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73-644: The program is a prequel to the other works in the franchise, taking place in 1939, some decades before the events of the 1994 Stargate film and its subsequent sequel series. It follows a young Catherine Langford (a minor character from the 1994 film and Stargate SG-1 ), who goes through the Stargate in a quest to save her father. The series was announced on July 20, 2017 at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con as part of Stargate SG-1 ' s 20th anniversary celebration. It consists of ten episodes, each 10 minutes in length. The episodes were concatenated together into

146-499: A common law court system has trial courts , intermediate appellate courts and a supreme court . Thus, the lower courts are bound to obey precedent established by the appellate court for their jurisdiction, and all supreme court precedent. The Supreme Court of California 's explanation of this principle is that [u]nder the doctrine of stare decisis , all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction. Otherwise,

219-589: A 104-minute-long standalone film , a "Feature Cut" entitled Stargate Origins: Catherine . That film was released on June 19, 2018 on digital retail outlets around the world in SD, HD, and 4K formats. A young Catherine Langford embarks on an adventure to unlock the mystery of the Stargate. In 1938, Catherine and her father examine the gate at a warehouse near Giza. Nazi cultist Wilhelm Brücke arrives with his team and takes them hostage. He reveals that he knows how to use

292-406: A 1956 novel by R. F. Delderfield was written as a prequel to the novel Treasure Island . Rather than being a concept distinct from that of a sequel , a prequel still adheres to the general principle of serialization, defined only by its internal chronology and publication order. For example, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) is a prequel to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of

365-404: A determination as to the governing jurisdiction, a court is "bound" to follow a precedent of that jurisdiction only if it is directly in point. In the strongest sense, "directly in point" means that: (1) the question resolved in the precedent case is the same as the question to be resolved in the pending case, (2) resolution of that question was necessary to the disposition of the precedent case; (3)

438-548: A different three-judge panel. In federal systems the division between federal and state law may result in complex interactions. In the United States, state courts are not considered inferior to federal courts but rather constitute a parallel court system. In practice, however, judges in one system will almost always choose to follow relevant case law in the other system to prevent divergent results and to minimize forum shopping . Precedent that must be applied or followed

511-434: A government agency. Essential to the development of case law is the publication and indexing of decisions for use by lawyers, courts, and the general public, in the form of law reports . A precedent is a historical setting example for the future (though at varying levels of authority as discussed throughout this article), some become "leading cases" or "landmark decisions" that are cited especially often. Generally speaking,

584-715: A higher court. In civil law and pluralist systems, as under Scots law , precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts. A court may consider the ruling of a higher court that is not binding. For example, a district court in the United States First Circuit could consider a ruling made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit as persuasive authority. Courts may consider rulings made in other courts that are of equivalent authority in

657-553: A kind of introduction. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word "prequel" first appeared in print in 1958 in an article by Anthony Boucher in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , used to describe James Blish 's 1956 story They Shall Have Stars , which expanded on the story introduced in his earlier 1955 work, Earthman Come Home . However, Christopher Tolkien , writing about

730-426: A kind of super-stare decisis". The controversial idea that some decisions are virtually immune from being overturned, regardless of whether they were decided correctly in the first place, is the idea to which the term "super- stare decisis " now usually refers. The concept of super- stare decisis (or "super-precedent") was mentioned during the hearings of Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito before

803-408: A legal precedent may be: In contrast, civil law systems adhere to a legal positivism , where past decisions do not usually have the precedential, binding effect that they have in common law decision-making; the judicial review practiced by constitutional courts can be regarded as a notable exception. Stare decisis ( / ˈ s t ɛər r i d ɪ ˈ s aɪ s ɪ s , ˈ s t ɑː r eɪ / )

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876-557: A precedent is binding: In a conflict of laws situation, jus cogens norms erga omnes and principles of the common law such as in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , to a varying degree in different jurisdictions, are deemed overriding which means they are used to "read down" legislation, that is giving them a particular purposive interpretation , for example applying European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence of courts ( case law ). "Super stare decisis "

949-417: A previous installment. Most reviewers require that a prequel must lead up to the beginning of its original work, which is inconsistent with works that dispense with the narrative of previous work and are not significantly within the same continuity . At times, the term has been used to refer to a work that was released, as well as chronologically set, before any other work. However, that usage conflicts with

1022-491: A similar way, but are not obliged to do so and are required to consider the precedent in terms of principle. Their fellow judges' decisions may be persuasive but are not binding. Under the English legal system, judges are not necessarily entitled to make their own decisions about the development or interpretations of the law. They may be bound by a decision reached in a previous case. Two facts are crucial to determining whether

1095-677: A sort of binding precedent when they answer legal questions that a court has not, either form of opinion may act as a source of law if they have a direct effect on the administration of government. The courts of England and Wales are free to consider decisions of other jurisdictions, and give them whatever persuasive weight the English court sees fit, even though these other decisions are not binding precedent. Jurisdictions that are closer to modern English common law are more likely to be given persuasive weight (for example Commonwealth states such as Canada, Australia, or New Zealand). Persuasive weight might be given to other common law courts, such as from

1168-551: Is a legal principle by which judges are obligated to respect the precedent established by prior decisions. The words originate from the phrasing of the principle in the Latin maxim Stare decisis et non quieta movere : "to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed". In a legal context, this means that courts should abide by precedent and not disturb settled matters. The principle can be divided into two components: The second principle, regarding persuasive precedent , reflects

1241-415: Is a process that has its origins in the English common law. Most state attorney opinions address issues of government finance or the authority of political bodies within the state. Often, these opinions are the only available authority interpreting rarely‑litigated statutes and constitutional provisions. By and large, courts treat state attorney general opinions as persuasive authority. The opinions lack

1314-546: Is a term used for important precedent that is resistant or immune from being overturned, without regard to whether correctly decided in the first place. It may be viewed as one extreme in a range of precedential power, or alternatively, to express a belief, or a critique of that belief, that some decisions should not be overturned. In 1976, Richard Posner and William Landes coined the term "super-precedent" in an article they wrote about testing theories of precedent by counting citations. Posner and Landes used this term to describe

1387-510: Is an example of a TV series that uses time-travel to serve as both a sequel and prequel to another series (in this case, the original Transformers cartoon). The term "prequel" has also been applied, sometimes incorrectly, to origin-story reboots , such as Rise of the Planet of the Apes , Batman Begins , and Casino Royale . The creators of both Batman Begins and Rise of the Planet of

1460-438: Is known as binding precedent (alternately metaphorically precedent , mandatory or binding authority , etc.). Under the doctrine of stare decisis , a lower court must honor findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears. In state and federal courts in the United States of America, jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts, several of which fall under

1533-406: Is not binding precedent but that is useful or relevant and that may guide the judge in making the decision in a current case. Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems (for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous/tribal courts, state courts versus federal courts in

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1606-433: Is now rebelling against him. There, they fight with Aset's female guard Serqet before meeting a young native named Kasuf . Catherine tries to activate the Stargate to return home, but lacks the right combination of symbols on the dial-up device. Brücke shows Aset a Nazi propaganda film and makes a deal with her that he will take powerful metal, named Naquadah, back to Earth in exchange for thousands of slaves, "undesirables" to

1679-418: Is often hard to distinguish from the ratio decidendi (reason for the decision). For these reasons, the obiter dicta may often be taken into consideration by a court. A litigant may also consider obiter dicta if a court has previously signaled that a particular legal argument is weak and may even warrant sanctions if repeated. A case decided by a multijudge panel could result in a split decision. While only

1752-422: Is started over again, a so-called reboot , such as in the case of Casino Royale or Batman Begins , it is typically not thought of as a prequel, although it is set earlier in the common chronology of the characters and may give away plot points common to both timelines. Sometimes "prequel" describes followups where it is not always possible to apply a label defined solely in terms of intertextuality . In

1825-646: Is taken to a hidden cave and shown the symbols which activate the stargate from that end. Encouraged by Langford who has been interpreting, Aset breaks with Brücke, who is killed by Eva, takes pity on Langford and Catherine, and wipes their memories. She also brainwashes Kasuf to return to his people as their new leader and Catherine to assemble a team of people who will return to the planet and overthrow Ra. Ra, informed by Serqet about Aset's defiance (including her illegal harcesis child), arrives, sends Serqet to capture Catherine and her father, brainwashes Wasif and his Abydonian friend Motawk to become his guards, and destroys

1898-624: The American Law Institute . Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect, such as the Highway Code . In federal or multijurisdictional law systems, conflicts may exist between the various lower appellate courts. Sometimes these differences may not be resolved and distinguishing how the law is applied in one district , province, division or appellate department may be necessary. Usually, only an appeal accepted by

1971-611: The High Court and the Court of Appeal are each bound by their own previous decisions. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is able to deviate from its earlier decisions, although in practice it rarely does so. A lower court may not rule against a binding precedent, even if the lower court feels that the precedent is wrong. Even if an intermediate judge issues a ruling inconsistent with existing or subsequent precedent, if

2044-706: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009. In civil law and pluralist systems, precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts. Binding precedent relies on the legal principle of stare decisis . Stare decisis means to stand by things decided. It ensures certainty and consistency in the application of law. Existing binding precedent from past cases are applied in principle to new situations by analogy . One law professor has described mandatory precedent as follows: Given

2117-502: The court of last resort will resolve such differences, and for many reasons, such appeals are often not granted. Any court may seek to distinguish its present case from that of a binding precedent, to reach a different conclusion. The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal. An appellate court may also propound an entirely new and different analysis from that of junior courts, and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions, or in any case may distinguish

2190-511: The legal certainty resulting from the binding effect of previous decisions, and on the other side the avoidance of undue restriction on the proper development of the law." Judges are bound by the law of binding precedent in England and Wales and other common law jurisdictions. This is a distinctive feature of the English legal system. In other countries, particularly in mainland Europe, civil law means that judges take case law into account in

2263-402: The Apes also stated their intent to dispense with the continuity of the previous films so they would exist as separate pieces of work, with Christopher Nolan —director of Batman Begins —explicitly stating he does not consider it a prequel. Here, "prequel" denotes status as a "franchise-renewing original" that depicts events earlier in the (internally inconsistent) narrative cycle than those of

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2336-539: The District of Columbia alone, and up to seven states. Each panel of judges on the court of appeals for a circuit is bound to obey the prior appellate decisions of the same circuit. Precedent of a United States court of appeals may be overruled only by the court en banc , that is, a session of all the active appellate judges of the circuit, or by the United States Supreme Court —not simply by

2409-650: The Jedi (1983) but is only a predecessor of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) because of the release order. Likewise, 1984's Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a prequel to 1981's Raiders of the Lost Ark , in that it is set in 1935, one year before the first film. In some cases, such as this one, there little impact by the relative placement over overarching plotlines. When an entire continuity

2482-455: The Nazi regime, for her fight to overthrow Ra. Aset alienates the local tribesmen, her faithful servants and demands one of them fight Brücke's soldier, Stefan to death to "prove their worth". After Stefan is close to defeat, Brücke kills him and the local man fighting him. This causes Eva, Brücke's camera operator, to question the morality of her boss. Befriended by the native tribesmen, Catherine

2555-630: The Second Circuit (New York and surrounding states) is especially respected in commercial and securities law, the Seventh Circuit (in Chicago), especially Judge Posner, is highly regarded on antitrust, and the District of Columbia Circuit is highly regarded on administrative law. The doctrine of vertical precedent states that each court is bound by the decisions of higher courts in its jurisdictional area or tribunal hierarchy. Generally,

2628-638: The Senate Judiciary Committee. Prior to the commencement of the Roberts hearings, the committee chair, Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, wrote an op-ed in The New York Times referring to Roe as a "super-precedent". He revisited this concept during the hearings, but neither Roberts nor Alito endorsed the term or the concept. Persuasive precedent (also persuasive authority ) is precedent or other legal writing that

2701-766: The Stargate again. Stargate Origins series of 10 episodes was announced by MGM at ComiCon July 2017 in conjunction with the new streaming service, Stargate Command, that the series' broadcast home. The series would feature the Catherine Langford character and would be produced by MGM's Digital Group and New Form, who would also handle development and production. Filming was planned to start in August 2017. By August 2018, MGM's Digital Group had formed United Artists Digital Studios to produce shows such as Stargate Origins . The first three episodes were released on Stargate Command streaming service on February 15, 2018, while

2774-551: The Supreme Court says that the First Amendment applies in a specific way to suits for slander, then every court is bound by that precedent in its interpretation of the First Amendment as it applies to suits for slander. If a lower court judge disagrees with a higher court precedent on what the First Amendment should mean, the lower court judge must rule according to the binding precedent. Until the higher court changes

2847-401: The U.S. legal system, courts are set up in a hierarchy. At the top of the federal or national system is the Supreme Court, and underneath are lower federal courts. The state court systems have hierarchical structures similar to that of the federal system. The U.S. Supreme Court has final authority on questions about the meaning of federal law, including the U.S. Constitution. For example, when

2920-479: The United States), statements made in dicta , treatises or academic law reviews , and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc. In a " case of first impression ", courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues. Persuasive precedent may become binding through its adoption by

2993-631: The Virgin Islands) is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court, but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit (Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon, and Washington), since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography. The Circuit Courts of Appeals can interpret the law how they want, so long as there is no binding Supreme Court precedent. One of

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3066-437: The appellate court will have the opportunity to review both the precedent and the case under appeal, perhaps overruling the previous case law by setting a new precedent of higher authority. This may happen several times as the case works its way through successive appeals. Lord Denning , first of the High Court of Justice , later of the Court of Appeal , provided a famous example of this evolutionary process in his development of

3139-628: The broad precedent guidance a court may draw upon in reaching all of its decisions. In the common-law tradition, courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying precedent, which record how and why prior cases have been decided. Unlike most civil-law systems, common-law systems follow the doctrine of stare decisis , by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases, and all lower courts should make decisions consistent with previous decisions of higher courts. For example, in England and Wales,

3212-441: The case is not vacated on appeal the decision will stand. If the court believes that developments or trends in legal reasoning render the precedent unhelpful, and wishes to evade it and help the law evolve, the court may either hold that the precedent is inconsistent with subsequent authority, or that the precedent should be "distinguished" by some material difference between the facts of the cases. If that decision goes to appeal,

3285-402: The case of The Godfather Part II , the narrative combines elements of a prequel with those of a more generalized sequel by having two intercut narrative strands, one continuing from the first film (the mafia family story under the leadership of Michael Corleone ), and one, completely separate, detailing events that precede it (the story of his father Vito Corleone in his youth). In this sense

3358-404: The common reasons the Supreme Court grants certiorari (that is, they agree to hear a case) is if there is a conflict among the circuit courts as to the meaning of a federal law. There are three elements needed for a precedent to work. Firstly, the hierarchy of the courts needs to be accepted, and an efficient system of law reporting. "A balance must be struck between the need on one side for

3431-532: The concept of estoppel starting in the High Trees case: Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd [1947] K.B. 130. Judges may refer to various types of persuasive authority to reach a decision in a case. Widely cited nonbinding sources include legal encyclopedias such as Corpus Juris Secundum and Halsbury's Laws of England , or the published work of the Law Commission or

3504-532: The connections are not completely explicit. Sometimes prequels play on the audience's knowledge of what will happen next, using deliberate references to create dramatic irony . Though the word "prequel" is of recent origin, works fitting this concept existed long before. The Cypria , presupposing hearers' acquaintance with the events of the Homeric epic, confined itself to what preceded the Iliad , and thus formed

3577-562: The decisions based on significant differences in the facts applicable to each case. Or, a court may view the matter before it as one of " first impression ", not governed by any controlling precedent. When various members of a multi-judge court write separate opinions, the reasoning may differ; only the ratio decidendi of the majority becomes binding precedent. For example, if a 12-member court splits 5–2–3–2 in four different opinions on several different issues, whatever reasoning commands seven votes on each specific issue becomes precedent, and

3650-525: The doctrine of stare decisis makes no sense. The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California. Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state , and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court. Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept

3723-596: The earlier ruling to maintain consistency and predictability in the law. Common law legal systems often view precedent as binding or persuasive, while civil law systems do not. Common-law systems aim for similar facts to yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observing precedent when making decisions is the mechanism to achieve that goal. Common-law precedent is a third kind of law, on equal footing with statutory law (that is, statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies) and subordinate legislation (that is, regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies, in

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3796-471: The fact that a prequel is a type of sequel. Precedent Precedent is a court ruling that serves as an authoritative guide for resolving future cases with similar facts or legal issues. As a key aspect of stare decisis ("to stand by things decided") , courts are generally expected to follow precedent in their decisions. When a prior court has ruled on the same or a closely related issue, subsequent courts are encouraged to align their decisions with

3869-485: The film can be regarded as both a "prequel and a sequel" (i.e., both a prior and a continuing story), and is often referred to in this manner. Time-travel often results in a work being considered both a prequel and a sequel, or both a prequel and a "soft" reboot, depending on how drastically history is altered. Examples of arguable soft-reboot prequels include Star Trek , X-Men: Days of Future Past , and Terminator Genisys . Time-travel sequel-prequels can be found in

3942-433: The force of law that statutes and judicial opinions have. But, they still have the potential to act as a sort of pseudo‑law if they constrain the activities of public officials or the public. Oftentimes, this effect depends on the "formality" of the opinion. Opinions can be either formal, meaning they are published, or informal, meaning that they are sent directly to the opinion requestor. Although formal opinions can act as

4015-506: The form of delegated legislation (in UK parlance) or regulatory law (in US parlance)). Case law , in common-law jurisdictions, is the set of decisions of adjudicatory tribunals or other rulings that can be cited as precedent. In most countries, including most European countries, the term is applied to any set of rulings on law, which is guided by previous rulings, for example, previous decisions of

4088-526: The gate, and forces Professor Langford to go through the gate with them. Catherine overpowers her guard and seeks the help of her friends Captain James Beal and Wasif, an Egyptian serving in the British army, convincing them to go through the gate with her to rescue her father. They arrive in a temple, in a desert on planet Abydos . It is controlled by Aset , a demi-god, who was resurrected by Ra , but

4161-441: The hierarchy. A district court, for example, could not rely on a Supreme Court dissent as a basis to depart from the reasoning of the majority opinion. However, lower courts occasionally cite dissents, either for a limiting principle on the majority, or for propositions that are not stated in the majority opinion and not inconsistent with that majority, or to explain a disagreement with the majority and to urge reform (while following

4234-454: The history of The Silmarillion in 1977, claims that his father, J. R. R. Tolkien , "coined the highly uncharacteristic word 'prequel ' " when badgered for a definition of the relationship between The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion sometime after 1955. The term came into general usage in the 1970s and 1980s. Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979) may have introduced

4307-633: The influential effect of a cited decision. The term "super-precedent" later became associated with different issue: the difficulty of overturning a decision. In 1992, Rutgers professor Earl Maltz criticized the Supreme Court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey for endorsing the idea that if one side can take control of the Court on an issue of major national importance (as in Roe v. Wade ), that side can protect its position from being reversed "by

4380-399: The last three debuted on March 8, 2018. In March 2018, a "Feature Cut" of the series was announced, which would compile all episodes into a feature-length film. This feature-length film was titled Stargate Origins: Catherine (2018). Prequel A prequel is a literary, dramatic or cinematic work whose story precedes that of a previous work, by focusing on events that occur before

4453-535: The law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction. It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court. The doctrine stating that a judge is bound by (or at least should respect) previous decisions by the same court is called horizontal stare decisis . For example, in the United States federal court system , the intermediate appellate courts are divided into thirteen "circuits", each covering some range of territory ranging in size from

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4526-453: The legal system. For example, an appellate court for one district could consider a ruling issued by an appeals court in another district. Courts may consider obiter dicta in the opinions of higher courts. The Dicta of a higher court, though not binding, will often be persuasive to lower courts. The phrase obiter dicta is usually translated as "other things said", but due to the high number of judges and individual concurring opinions, it

4599-436: The majority in the outcome). Courts may consider the writings of eminent legal scholars in treatises, restatements of the law, and law reviews. The extent to which judges find these types of writings persuasive will vary widely with elements such as the reputation of the author and the relevance of the argument. In the United States, every state attorney general is permitted to issue advisory opinions on questions of law. It

4672-416: The majority opinion is considered precedential, an outvoted judge can still publish a dissenting opinion. Common patterns for dissenting opinions include: A judge in a subsequent case, particularly in a different jurisdiction, could find the dissenting judge's reasoning persuasive. In the jurisdiction of the original decision, however, a judge should only overturn the holding of a court lower or equivalent in

4745-415: The original Planet of the Apes series. Even though the latter three films depict world events chronologically prior to those of the first two films, the narrative itself is continuous for the main characters, as three apes from the first two films go back in time. The later installment Escape from the Planet of the Apes served as both a sequel and prequel to the first film. Transformers: Beast Wars

4818-420: The original narrative. A prequel is a work that forms part of a backstory to the preceding work. The term "prequel" is a 20th-century neologism from the prefix "pre-" (from Latin prae , "before") and " sequel ". Like sequels, prequels may or may not concern the same plot as the work from which they are derived. More often they explain the background that led to the events in the original, but sometimes

4891-402: The parties before them pertaining to the same pattern of facts or events, unless they have a strong reason to change these rulings. In law , a binding precedent (also known as a mandatory precedent or binding authority) is a precedent which must be followed by all lower courts under common law legal systems . In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court, such as

4964-429: The ruling (or the law itself is changed), the binding precedent is authoritative on the meaning of the law. Lower courts are bound by the precedent set by higher courts within their region. Thus, a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals (the mid-level appeals court that hears appeals from district court decisions from Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and

5037-408: The seven-judge majorities may differ issue-to-issue. All may be cited as persuasive (though of course opinions that concur in the majority result are more persuasive than dissents). Quite apart from the rules of precedent, the weight actually given to any reported opinion may depend on the reputation of both the court and the judges with respect to the specific issue. For example, in the United States,

5110-400: The significant facts of the precedent case are also presented in the pending case, and (4) no additional facts appear in the pending case that might be treated as significant. In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent, but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it, thereby limiting the scope of the precedent. Under

5183-546: The temple together with Aset. Captain Beal activates the Stargate and sends both Professor Langford and Catherine back home, but is killed by Serqet. Back on Earth and having no memory of their adventures since before the Nazis arrived, Langford and Catherine wrap up their investigation of the Stargate as the US takes possession of it. Catherine wonders about the nugget of strange metal in her possession and knows she'll be dealing with

5256-623: The term "prequel" into the mainstream. The term has since been popularized by the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005). An example of a prequel would be C. S. Lewis 's children's book, The Magician's Nephew , published in 1955, that explained the creation of Narnia - the subject of Lewis's seven-book series The Chronicles of Narnia , which began with The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , published in 1950. The Adventures of Ben Gunn ,

5329-476: The territory of a regional appeals court. All appellate courts fall under a highest court (sometimes but not always called a "supreme court"). By definition, decisions of lower courts are not binding on courts higher in the system, nor are appeals court decisions binding on local courts that fall under a different appeals court. Further, courts must follow their own proclamations of law made earlier on other cases, and honor rulings made by other courts in disputes among

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