeeder 3000 and its RX pilots. A ride attendant escorts guests to one of several loading stations where they wait for their turn to ride. A television screen above the queue displays a countdown to take-off time and shows images of the StarSpeeder 3000 spacecraft being serviced. As launch time approaches,

8960-456: The occupant is controlling the vehicle(such as in a Flight Simulator for training pilots), or whether the occupant is a passive rider , such as in a simulator ride or motion theater. Motion platforms for aircraft simulators are at the high end, plus some of the more expensive amusement park rides that use a simulator-type motion base; arcade amusement devices are in the middle, and motion platforms for home use are low-cost but not as capable of

9072-403: The optimal washout filter takes into account models for vestibular system. The classical washout filter is simply a combination of high-pass and low-pass filters ; thus, the implementation of the filter is compatibly easy. However, the parameters of these filters have to be empirically determined. The inputs to the classical washout filter are vehicle-specific forces and angular rate. Both of

9184-479: The order of 10 – 20 seconds, the hair follicles return to the “zero” or vertical position and the brain interprets this as the acceleration ceasing. Additionally, there is a lower acceleration threshold of about 2 degrees per second that the brain cannot perceive. In other words, slow motion below the threshold will not generate vestibular cues. As discussed in the preceding “Proprioceptors” section, this allows simulator motion to be "washed out" below threshold, ready for

9296-486: The original trilogy, only a few stormtroopers are clones, with the only known legion to still contain a significant number of clones being the 501st Legion , a.k.a. "Vader's Fist", with many stormtroopers remaining in service to Imperial remnants following the Empire's fall under Moff Gideon and Grand Admiral Thrawn in The Mandalorian (2019–present) and Ahsoka (2023). In the sequel trilogy (2015–2019),

9408-432: The other senses of vision, touch and sound, the vestibular input is registered quickly by the brain, whereas visual changes such as perspective and horizon movement, follow shortly after. Therefore, in a simulator it is essential that visual cues are not perceived before motion cues, the reverse of the real-world situation, or so-called "simulator sickness" can occur. Second, if the head experiences sustained accelerations on

9520-416: The parks' original Star Tours attractions. It features an updated ride system, consisting of a new high-definition video , a Dolby 3D high-definition screen, improved motion simulators , and several new special effects and Audio-animatronics . The attraction is set at an earlier point in the Star Wars timeline (between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope ) and is piloted by C-3PO . Rex appears as

9632-543: The perceived angular displacement y ( s ) {\displaystyle y(s)} and the actual angular displacement p h i ( s ) {\displaystyle phi(s)} is: y ( s ) p h i ( s ) = 0.07 s 3 ( s + 50 ) ( s + 0.05 ) ( s + 0.03 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {y(s)}{phi(s)}}={\frac {0.07s^{3}(s+50)}{(s+0.05)(s+0.03)}}} A second-order model of

9744-405: The pilots responds to accelerations that occur in full-motion simulators and aircraft, but not in fixed simulators. This effect shows that there is a potential negative training transfer when transitioning from a fixed-based simulator to an aircraft and indicates the need for motion systems for full-fidelity pilot training. It is physically impossible to precisely simulate large scale real motion in

9856-549: The platform under the simulator cab. A typical high-end motion system is the Stewart platform , which provides full 6 degrees of freedom (3 translation and 3 rotation) and employs sophisticated algorithms to provide high-fidelity motions and accelerations. These are used in a number of applications, including flight simulators for training pilots. The middle of the spectrum includes motion platforms in arcade amusement games , rides, and other arrangements. These systems fall into

9968-404: The player full-body tactile feedback. Motion gaming chairs can roll to the left and right and pitch forward and backward to simulate turning corners, accelerations and decelerations. Motion platforms permit a more stimulative and potentially realistic gaming experience, and allow for even greater physical correlation to sight and sound in game play. The way we perceive our body and our surroundings

10080-451: The range of vehicle dynamics being simulated. Since the human vestibular system automatically re-centers itself during steady motions, washout filters are used to suppress unnecessary low-frequency signals while returning the simulator back to a neutral position at accelerations below the threshold of human perception. For example, a pilot in a motion simulator may execute a steady, level turn for an extended period of time which would require

10192-497: The resident vacuum former, but then a problem developed with the machine. As Shepperton Design Studios had already been used to vacuum form the helmets, the fiberglass molds for the armor were then sent to them for vacuum forming the suits. By the end of production, two different helmets were produced; one for the common stunt trooper and a second design for close-ups. Fifty stunt helmets were produced in white-painted HDPE and six hero helmets were produced in white ABS plastic . Besides

10304-491: The ruthlessly cunning General Maximilian Veers and composed of the best trained soldiers in the Star Wars galaxy, the legion earned a fierce reputation for completing missions considered unwinnable or suicidal. The 501st serves as Darth Vader 's personal death squadron, whom he notably leads in the Jedi extermination . The 501st spearhead the assault upon the Tantive IV consular ship, and capture Princess Leia . During

10416-404: The same magnitude and at the same rate. Simultaneously, the cab tilts the occupant to imitate the motion. The occupant's proprioceptors and vestibular system sense this motion. The motion and change in the visual inputs must align well enough such that any discrepancy is below the occupant's threshold to detect the differences in motion. In order to be an effective training or entertainment device,

10528-421: The same type of Phase III armor as normal stormtroopers but not white in color, but rather a mixture of silver, grey and red detailing. These troopers also possess the invisible feature and use this tactic to ambush their enemies, but only if stormtrooper officers call out for support. In Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy , Speedo -clad and stormtrooper-helmet-wearing "Beach Troopers" appear relaxing at

10640-473: The ship encounters a Star Destroyer of the Imperial remnant. The StarSpeeder gets caught in its tractor beam , but manages to get loose when a New Republic X-wing fighter provides assistance by destroying the tractor beam generator. Soon the StarSpeeder accompanies the Republic fleet on an assault on the Death Star III (later revealed by Leland Chee in 2013 to be a habitation sphere disguised as

10752-453: The side screen and chats to the guests about the trip as R2-D2 is loaded onto the spacecraft. Rex lowers the cockpit shield, and the hangar crew activate the flight platform. All goes well until a slight mistake on Captain Rex's part sends the starspeeder crashing into the maintenance bay doors and plummeting into the maintenance yard. They barely crash into the control room and nearly collide with

10864-526: The simulators. When both simulator and film were completed, a programmer then sat inside and used a joystick to synchronize the movement of the simulator with the apparent movement on screen. On January 9, 1987, at a final cost of $ 32 million, the ride opened to throngs of patrons, many of whom dressed up as Star Wars characters for the occasion. In celebration, Disneyland remained open for a 60-hour marathon from January 9 at 10 a.m. to January 11 at 10 p.m. On August 14, 2010, Disney's Hollywood Studios hosted

10976-481: The skin and chemical substances that stimulate the nose and mouth. Internal receptors (enteroceptors) respond to stimuli that arise from within blood vessels. Postural stability is maintained through the vestibular reflexes acting on the neck and limbs. These reflexes, which are key to successful motion synchronization, are under the control of three classes of sensory input: Proprioceptors are receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints and gut, which send signals to

11088-430: The spaceport, nearly colliding with a fuel truck in the hangar and sending a Star Tours employee ducking under his desk. As the cockpit shield raises and cuts off Rex as he apologizes for the near-fatal flight, C-3PO instructs the passengers on the exit procedure and thanks them, oblivious to the perils they had faced. The exit doors opposite the entrance then open and the passengers proceed across another set of bridges into

11200-610: The subject backwards and use the gravity vector as a replacement for correct resulting force from gravity and forward acceleration. In this case, leaning a simulator backwards and rotating the visual picture by the same angle gives the subject a force on the back that is perceived as forward acceleration. Linear accelerations are detected by otoliths. The otolith structure is simpler than the three-axis semicircular canals that detect angular accelerations. The otoliths contain calcium carbonate particles that lag behind head movement, deflecting hair cells. These cells transmit motion information to

11312-406: The system is overdamped with distinct, real roots. The shorter time constant is 0.1 seconds, while the longer time constant depends on the axis about which the test subject is accelerating (roll, pitch, or yaw). These time constants are one to two orders of magnitude greater than the shorter time constant. Experiments have shown that angular accelerations below a certain level cannot be detected by

11424-549: The system stay at the associated bank angle, but a washout filter allows the system to slowly move back to an equilibrium position at a rate below the threshold which the pilot can detect. This allows the higher level dynamics of the computed vehicle to provide realistic cues for human perception, while remaining within the limitations of the simulator. Three common types of washout filters include classical, adaptive and optimal washout filters. The classical washout filter comprises linear low-pass and high-pass filters. The signal into

11536-660: The three rotations pitch, roll and yaw, plus the three translational movements heave (up and down), sway (sideways) and surge (longitudinal). 6 Dof motions are powerful cues when combined with outside-world (OTW) imagery. Motion platforms together with OTW imagery are used in : flight simulation, driving simulation, amusement rides, and small home-based simulators. The motion platform is used in military and commercial flight instruction training applications. Also in entertainment devices in theme parks, with users from single people to many, seated in rows in front of screens in which pictures are projected, synchronised with motions from

11648-505: The vacuum of outer space, such as the zero gravity Spacetroopers depicted engaging in extra vehicular battle in the 1991 novel Star Wars: Heir to the Empire , and its 1995 Dark Horse Comics adaptation. A distinct variant known as "Shadowtroopers" appear in Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast , wearing black armour that incorporates a lightsaber-resistant mineral called cortosis. As a project of

11760-613: The vacuum of space for a short period of time. Their helmets are fitted with filtration systems for polluted environments, with hookups for incorporating an external atmospheric tank while operating in space or to filter potent toxins. The helmets also include built-in communication system and multi-frequency targeting and acquisition system linked to in-lens displays that provide tactical information, protection from excessive brightness, and vision modes for seeing through smoke, fire and darkness. Based on conceptual drawings by Ralph McQuarrie, Liz Moore and Nick Pemberton sculpted designs for

11872-440: The vestibular system) provide only feedback of accelerations. For example, consider riding in a car traveling at some arbitrary constant speed. In this situation, our sense of sight and sound provide the only cues (excluding engine vibration) that the car is moving; no other forces act on the passengers of the car except for gravity. Next, consider the same example of a car moving at constant speed except this time, all passengers of

11984-407: The vestibular system. For such a system, flying in space with some constant velocity is not different from sitting in a chair. However, changing the velocity is perceived as acceleration, or force acting on the human body. For the case of constant linear acceleration, a substitute for the real situation is simple. Since the amplitude of the acceleration is not very well perceived by humans, one can tilt

12096-408: Was completed on May 20, 2011. Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris closed their versions for conversion in 2012 and 2016, marking the original ride's final run of 29 years. The ride that became Star Tours first saw light as a proposal for an attraction based on the 1979 Disney live-action film The Black Hole . It would have been an interactive ride-simulator attraction where guests would have had

12208-510: Was developed and manufactured by the Imperial Department of Military Research, and consists of 18 white plastoid armor plates magnatomically attached to a black body glove. These plates are generally impervious to most projectile weapons and blast shrapnel, and will protect against glancing hits by other blaster rifles though a direct hit will penetrate. The armor also provides protection against inhospitable environments, including

12320-411: Was made of this throughout the ride queue, which was designed to look like a spaceship boarding terminal: posters advertised voyages to different planets, and a giant screen informed riders of the benefits of going to Endor. This area was stocked with Audio-Animatronic characters that seemed to speak to the ride patrons (including C-3PO and R2-D2 ), as well as a life-size mock-up of a StarSpeeder 3000,

12432-570: Was still open after the shutdown ceremony until September 7, 2010, when the attraction held its "Final Flight to Endor" exclusive to D23 members. Advertised as "The Ultimate Star Wars Adventure!", Star Tours puts the guest in the role of a space tourist en route to the Forest Moon of Endor , the site of the climactic battle of Return of the Jedi , via the Star Tours travel agency. Much

12544-605: Was the first attraction based originally on a non-Disney licensed intellectual property . The first incarnation of the ride appeared in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in 1987, replacing the previous attraction, Adventure Thru Inner Space . The attraction had subsequent openings at Tokyo Disneyland , Disney's Hollywood Studios , and Disneyland Paris . The attraction at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios closed in 2010 to allow conversion for its successor attraction, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue . The latter location

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